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8-1 Introduction
A thin plate of thickness t, with a hole in the
middle, is subjected to a uniform traction
load, T as shown. This 3-D plate can be
analyzed as a two-dimensional problem.
y
T
x
a) Plane Stress
The thin plate can be analyzed as a plane stress problem, where the normal and
shear stresses perpendicular to the x-y plane are assumed to be zero, i.e.
z 0; xz 0; yz 0
The nonzero stress components are
x 0; y 0; xy 0
b) Plane Strain
A dam subjected to uniform pressure
and a pipe under a uniform internal
pressure can be analyzed in twodimension as plain strain problems.
The strain components perpendicular to
the x-y plane are assumed to be zero,
i.e.
x
A dam subjected to a uniform
pressure
z 0; xz 0; yz 0
x 0; y 0; xy 0
Pipe under a uniform
internal pressure
Stress-Strain Relation
Recall, at any point in the body, there are three components of strains,
i.e.
u
x x
v
y
y
xy u v
y x
The corresponding stress components at that point are
x
y
xy
D
where [D] is called the material matrix, given by
1 v
E
D
v 1
2
1 v
0 0
0
1 v
2
v 1 v
D
1 v 1 2v 0
0
1
2 v
q q1 , q2 , ..., q6
u N1q1 N 2 q3 N 3 q5
v N1 q 2 N 2 q 4 N 3 q 6
(i)
N2 ;
N3 1
(ii)
in which and are the natural coordinates for the triangular element.
Substituting Eq.(ii) into Eq.(i) and simplifying, we obtain alternative expressions for
the displacement functions, i.e.
u q1 q5 q3 q5 q5
v q2 q6 q4 q6 q6
(iii)
u N q
where
N1
N 0
q q1 ,
0
N1
N2
0
0
N2
N3
0
0
N3
q2 , ..., q6
For the triangular element, the coordinates (x, y) of any point within the element can
be expressed in terms of the nodal coordinates, using the same shape functions N1,
N2 and N3. We have,
x N1 x1 N 2 x2 N3 x3
y N1 y1 N 2 y2 N3 y3
This is called an isoparametric representation.
x x1 x3 x2 x3 x3
y y1 y3 y2 y3 y3
Using the notation, xij = xi xj and yij = yi yj, the above equations can then
be written as
x x13 x23 x3
y y13 y23 y3
Note: The above equations relate the x- and y-coordinates to the - and coordinates (the natural coordinates). We observe that,
x13 x1 x3
y23 y2 y3
N1 ; N2 ;
N3 1
Also,
N1 + N2 + N3 = 1
A1
;
A
A
N2 2 ;
A
A3
N3
A
N1
Exercise 8-1
Consider a triangular element shown below. Evaluate the shape functions
N1, N2, and N3 at an interior point P.
y
x
The triangular element for solution.
Solution
x N1 x1 N 2 x2 N 3 x3 1.5 N1 7 N 2 4 N 3 3.85
y N1 y1 N 2 y2 N 3 y3 2 N1 3.5 N 2 7 N 3 4.8
Using the notation, xij = xi xj and yij = yi yj, the above become
x x1 x3 x2 x3 x3 2.5 3 4 3.85
y y1 y3 y2 y3 y3 5 3.5 7 4.8
Solving the equations simultaneously, we obtain = 0.3 and h = 0.2. Thus, the
shape functions for the triangular element are,
N1 0.3
N 2 0.2
N 3 0.5
x13
J x
23
y13
y23
Bq
where [B] is a (3 x 6) rectangular matrix called the strain-displacement matrix,
given by
y23
1
0
B
det J
x32
0
x32
y23
y31
0
x13
0
x13
y31
y12
0
x21
0
x21
y12
Note: For the given magnitude of {q}, the strains within the element depend only on
[B] matrix, which in turns depends on the nodal coordinates, which are constant.
Hence the strains are the same everywhere within the element, thus the name
constant-strain triangle (CST).
