Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Cristian Valdez
, Moscow
. .
April 2015
(1)
xQ
Proof 0.2. Trivially is positive defined. Now we know that f CHQL = 0 f HxL 0 " x Q
f HxL = 0 " x Q. Now the triangule inequality is a concequence of the properties of the
supremum, we know that f HxL + gHxL f HxL + f HxL, so in that case we have that
f + g CHQL f CHQL + g CHQL.
Theorem 0.3. CHQL is not a Banach space.
1
is
xn
these functions do not converge uniformly on H0, 1L. To extend that idear to Q Rn is picking a
1
xo Q and define fn HxL = Hx -x
o Ln , and similarly these functions do not converge uniformy on Q.
m
CHQL space
The closure of Q Rn is the smallest closed set in Rn that contains Q, i.e.,
Q = 8A closed in Rn : Q A< = Q Q. We know that Q is a region, then it is possible to
show that mesHQL = 0. In fact if we consdier Q = 8x Rn : dHQ, xL <, we know that Q is
closed and Q Q, hence mesHQ QL mesHQL, then mesHQL mesHQ\QL 0 when
0, therefore mesHQL = 0.
Definition 0.4. Let f : Q R Hor C L, let A be a open set containing Q, a continuous extension
of f on A is a continuous function F such that F : A R Hor C L, such that F Q = f , i.e.
FHxL = f HxL " x Q.
Definition 0.5. A funtion f : Q R Hor C L is continuous on Q if exists an extension F.
Example 0.5. Consider Q = H0, 1L R and consider the funtions
x x H0, 1L
x x H0, 1L
f HxL =
, gHxL = 1 x 1
0 x H0, 1L
0 x 0
It is obvious that f CHQL but f CHQL. If fact we can see that lim x1- f HxL f H1L. On the
other hand we can see that g CHQL.
Lemma 0.6. Suppose that f CHQL and Q C1 , if limxxo,xQ f HxL exists for every
xo Q then f CHQL.
Lemma 0.6. Suppose that f CHQL and Q C1 , if limxxo,xQ f HxL exists for every
xo Q then f CHQL.
Proof 0.6. For each xo we know that exists an yo such that lim xxo,xQ f HxL = yo . Since
Q C1 we know that we can find the tangent plane for each point xo Q, so we can build the
`
outside normal to Q, lets call it as the vector nxo . Define a new funtion over Rn as
FHxL =
f HxL , x Q
yo , xo Q
`
yo
, x 8x : x = nxo t + x0 , t > 0<
f HxL
xQ
Proof 0.7. It is a simple consequence from the fact that the convergence is uniform since Q is
compact. Suppose 8 fn < CHQL is a fundamental succesion, i.e.
fn - fm CHQL 0 when n, m . Define f HxL := lim n fn HxL, this limit clearly exists because
R Hor CL are banach spaces and because the series of numbers fn HxL - fmHxL 0. Thus, we need
to demostrate that this new f belongs to CHQL. In fact, take any x Q, then
f HxL - f HyL = lim n fn HxL - fmHyL < , iff fn HxL - fmHyL < " n > NHL, and because each
fn CHQL, we have that this occurs only if x - y < , hence f CHQL. Therefore, we have
shown that CHQL is a banach space.
Theorem 0.8. (StoneWeierstrass theorem) CHQL is separable.
Proof 0.8. This proof is not simple, it can be found in [1] page 59.
0.4. C k HQL and C k HQL space
Definition 0.9. Let f : Q R Hor C L and suppose that f CHQL, we say that f Ck HQL if
and only if f HiL exists and f HiL CHQL for every i = 1, k. If k = 0 then by definition
C0 HQL = CHQL. Hence we write Ck HQL = 9 f CHQL : $ f HiL CHQL " i = 1, k=.
For instance consider the function cosHxL CHH0, 1LL, it is easly check that for every k
cosHxL Ck HH0, 1LL. Since Ck HQL CHQL
Definition 0.10. We define C HQL as the intersection of all Ck HQL, i.e. C HQL = kN Ck HQL.
f CHQL, then
f CHQL, then
(2)
k xQ
Theorem 0.13. Ck HQL is separable with the norm f Ck HQL := max sup
k xQ
D f HxL
Proof 0.13. Since Ck HQL CHQL and the StoneWeierstrass theorem we obtain the result.
Theorem 0.14. Ck HQL is Banach with the norm f Ck HQL := max sup
k xQ
D f HxL
Proof 0.14. Since Ck HQL CHQL and f CHQL f Ck HQL for every f Ck HQL. Suppose we
have a fundamental sequence 8 fn < Ck HQL, then exists an f CHQL such that fn f on CHQL.
We need to show that f Ck HQL, that is a natural consequence of the uniform convergence.
