Energy Efficiency For Residential Building

ENERGY EFFICIENCY FOR
RESIDENTIAL
BUILDINGS
I r . H . P. L o o i ( m e k t r i c o n @ g m a i l . c o m )
B.Eng (Hons), FIEM, Jurutera Gas
h t t p : / / w w w . j k r. g o v. m y / b s e e p /
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CONTENT
Executive Summary
Introduction The Residential Building Sector
Components of Building Energy
Electrical Appliances and MEPS
Thermal Comfort and Passive Design
Energy Use in Common Areas
Review of International Standards
Conclusion and Recommendations
Appendix A Estimating Energy Use for Residential
Ty p e s
A p p e n d i x B E s t i m a t i n g E n e r g y U s e f o r Ty p i c a l
Te r r a c e H o u s e ( C a s e S t u d y )
Appendix C MEPS & Energy Star Label
Appendix D Building Thermal Envelope
Ap p en d i x E F an g er s T h ermal Co mfo rt
Appendix F Simplified for Calculating Radiant
Te m p e r a t u r e .
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THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SECTOR
The
building
sector
consumes 15% of total
energy. The residential
building sector accounts
for 6% of total energy
consumption.
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We can conclude that, the use of primary energy at final consumer-end is more
efficient than the use of secondary-electrical energy. In this example, a clear
advantage of at least 2 times higher efficiency using gas-ring as compared to an
electric water heater. It should be noted that a closed-type gas-heater has efficiency
as high as 90%. In such case, the site-source efficiency of enclosed-type gas heater
will be at least 3 times that of electric heater.
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Arithmetic mean of electricity use based on sum total of all domestic consumers in Malaysia
(kWh per domestic consumer per year).
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Average Monthly Sales in kWh

Overall
HDB Public Housing
1-Room / 2-Room
3-Room
4-Room
5-Room and Executive
Private Housing
Private Apartments and Condo
Landed Properties
2009
481
375
149
278
387
473
821
678
1203
2010
489
382
154
284
394
482
824
679
1229
2011
470
369
153
277
380
465
784
644
1190
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Landed properties constitute a major

proportion of housing types (more than
77%) with high-rise apartments and flats
constituting only 16% of housing stock
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NATIONAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME
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COMPONENTS OF BUILDING ENERGY
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ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & MEPS
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MODELLING ENERGY USE & MEPS
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MODELLING ENERGY USE & MEPS - MACRO
Two cases of modelling are assumed;

o Base case assumes no energy performance standards for the
appliances listed.
o Case 1 considers 50% of households in urban area use
appliances with MEP standards;
o Case 2 considers 20% of households in urban area uses
appliance with 5-Star energy performance standards.
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Recommendations:
NO MEPS exist for washing machine in Malaysia. Given that the
penetration rate of washing machine exceeds 90% in Malaysian
households, it can be expected that an implementing MEPS for
washing machine may afford significant result in energy reduction for
the residential sector. The case study of Table 7 and Figure 11 indicate
that, even for 50% penetration in urban households, a 1% reduction in
total residential electrical energy (which amounts to about
20GWh/month or about 14.8 ktonnes CO2 equivalent per month) can
be expected.
While MEPS for lighting has recently being made mandatory, no star
label for lighting exist. It is recommended that the regulator draft
energy
star
labels
for
lighting.
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THERMAL COMFORT & PASSIVE DESIGN
Up to 50% of electrical energy is used for Cooling. Cooling energy is very

much a component of Building Form. The following approaches to designing
for thermal comfort are adopted / available:
Building Thermal Envelope (OTTV & RTTV).
Calculating Cooling Load for Residential Space

Passive Design for Thermal Comfort (Cool House)
Thermal Mass
Natural Ventilations
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SUMMARY OF PASSIVE DESIGN
Design Approach
Issues Addressed
Technical Standards
Building Thermal
(i) Reducing cooling load for (1)ASHRAE fundamentals, chapter 17 and 18.
Envelope (OTTV and
active air cond. (static load)
(2)MS1525
RTTV)
(ii)Thermal comfort
(1)ASHRAE 55;
(2)ISO 7730
Cooling Load
(i) Cooling load for active air (1)ASHRAE fundamentals, chapter 17 and 18
Calculation
conditioning units (static and (2)MS1525
dynamic load)
(3)ISO 13786
Building Thermal
(i) Reducing cooling load for (1)ASHRAE fundamentals, chapter 17 and 18
Mass
active
air
conditioning (2)MS1525
(dynamic cooling load).
(3)ISO 13786
(ii)Thermal comfort
(1)ASHRAE 55;
(2)ISO 7730
Natural Ventilation (i) Natural thermal comfort
(1)ASHRAE 55;
(2)ISO 7730
(3)UBBL by-law 39 and 40
Day Lighting
(i) Day lighting
(1)MS 1525
(2)UBBL by-law 39
Table 8 Summary of Passive Design and Technical Standards for Residential Buildings
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OTTV= + +
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DECONSTRUCTING THE OTTV
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DECONSTRUCTING THE OTTV
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DECONSTRUCTING THE OTTV WALL CONDUCTION
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Qw = Heat conduction through opaque wall = (1-WWR) x Uw x
TDeq
TDeq = Temperature difference equivalent