Exercise 8-2
Consider a triangular element in Exercise 8-1. a) Write the Jacobian
matrix; b) Find the determinant of the Jacobian matrix; c ) Compute the
area of the triangular element; d) Establish the strain-displacement
matrix for the element.
y
x
The triangular element for solution.
1
T
D tdA
e
2
u
f tdA u T tdL
T
ui Pi
T
Ue
1
T
D t dA
e
2
(i)
Bq
(ii)
1
T
T
q
B
D B q t dA
2e
(iii)
(iv)
Note that,
1 T
T
U e q t e Ae B D B q
2
(v)
Ue
1
T
e
q
k
q
2
(vi)
From eq.(vi) we identify the stiffness matrix [k]e of the triangular (CST) element as,
te Ae B D B
T
Note: Since there are 6 DOFs for a given element, [k]e will be a (6 x 6) rectangular
symmetric matrix.
Exercise 8-3
Determine the stiffness matrix for the straight-sided triangular element of
thickness t = 1 mm, as shown. Use E = 70 GPa, n = 0.3 and assume a
plane stress condition.
Solution
Element stiffness matrix is given by
k te Ae B D B
e
(i)
where,
te 1 mm
1
1
det J x13 y23 x23 y13
2
2
1
23.75
2
Ae 11.875 mm 2
Ae
(Dimension is in mm)
det J
x32
0
x32
y23
y31
0
x13
0
x13
y31
y12
0
x21
0
x21
y12
0
72
0
2 3.5
0
3.5 7
1
0
4
7
0
1.5
4
0
7
1.5
23.75
4 7 3.5 7 1.5 4 7 2 7 1.5 2 3.5
0
5
0
1.5
0
3.5
1
3
0
2.5
0
5.5
23.75
3 3.5 2.5
5
5.5 1.5
0
3
3.5
0
3.5
0
2.5
1 5
2.5
5
23.75 0
1.5
0
5.5
0
5.5
1.5
n 1
2
1 n
0 0
0
3
70 10
0
2
1
0.3
1
2 1 n
1 0.3
0.3 1
0
0
2 1 0.3
k e
0
3
3.5
0
3
.
5
0
2.5 70 10 3
1 5
1 11.875
2.5
5 1 0.3 2
23.75 0
1.5
0
5.5
0
5
.
5
1
.
5
0
1 0.3
0.3 1
0
0 0.35
0
5
0
1.5
0
3.5
1
3
0
2
.
5
0
5
.
5
23 .75
3 3.5 2.5
5
5.5 1.5
q2
q3
q4
q5
q6
2.152
0.233
0.223
0.873
2.374
2.429
1.741
2.652
2.079 0.868
symmetry
5.026
a) Body Force
Suppose body force components, fx and fy, act at
the centroid of a triangular element.
The potential energy due to these forces is
given by,
f t dA te e uf x vf y dA
(i)
u N1q1 N 2 q3 N 3 q5
Recall,
v N1 q 2 N 2 q 4 N 3 q 6
1
N
dA
e i 3 Ae
Also,
f t dA q
t A
e e f x ,
3
fy,
fx ,
fy,
fx ,
f y
b) Traction Force
Suppose a linearly varying traction components act along edge 1-2 of a
triangular element.
e u T tdL l
T
12
uT
x vTy tdL
(ii)
l1 2 ,
Also, l12 1
3
with,
l1 2
1
2
N
dl
l12 2 3l12 ,
x2 x1 y2 y1
2
1
N
N
dl
l12 1 2 6l12
e u T tdL q1,
T
q2 , q3 , q4 T
T
where {T}e is the equivalent nodal force vector due to traction force, given by
Note:
(iii)
Tx1 Tx 2 Tx ;
Ty1 Ty 2 Ty
T
tel1 2
Tx , Ty , Tx , Ty
(iv)
Thus, Px and Py, i.e. the x and y components of {P}i get added to the (2i - 1)th
component and (2i)th components of the global force vector, {F}.