Remark. One important fact to mentions is that on Ck HQL can also be consider another norm,
the normed difined as
f Ck HQL := sup D f HxL
k xQ
(3)
However the norm (3) is equivalent to the norm (2). This fact is a consequence of the equivalence
of norms in finite dimension spaces, and as we can make a vector identification for any
f Ck HQL with Rr with r > k, as f sup D f HxL
xQ
C HQL as a norm in R , and therefore they will be equivalent. Therefore al theorems stated for the
norm H2L are also true for the norm H3L.
k
Hlder spaces
The Hlder spaces of order k, is the space of funcion from the space of k - differentiable
continuous funtions that are almost k + 1 differentiable and continuous. With the word almost,
we mean that every k + 1 - differentiable continuous funtion belongs to the Hlder space, but
not all k - differentiable continuous funtions do.
max sup
k x,yQ,x y
Thereore the Hlder space is a subsef of Ck HQL, such that the funtions are Hlder continuos, i.e.
exists a constant 0 C R such that
D f HyL - D f HxL C y - x , " x, y Q : x y
k xQ
sup
D f HyL - D f HxL
k x,yQ,xy
Proof 0.2.
(i) We have that by the definition that
y - x
(1)
(ii)
Suppose
that
R
and
f Ck, HQL.
Then
f Ck, HQL = f Ck HQL + @ f DCk, HQL = I f Ck HQL + @ f DCk, HQLM = f Ck, HQL
(iii) Suppose f , g Ck, HQL, then f + g Ck, HQL = f + g Ck HQL + @ f + gDCk, HQL
f Ck HQL + @ f DCk, HQL + g Ck HQL + @gDCk, HQL = f Ck, HQL + g Ck, HQL
Theorem 0.3. Ck, HQL is Banach with the norm f Ck, HQL := f Ck HQL + @ f DCk, HQL.
fn - fm Ck HQL < and Ck HQL is Banach, then exists a function f Ck HQL, such that
f - fn Ck HQL 0 as n +. We need to prove that f Ck, HQL and that f - fn Ck, HQL 0
when n +.
Lets suppose that @ f DCk, HQL = +, i.e. for any constant M > 0 exists H, x, yL M , x y, such that
D f HyL-D f HxL
y-x
convergence) then, for any > 0 exists an NHL such that D f HzL - D fn HzL < " z Q, and
since fn Ck, HQL, then Mn = @ fn DCk, HQL < " n N. Therefore, if we make M = n, and =
D
1
n
and
since
Lets suppose that @ f DCk, HQL = +, i.e. for any constant M > 0 exists H, x, yL M , x y, such that
> M . Hence D f HyL - D f HxL > M y - x . Since D fn D f (uniform
y-x
convergence) then, for any > 0 exists an NHL such that D f HzL - D fn HzL < " z Q, and
since fn Ck, HQL, then Mn = @ fn DCk, HQL < " n N. Therefore, if we make M = n, and =
D
1
n
and
since
Proof 0.4. Consider the function fk HxL = x +k Ck @0, 1D, such that < . If we select x = 0
such that
1
-
tM
t -
Dk fk HyL-Dk fk HxL
y-x
t
t
,
t -
where
> M , therefore @ f DCk, @0,1D = , i.e. fk Ck, @0, 1D. Hence Ck @0, 1D Ck, @0, 1D.
Proposition 0.5. Let Ck, HQL be the Hlder space over Q. In general Ck HQL Ck, HQL
" k N , " H0, 1L
Proof 0.5. Since Q is closed and bounded. Consider xi be any coordinate. If we define
f : Q R, as f HxL = xi
+k
Proposition 0.6. Suppose that f Ck HQL, then f Ck, HQL if and only if for every > 0 and
yOHx, L
o
D f HyL-D f HxL
y-x
< .
yOHx,L
o
D f HyL-D f HxL
y-x
<
yOHx,L
o
D f HyL-D f HxL
y-x
that we our function is locally Hlder continuous, therefore @ f DCk, HQL < , i.e. f Ck, HQL, this
proves the necessity. The sufficiency is a consequence of the definition.
yOHx,L
o
D f HyL-D f HxL
y-x
<
yOHx,L
o
D f HyL-D f HxL
y-x
that we our function is locally Hlder continuous, therefore @ f DCk, HQL < , i.e. f Ck, HQL, this
proves the necessity. The sufficiency is a consequence of the definition.
The preposition 2.6 basically states that if for every x Q the limit lim yx
D f HyL-D f HxL
y-x
exists
for every : k, then f is Hlder continuous. That is why we define the concept of Hlder
continuity.
