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Experiment3

REACTIONS OF ACIDS AND


BASES
I.INTRODUCTION
We frequently encounter acids and bases in our daily life. Fruits, such as
oranges, apples, etc., contain acids. Household ammonia, a cleaning agent, and
Liquid Plumber are bases. Acids are compounds that can donate a proton
(hydrogen ion). Bases are compounds that can accept a proton. This classification
system was proposed simultaneously by Johannes Brnsted and Thomas Lowry in
1923, and it is known as the Brnsted-Lowry theory. Thus any proton donor is an
acid, and a proton acceptor is a base.
When HCl reacts with water
HCl +

HCl is an acid and

thereby becoming

H2O

H 2 O H 3 O + Cl

is a base because HCl donated a proton

Cl , and water accepted a proton thereby becoming

+
H 3 O . In the reverse reaction (from right to left) the

+
H 3 O is an acid and

Cl is a base. As the arrow indicates, the equilibrium in this reaction lies far to
the right. That is, out of every 1000 HCl molecules dissolved in water, 990 are
converted to
+
H 3 O

Cl and only 10 remain in the form of HCl at equilibrium. But

(hydronium ion) is also an acid and can donate a proton to the base,


Cl . Why do hydronium ions not give up protons to

Cl with equal ease and

form more HCl? This is because different acids and bases have different strengths.
HCl is a stronger acid than hydronium ion, and water is a stronger base than

Cl .
In the Brnsted-Lowry theory, every acidbase reaction creates its
conjugate acidbase pair. In the above reaction HCl is an acid which, after giving
up a proton,becomes a conjugate base,

Cl . Similarly, water is a base which,

after accepting a proton,becomes a conjugate acid, the hydronium ion.

Some acids can give up only one proton. These are monoprotic acids.
HNO3

Examples are HCl,

, HCOOH , and

C H 3 COOH

. The hydrogens

circled are the ones donated. Other acids yield two or three protons. These are
called diprotic or triprotic acids. Examples are
H 3 PO 4

H 2 SO 4

H 2 CO 3

, and

. However, in the Brnsted-Lowry theory, each acid is considered

monoprotic, and a diprotic acid (such as carbonic acid) donates its protons in two
distinct steps:
1.

H 2 CO 3

+
H 2 O H 3 O +

++CO 3
2. + H 2 O H 3 O
HCO 3

HCO3

Thus the compound

HCO3 is a conjugate base in the first reaction and

an acid in the second reaction. A compound that can act either as an acid or a base
is called amphiprotic. In the self-ionization reaction

++OH
H 2 O+ H 2 O H 3 O
one water acts as an acid (proton donor) and the other as a base (proton
acceptor). In pure water, the equilibrium lies far to the left, that is, only very few
hydronium and hydroxyl ions are formed. In fact, only
hydronium ion and

1 x 10

moles of

1 x 107 moles of hydroxide ion are found in one liter of

water. The dissociation constant for the selfionization of water is

This can be rewritten as


Kw

, the ion product of water, is still a constant because very few

water molecules reacted to yield hydronium and hydroxide ions; hence the
concentration of water essentially remained constant. At room temperature, the
Kw

has the value of


1 x 107
K w =1 x 1014 =[ 1 x 107 ] x
This value of the ion product of water applies not only to pure water but to

any aqueous (water) solution. This is very convenient because if we know the
concentration of the hydronium ion, we automatically know the concentration of
the hydroxide ion and vice versa. For example, if in a 0.01 M HCl solution HCl

dissociates completely, the hydronium ion concentration is

OH

that the

+
H 3 O
This means

is

OH

+
H 3 O

To measure the strength of an aqueous acidic or basic solution, P. L.


Sorensenintroduced the pH scale.
+
H 3 O

pH=log
In pure water, we have seen that the hydronium ion concentration is
1 x 107 M. The logarithm of this is -7 and, thus, the pH of pure water is 7.
Since water is an amphiprotic compound, pH 7 means a neutral solution. On the

other hand, in a 0.01 M HCl solution (dissociating completely), we have

+
H 3 O

Thus its pH is 2. The pH scale shows that acidic solutions have a pH less than 7
and basic solutions have a pH greater than 7.

The pH of a solution can be measured conveniently by special instruments


called pH

meters. All that must be done is to insert the electrodes of the pH meter
into the solution to be measured and read the pH from a scale. pH of a solution
can also be obtained, although less precisely, by using a pH indicator paper. The
paper is impregnated with organic compounds that change their color at different
pH values. The color shown by the paper is then compared with a color chart
provided by the manufacturer.
There are certain solutions that resist a change in the pH even when we
add to them acids or bases. Such systems are called buffers. A mixture of a weak
acid and its conjugate base usually forms a good buffer system. An example is
carbonic acid, which is the most important buffer in our blood and maintains it
close to pH 7.4. Buffers resist large changes in pH because of the Le Chatelier
principle governing equilibrium conditions. In the carbonic acidbicarbonate
(weak acidconjugate base) buffer system,
H 2 CO 3

+
H 2 O H 3 O +

HCO3

+
any addition of an acid, H 3 O , will shift the equilibrium to the left.
Thus this reduces the hydronium ion concentration, returning it to the initial value
so that it stays constant; hence the change in pH is small. If a base,

added to such a buffer system, it will react with the

OH , is

+
H 3 O of the buffer. But the

equilibrium then shifts to the right, replacing the reacted hydronium ions, hence
again, the change in pH is small.
Buffers stabilize a solution at a certain pH. This depends on the nature of
the buffer and its concentration. For example, the carbonic acidbicarbonate
system has a pH of 6.37 when the two ingredients are at equimolar concentration.
A change in the concentration of the carbonic acid relative to its conjugate base
can shift the pH of the buffer. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation below gives
the relationship between pH and concentration.

pH= pK a +log

In this equation the

pK a

is the

log K a

, where

Ka

is the

dissociation constant of carbonic acid

[HA ]

is the concentration of the acid and

the conjugate base. The

pK a

is the concentration of

of the carbonic acidbicarbonate system is 6.37.