Temperature difference equivalent method is a simplified model approximating the
final steady state condition of heat flow:
Outdoor and indoor ambient temperature ;
The thermal property of the wall which include:
1.
Thermal resistivity (the converse is thermal conductivity)
2.
Heat capacity and mass (the capacity of the wall to store heat)
The intensity of solar radiation striking on the surface of exposed wall

The radiant absorptivity of wall surface (alpha value);
The emissivity of the wall surface (sigma value)
Prevailing wind speed /air movement at the surfaces.
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DECONSTRUCTING THE OTTV CONDUCTION
TDeq
Absorption refers to (radiant) heat

absorption capacity or the ALPHA
value.
Mass refers to thermal mass
(insulating and heat storage
capacity) of wall.
An OTTV-based energy estimation model

for commercial buildings in Thailand
Surapong Chirarattananon et al, 2004
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TDeq
TD
Malaysia
Singapore
Thailand
Wall TDeq
15
ETTV: 12
RETV: 3.4
12 (8 27.8)
<50kg/m: 15K
<230kg/m: 12K
>230kg/m 10K
Roof TDeq
Light: 24
Heavy: 20
12.5
12 (8 27.8)
<50kg/m: 24K
<230kg/m: 20K
>230kg/m 16K
Notes
Light <50kg/m
Heavy<50kg/m
ETTV:
envelope
thermal envelope:
RETV:
Residential
thermal envelope.
Tabulation
of
TDeq
which
depends on wall
/roof construction
Alpha value not

considered. TDeq
depends on mass of
wall.
Air
cond
in
residential is mainly
switched on at night
therefore
lower
TDeq. Alpha is not
considered.
Philippines
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42 DECONSTRUCTING THE OTTV WINDOWS CONDUCTION
A simplification assumes that

Tso ~ Toutside
Tsi ~ Tinside;
T ~ Toutside - Tinside
Assume thermal mass and

absorptivity is negligible.
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43 DECONSTRUCTING THE OTTV WINDOWS CONDUCTION
Malaysia
Singapore
Thailand
Wall glazing
T
6K
ETTV: 3.4K
RETV: 1.3K
5K
Roof skylight
T
6K
4.8K
??
Philippines
Office: 3.35K
Hotel: 1.1K
??
Notes
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44 DECONSTRUCTING THE OTTV DIRECT SOLRAD GLAZING
The direct solar radiation

entering through glazing:
Solar radiation which is
dependent on time of day,
latitude,
and
seasonal
variation.
The solar shielding on the
glazing
The orientation of building
The inclination of building
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Malaysia
Singapore
Thailand
Philippines
Average Sol Factor

wall glazing (SFAV)
SF = FAV x OF
194
ETTV: 211
RETV: 58.6
160
OF (Orientation
Factor)
0.9 1.23
ETTV:
0.69 1.56
RETV:
0.83 1.55
tabulation
Inclination of wall
Not considered
Yes in OF
Yes in OF
Yes in OF
Average Sol Factor

skylight (SFAV)
SF = FAV x OF
323
370
??
485
Office: 161
Hotels: 142
Stores: 151
tabulation
l
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Direct Sun
Thai architect Dr Soontom Boonyatikam
Sunlight is diffused
and reflected off the
landscape,
reducing
heat gain the building
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49 DECONSTRUCTING THE OTTV WEATHER DATA
Source: ASEAN-USAID; Building Energy Conservation Project, Final Report; June 1992
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Source: Building Energy Efficiency Guidelines: Passive Design; (BSEEP, 2013, CK Tang)
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Source: ASEAN-USAID; Building Energy Efficiency Guidelines: Passive Design; (BSEEP, 2013, CK Tang)
Note: MS1525; Average Sol-Rad for wall glazing = 193