Proposition 0.7. Let Ck, HQL be the Hlder space over Q, then Ck+1 HQL Ck, HQL " k N ,
" H0, 1L
Proof 0.7. Let f Ck+1 HQL, for k. we can locally aproximate D f using the gradient as
y-x
N Hy
y-x
- xL,
where
yOHx,L
o
D f HyL-D f HxL
y-x
yOHx,L
k,
f C
= max sup
k
yOHx,L
1-
D f HyL-D f HxL
.
y-x
y-x
HxL =
0 x< 0
1 x0
HxL =
0 x< 0
1 x0
f, HxL = Hx - L x - =
0
x -
x<
,
x
therfore it is clearly continuous on @0, L and H, 1D, and since lim x f, HL = 0, f, C@0, 1D.
Preposition 0.2. Let H0, 1L, for every H0, 1L, then f, C0, @0, 1D
Proof 0.2. We know that f, is bounded, therefore we could use preposition 2.6 to check if
f, is Hlder Continuous. Between the intervals @0, L and H, 1D the function is smooth, by the
Lagrange theorem the result is obtained. Basically the demostration reduces to show that f, is
Hlder continuous in the point x = .
sup
yOH,L
o
f, HyL- f, HxL
y-x
= lim t0
f, H+tL- f, H-tL
2 t
1
2
Preposition 03. Let (0,1) for every different 1 , 2 H0, 1L, then. A f1, - f2, EC0, @0,1D 1
Proof 0.3. Since 1 2 , lets suppose that 1 < 2 , then exists a t H1 , 2 L, then
f2, H1 L = f2, H1 + tL = 0, therefore
A f1, - f2, EC0, @0,1D >
= 1.
Proof 0.3. If we suppose it is separable, i.e. exists a dense set A, if we take the balls of radio
1
2
around each f we will see that any of the balls interestcs between each other, then we will have a
contradicion since will be elements f that wont be close to an element from A. Therefore
C0, @0, 1D is not separale.
Definition 0.5. A noncontable set of functions on Ck @0, 1D
k
Define for k N f,
: @0, 1D R in the following way:
k
f,
HxL = 0 0 k-1 0 1 Ht1 - L t1 - t1 tk-1 tk =
x t
ki=1 H +i
k
Preposition 0.6. For every , H0, 1L and k N , f,
Ck @0, 1D
Hx - L x - +k
k
f,
HxL =
ki=1 H
Hx - L x - +k
+iL
k
is clearly continuous on @0,1D and since since f,
HxL is defined as integral, clearly
j
x j
k- j
k
f,
= f,
k
Preposition 0.7. Let H0, 1L, for every H0, 1L, then f,
Ck, @0, 1D
j
x j
k
k
1
f,
= f, and for j < k x
j f, C @0, 1D, we know that by preposition
j
k- j
j
x j
k
k
f,
C0, @0, 1D, i.e. A x
and since
j f, EC0, @0,1D <
j
k
k
k
f,
= f, C0, @0, 1D, we have that max A x
j f, EC0, < , therfore A f, ECk, < , i.e.
j
@0, 1D
k,
Preposition 0.8. Let (0,1) for every different 1 , 2 H0, 1L, then. A fk1, - fk2, ECk, @0,1D 1
Proof 0.8. Since A fk1, - fk2, ECk, @0,1D B
k
xk
fk1, -
k
xk
fk1, F
C0,
Theorem 0.10. Let Q R n be a bounded region, the Hlder space Ck, HQL is not separable.
Proof 0.10. Let Ei : Rn R the i - th projection, i.e. Ei HxL = xi . Let R be the Lesbegue measure on R, define the multivalued funtion j : PHMHRn LL R, such that for every A MHRn L
jHAL = J A RHJL RHBL " B A. Then j 8Ei HQL : 1 i n< = Em (note that Em is not
necesarly unique). For Hinf Em, sup EmL and H0, 1L define the function f, CHQL in the
following way:
k
and also define f,
HxL =
f, HxL = Hxm - L xm -
1
ki=1 H+i L
k
f,
HxL Ck, HQL, and we similarty obtain that A fk1, - fk2, ECk, HQL 1. Therefore the Hlder
Proposition 0.11. The set Ck+1 @0, 1D is not dense on Ck, @0, 1D.
k
Proof 0.11. To show it, we will consider the funtion f,
HxL =
1
ki=1 H+i L
Hx - L x - +k . Let
g Ck+1 @0, 1D, by preposition 2.7 we know that g Ck, @0, 1D. Lets consider y = + t and
k
x = , such that + t < 1, then A f,
- gECk,
k
where H, + tL. Therefore when we make t 0 , we obtain that A f,
- gECk, 1, therefore
10
Proposition 0.12. The set C @0, 1D is not dense on Ck, @0, 1D.
Proof 0.12. C@0, 1D Ck+1 @0, 1D, and by proposition 3.11 we obtain the result.
We can expand this idea to Ck, HQL. And similarly obtain that
Theorem 0.13. The set C HQL is not dense on Ck, HQL.
This result may appear simple, but in fact, it is very important. The theorem 3.13 basically
assures us that the polynomials, or the sinus and cosinus series are unable to approximate every
function from the Hlder space.
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