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thereby becoming
H2O
H 2 O H 3 O + Cl
+
H 3 O . In the reverse reaction (from right to left) the
+
H 3 O is an acid and
Cl is a base. As the arrow indicates, the equilibrium in this reaction lies far to
the right. That is, out of every 1000 HCl molecules dissolved in water, 990 are
converted to
+
H 3 O
(hydronium ion) is also an acid and can donate a proton to the base,
Cl . Why do hydronium ions not give up protons to
form more HCl? This is because different acids and bases have different strengths.
HCl is a stronger acid than hydronium ion, and water is a stronger base than
Cl .
In the Brnsted-Lowry theory, every acidbase reaction creates its
conjugate acidbase pair. In the above reaction HCl is an acid which, after giving
up a proton,becomes a conjugate base,
Some acids can give up only one proton. These are monoprotic acids.
HNO3
, HCOOH , and
C H 3 COOH
. The hydrogens
circled are the ones donated. Other acids yield two or three protons. These are
called diprotic or triprotic acids. Examples are
H 3 PO 4
H 2 SO 4
H 2 CO 3
, and
monoprotic, and a diprotic acid (such as carbonic acid) donates its protons in two
distinct steps:
1.
H 2 CO 3
+
H 2 O H 3 O +
++CO 3
2. + H 2 O H 3 O
HCO 3
HCO3
an acid in the second reaction. A compound that can act either as an acid or a base
is called amphiprotic. In the self-ionization reaction
++OH
H 2 O+ H 2 O H 3 O
one water acts as an acid (proton donor) and the other as a base (proton
acceptor). In pure water, the equilibrium lies far to the left, that is, only very few
hydronium and hydroxyl ions are formed. In fact, only
hydronium ion and
1 x 10
moles of
water molecules reacted to yield hydronium and hydroxide ions; hence the
concentration of water essentially remained constant. At room temperature, the
Kw
any aqueous (water) solution. This is very convenient because if we know the
concentration of the hydronium ion, we automatically know the concentration of
the hydroxide ion and vice versa. For example, if in a 0.01 M HCl solution HCl
OH
that the
+
H 3 O
This means
is
OH
+
H 3 O
pH=log
In pure water, we have seen that the hydronium ion concentration is
1 x 107 M. The logarithm of this is -7 and, thus, the pH of pure water is 7.
Since water is an amphiprotic compound, pH 7 means a neutral solution. On the
+
H 3 O
Thus its pH is 2. The pH scale shows that acidic solutions have a pH less than 7
and basic solutions have a pH greater than 7.
meters. All that must be done is to insert the electrodes of the pH meter
into the solution to be measured and read the pH from a scale. pH of a solution
can also be obtained, although less precisely, by using a pH indicator paper. The
paper is impregnated with organic compounds that change their color at different
pH values. The color shown by the paper is then compared with a color chart
provided by the manufacturer.
There are certain solutions that resist a change in the pH even when we
add to them acids or bases. Such systems are called buffers. A mixture of a weak
acid and its conjugate base usually forms a good buffer system. An example is
carbonic acid, which is the most important buffer in our blood and maintains it
close to pH 7.4. Buffers resist large changes in pH because of the Le Chatelier
principle governing equilibrium conditions. In the carbonic acidbicarbonate
(weak acidconjugate base) buffer system,
H 2 CO 3
+
H 2 O H 3 O +
HCO3
+
any addition of an acid, H 3 O , will shift the equilibrium to the left.
Thus this reduces the hydronium ion concentration, returning it to the initial value
so that it stays constant; hence the change in pH is small. If a base,
OH , is
+
H 3 O of the buffer. But the
equilibrium then shifts to the right, replacing the reacted hydronium ions, hence
again, the change in pH is small.
Buffers stabilize a solution at a certain pH. This depends on the nature of
the buffer and its concentration. For example, the carbonic acidbicarbonate
system has a pH of 6.37 when the two ingredients are at equimolar concentration.
A change in the concentration of the carbonic acid relative to its conjugate base
can shift the pH of the buffer. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation below gives
the relationship between pH and concentration.
pH= pK a +log
pK a
is the
log K a
, where
Ka
is the
[HA ]
pK a
is the concentration of
[ HA ] =
, and the
pK a
If, however, we have ten times more bicarbonate than carbonic acid,
, then
II. OBJECTIVES
1
2
3
III. PROCEDURES
III.1.The Properties of Acids and Bases
1
Ask you assistant to give you 6 acids and bases. Observe and note the color
of the solutions.
Take 5 ml of the solution into the test tube. Sign each solution with name
L1 until L6.
Take the pH paper, dip the edge into the solution. Be careful not to hit your
fingers. Dry the paper and note the color. Determine the pH of the solution
by matching the color of the pH paper with the instructions in the pH papers
box.
Do the step A3 for all of the solutions given by the assistant. Note all of the
solutions pH and give sign what solutions are acids and bases. Give basic
solution.
Create a graph of the concentration and pH of the solution. What conclusion
that you get from the experiment?
Make a solution of 0.1 molar NaOH, HCland acetic acid as 100 ml each.
of the solutions color. Record the volume of NaOH remaining in the burette.
Write the acid-base reaction. Calculate the number of moles
ofHClaccording to titrations data and compare the results with theoretical
IV.2. Chemicals
1
2
3
4
5
V. PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
1
Mention and explain 3 theories of acid and base that you have learned.
Explain the characteristic of the indicator and how it work within this
experiment.
In the titration process, why does CH3COOH react faster than HCl ( it
Date
______________
Partner ______________
REPORT SHEET
Properties of Acid and Bases
pH of L1 =
(acid/base)
pH of L3 =
(acid/base)
pH of L2 =
(acid/base)
pH of L4 =
(acid/base)
pH of L3 =
(acid/base)
pH of L5 =
(acid/base)
A2
A4
A1
Concentration
Ph
A3
B1
B2
B3
B4
Graph:
Concentration
pH
Acid and Bases Reaction
HCl
Volume of NaOH needed =
Equation of the reaction =
Mol of HCl =
Acetic Acid