Average Sol-Rad for sky light
= 323
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54 DECONSTRUCTING THE OTTV CONCLUSION
The building thermal envelope approach

formulated principally as a tool for estimating
cooling load into buildings may be at a
disadvantage in the case of residential buildings;
where cooling loads are characterised by the
following
(b) Small heat gain. Heat gains in residential buildings are principally due to the thermal
performance of building envelopes and ventilation or air infiltration for the space air
conditioned. Heat gain from electrical appliances and occupants are usually small
(compared to commercial buildings).
(c) Diverse Space Usage. Space usage is highly diverse and flexible. This also means that
load usage profile is highly variable.
(d) Fewer Zones. Generally fewer zones are air conditioned (if at all). In typical Malaysian
homes only one or two rooms may be air conditioned. The thermal envelope concept
for heat load in residential buildings may not be accurate.
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The OTTV and RTTV provide a measure of
thermal intensity (W/m) on the building
envelope exposed to the external
environment). The following should be
noted:
(a) The OTTV/RTTV method has as its
original aim the reduction of (active)
cooling load. Notwithstanding, caveats
listed below it is a useful tool in the
design of passive features of the building
envelope.
(b) An estimate of total cooling load due to external heat transfer into internal building
space can be estimated based on the thermal transfer values and area of exposed
building envelope. However where the percentage of air conditioned space is low, the
accuracy of cooling load will not be accurate.
(c) The OTTV method do not take into account other source of heat loads such as air
infiltration and latent and other heat sources from occupants and electric appliances
inside building
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Building Thermal Envelope (OTTV)
Roof Thermal Envelope (RTTV)
OTTV and RTTV provide an index of TOTAL external energy infiltration into internal
building space via the building envelope.
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Thermal comfort (ASHRAE 55[1] and ISO 7730[2]) is defined as the conditions
of environment which can be expressed as thermal comfort.
[1]
[2]
ASHRAE 55 Thermal environmental conditions for human occupancy

ISO 7730 Moderate thermal environments Determination of the PMV and
PPD indices and specification of the conditions for thermal comfort.
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Factors
affecting
thermal
comfort
(1)Metabolic rate of occupant
(1)Clothing Insulation
(1)Air temperature (internal)
Unit
Secondary factors
Activity of occupant.
Skin temperature of occupant.
outside temperature,
solar insolation,
thermal performance of building
envelope,
Air infiltration.
(1)Mean radiate temperature
C
outside temperature,
solar insolation,
radiant emissivity of walls, ceiling,
glazing,
Thermal capacity of building mass at
vicinity.
(1)Air speed (internal)
m/s
Air infiltration, natural ventilation,
Presence of fan(s)
(1)Relative humidity
%
Air infiltration, natural ventilation.
14th November 2014
Figure 13 The thermal comfort model and six factors affecting thermal comfort
W/m
m.C/W
C
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FANGERS THERMAL COMFORT MODEL
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FANGERS PMV TOOL
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FANGERS PMV TOOL
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FANGERS PMV TOOL
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FANGERS THERMAL COMFORT ZONE
0.5 Clo
0.70 Clo
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FANGERS RADIANT HEAT AND COMFORT ZONE
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SIMPLE RADIANT TEMPERATURE CALCULATOR
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SIMPLE RADIANT TEMPERATURE CALCULATOR
14th November 2014
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FANGERS COMFORT ZONE USING ECOTECT
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FANGERS COMFORT ZONE USING ECOTECT
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Image Courtesy: http://yourhome.gov.au/passive-design/thermal-mass
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BUILDING THERMAL MASS
The capacity of building material to store thermal energy and

release it at a later period.
In the tropical context, building mass exposed to solar radiant
heat will conduct and store thermal heat within its mass and
release it during the cool evening night period.
A large thermal mass which is
kept cool AND insulated or
shielded or isolated from solar
radiant heat acts as a thermal
sink reducing the need for active
cooling and improving thermal
comfort.
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Image Courtesy: http://yourhome.gov.au/passive-design/thermal-mass
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Thermal properties of building material
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Traditional building material with thermal mass include water,