When equimolar conditions exist, then


In this case, the second term in

[ HA ] =

the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is zero. This is so because

, and the

log 1=0. Thus at equimolar concentration of the acidconjugate base, the pH of


the buffer equals the

pK a

; in the carbonic acidbicarbonate system this is 6.37.

If, however, we have ten times more bicarbonate than carbonic acid,

, then

log 10=1 and the pH of the buffer will be

II. OBJECTIVES
1
2
3

To identify acids and bases by investigate the pH of some solutions


To know the influence of concentration to the solutions pH
To calculate the concentration and the stochiometry of acids and bases

III. PROCEDURES
III.1.The Properties of Acids and Bases
1

Ask you assistant to give you 6 acids and bases. Observe and note the color

of the solutions.
Take 5 ml of the solution into the test tube. Sign each solution with name

L1 until L6.
Take the pH paper, dip the edge into the solution. Be careful not to hit your
fingers. Dry the paper and note the color. Determine the pH of the solution
by matching the color of the pH paper with the instructions in the pH papers

box.
Do the step A3 for all of the solutions given by the assistant. Note all of the
solutions pH and give sign what solutions are acids and bases. Give basic

description of what you use to distinguish acids and bases.


Take one of the acids and bases solution above. Fill into the test tube of each
solution 5 ml. Give the sign a0 (acid) and b0 (bases). Perform a ratio of 1:1;
1:10; 1:100; and 1:1000 dilutions. Give the name of each solution a1 until a4

for acids and b1 until b4 for bases.


Measure the pH of each solution as step A2. Record the pH and fill the
record into table accordance with the order of the concentration of the

solution.
Create a graph of the concentration and pH of the solution. What conclusion
that you get from the experiment?

III.2. Acids and Bases Reaction


1

Make a solution of 0.1 molar NaOH, HCland acetic acid as 100 ml each.

Write the calculation and how to make the solutions.


By using volumetric pipette, take 5 ml of 0,1 molar solution of HCl and
put into Erlenmeyer. Then give 1-2 drops of phenolphthalein indicator.

Observe and record the color.


Fill NaOH solution into the burette and record the volume. Read the scale

of the burette correctly.


Perform titration of HCl solution by adding a little NaOH and whipped it
at each addition. Stop the addition ofNaOH right at the time of the change

of the solutions color. Record the volume of NaOH remaining in the burette.
Write the acid-base reaction. Calculate the number of moles
ofHClaccording to titrations data and compare the results with theoretical

calculation (from the initial concentration and volume of HCl).


Repeat the step 2 to 5 for acetic acid solution.

IV. EQUIPMENT & CHEMICALS


IV.1. Equipment
1
2
3
4
5
6

6 test tubes and its shelf


Burette, stand with utility clamp
Pipette, volumetric pipette, and graduated pipette
Volumetric flask 100 ml
Erlenmeyer 250 ml, beaker glass, glass stirring
pH paper/pH universal

IV.2. Chemicals
1
2
3
4
5

Some acids and bases, weak and strong


Acids: HCl, HNO3, CH3COOH
Bases: NaOH, BaOH2, Mg(OH)2 (or other bases)
Indicator phenolphthalein
Crystal NaOH

V. PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
1

Mention and explain 3 theories of acid and base that you have learned.

How to make a buffer liquid, and give the reactions.

What is the relation between PH of a liquid with its concentration ?

Explain the characteristic of the indicator and how it work within this
experiment.

What is titration and why it is necessary to do in this experiment?

VI. POST LAB QUESTIONS


1

In the titration process, why does CH3COOH react faster than HCl ( it

can be seen from the changes color )?


Explain how does phenolphthalein change the color of titration solution

from colorless to pink? Write the reaction !


How to distinguish between the acids and bases compounds ? Use

Bronsted Lowry theory to support your answer.


Write down how to dilute an acid/base solution with a ratio of 1:1, 1:10
and 1:100, and what is the function of this dilution process in the
experiment above?
What is a buffer solution ? And what is the function of this solution?

VII. REPORT FORMAT


Name ______________

Date

______________

Partner ______________

Lab. Assistant ______________

REPORT SHEET
Properties of Acid and Bases
pH of L1 =

(acid/base)

pH of L3 =

(acid/base)

pH of L2 =

(acid/base)

pH of L4 =

(acid/base)

pH of L3 =

(acid/base)

pH of L5 =

(acid/base)

A2

A4

A1
Concentration
Ph

A3

B1

B2

B3

B4

Graph:
Concentration

pH
Acid and Bases Reaction

HCl
Volume of NaOH needed =
Equation of the reaction =
Mol of HCl =

Acetic Acid

Volume of NaOH needed =


Equation of the reaction =
Mol of acetic acid =

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