Note: The contribution of the body, traction and concentrated forces to the global
force vector, {F} is represented by,
F e f T
e
Exercise 8-4
Solution
We will consider the two edges, 7-8 and 8-9 separately, and then merge
the final results.
20 4
cos
15 5
15 3
sin
25 5
4
Tx T cos 2 1.6 kN/m 1.6 N/mm
5
3
T y T sin 2 1.2 kN/m 1.2 N/mm
5
l12
100 852 20 40 2
25 mm
t e 10 mm
Equivalent nodal forces due to uniform traction force T = 2 kN/m2 is,
T 1 1025 1.6
2
200 150
l12
85 70 2 40 602
25 mm
t e 10 mm
Equivalent nodal forces due to uniform traction force T = 2 kN/m2 is,
10 25
x
y
xy
du
dx
dv
dy
du
dy
dv
dx
B q
e
Note: We observed that {}e depends on the [B] matrix, which in turn depends
only on nodal coordinates (xi, yi), which are constant. Therefore, for a given
nodal displacements {q}, the strains {}e within the element are constant.
b) Stresses
The stresses in a triangular element can be determined using the
stress-strain relation,
x
e
e
y D D B q
xy
Note:
1. Since the strains {}e are constant within the element, the stresses are also
the same at any point in the element.
2. Stresses for plane stress problem differ from those for plane strain problem
by the materials matrix [D].
3. For interpolation purposes, the calculated stresses may be used as the
values at the centroid of the element.
4. Principal stresses and their directions are calculated using the Mohr circle.
Example 8-1
Consider a thin plate having thickness t = 0.5 in. being modeled using two
CST elements, as shown. Assuming plane stress condition, (a) determine
the displacements of nodes 1 and 2, and (b) estimate the stresses in both
elements.
Solution
Element connectivity
Local Nodes
Element No
n
1
0
D
1 n 2
1
0 0 2 1 n
0.25
0
1
0
D 32 106 0.25 1
0
0
0.375
Element 1
A1
Area of element,
1
1
det J 6 3 in 2
2
2
y23
1
0
B
det J
x32
0
x32
y23
y31
0
x13
0
x13
y31
y12
0
x21
0
2 0 3 0 2 0
1
x21 0 3 0 3 0 0
6
3 2 3 0 0 2
y12
D B
(1)
(1)
t1 A1 B 1 D B 1
T
(1)
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q7
Q8
0.5
0.45 0.2 0.533 0.3
0.983
1.4
0.3
1.2
0.2
0.2
0.45
0
0
0.3
7
10
1.2
0.2
0
symmetric
0.533
0
0.2
Element 2
1
1
A2 det J 6 3 in 2
2
2
Area of element,
y23
1
B
det J
x32
0
x32
y23
y31 0 y12 0
2 0 0 0 2 0
1
0 x13 0 x21 0 3 0 3 0 0
6
3 2 3 0 0 2
x13 y31 x21 y12
D B
(2)
0 0.4 1.067 0
1.067 0.4
107 0.267 1.6
0 1.6 0.267 0
0.6
0.4 0.6 0
0
0.4
(2)
t2 A2 B 2 D B 2
T
(2)
Q6
Q7
Q8
Q3
Q4
0.5
0.45 0.2 0.533 0.3
0.983
1.4
0.3
1.2
0.2
0.2
0.45
0
0
0.3
7
10
1.2
0.2
0
symmetric
0.533
0
0.2
Write the global system of linear equations, [K]{Q} = {F}, and then apply
the boundary conditions: Q2, Q5, Q6, Q7, and Q8 = 0.
Q1 1.913
5
in.
Q3 0.875 10
Q 7.436
4
Stresses in element 1
For element 1, the element nodal displacement vector is
(1)
10
1.913,
0, 0.875, 7.436, 0 0
(1)
psi
Stresses in element 2
For element 2, the element nodal displacement vector is
(2)
(2)
psi