rock, earth, brick, concrete, fibrous cement, ceramic tiles etc
Phase change materials store energy while maintaining constant
temperatures, using chemical bonds to store & release latent
heat. PCMs can store five to fourteen times more heat per unit
volume than traditional materials. (source: US Department of
Energy).
PCMs include solid-liquid Glaubers salt, paraffin wax, and the
newer solid-solid linear crystalline alkyl hydrocarbons (K-18:
77oF phase transformation temperature).
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The basic properties that indicate the thermal behavior of materials are:
density (p), specific heat (cm), and conductivity (k).
The specific heat for most masonry materials is similar (about 0.20.25Wh/kgC).
Therefore, the total heat storage capacity is a function of the total mass of
masonry materials, regardless of its type (concrete, brick, stone, and
earth).
Material Density(kg/m3)
Concrete
600-2200
Stone
1900-2500
Bricks
1500-1900
Earth
1000-1500 (uncompressed)
Earth
1700-2200 (compressed)
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THERMAL MASS THERMAL MASS CAPACITY
An important property of thermal mass is the Thermal Time Constant of a building envelope.
TTC = heat capacity (Q) x resistance (R) to heat transmission.

The TTC is representative of the effective thermal capacity of a building.
TTC/area=heat capacity/unit area (QA) x resistance to heat flow/area

QA=thickness x density x specific heat
Resistance = thickness/conductivity (or the U value).
TTCA / area of a composite wall, the QAR value of each layer, including the outside and inside air
layers, is calculated in sequence. The QAR for each layer is calculated from the external wall to the
center of the section in question:
QAiRi= (cm*l*p)i*(R0+R1++0.5Ri)
For a composite surface of n layers, TTCA=QA1R1+QA2R2+QAnRn .
The TTCs for each surface is the product of the TTCA multiplied by the area. Glazed areas are assumed
to have a TTC of 0. The total TTC total of the building envelope equals the sum of all TTCs divided by the
total envelope area, including the glazing areas.
A high TTC indicates a high thermal inertia of the building and results in
a strong suppression of the interior temperature swing.
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THERMAL MASS DIURNAL HEAT CAPACITY
DHC is a measure of the buildings capacity to absorb solar energy entering the
interior space, and to release the heat to the interior during the night hours. The
DHC is of particular importance for buildings in tropical zones.
The DHC of a material is a function of building
materials density, specific heat, conductivity,
and thickness. The total DHC of a building is
calculated by summing the DHC values of each
surface exposed to the interior air.
The DHC for a material increases initially with

thickness, then falls off at around 5. This
behavior reflects the fact that after a certain
thickness, some of the heat transferred to the
surface will be contained in the mass rather
than returned to the room during a 24 hour
period.
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BUILDING THERMAL MASS TTC AND DHC
TTC and DHC

Relative values of TTC indicate the thermal capacity of the building
when a building is affected mostly by heat flow across the opaque parts
of the envelope (i.e., when it is unventilated, and when solar gain is
small relative to the total heat transfer through the building envelope).
Relative values of DHC, on the other hand, indicate the thermal
capacity for buildings where solar gain is considerable. The DHC also
is a measure of how much coolth the building can store during the
night in a night ventilated building.
Both measures indicate the amount of interior temperature swing that
can be expected based on outdoor temperatures (higher values
indicate less swing).
Delta T(swing)= 0.61Qs/DHCtotal,
Qs is the daily total solar energy absorbed in the zone.
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Software calculation tools under development

Heat transfer matrix:
Zee=Zs2 Z Zs1
Where Zs1 and Zs2 are the heat
transfer
matrices
of
the
boundary layers
Dynamic thermal admittance &

time shift of admittance
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Building which is externally insulated with internal exposed mass.

Here, both TTC and DHC are high. When the building is ventilated at night and closed
during the day, it can absorb the heat in the mass with relatively small indoor temperature
rise. Best for hot-dry regions.
Building with mass insulated internally.
Here, both the TTC is and DHC are low. The mass will store energy and release energy
mostly to the exterior, and the thermal response is similar to a low mass building.
Building with high mass insulated externally and internally.
Here, the building has a high TTC, but a negligible DHC, as the interior insulation separates
the mass from the interior. When the building is closed and the solar gain is minimized, the
mass will dampen the temperature swing, but if the building is ventilated, the effect of the
mass will be negated. With solar gain, the inside temperature will rise quickly, as the
insulation prevents absorption of the energy by the mass.
Building with core insulation inside two layers of mass.
Here the TTC is a function of mostly the interior mass and the amount of insulation, and the
DHC is a function on the interior mass. The external mass influences heat loss and gain by
affecting the delta T across the insulation.
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NATURAL VENTILATION
MS 1525:2007 - Section 8.1.4 Ventilation
Outdoor Air-Ventilation Rates should comply with Third
Schedule (By Law 41) Article 12 (1) of Uniform Building
By Laws, 1984 ( UBBL )
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NATURAL VENTILATION
BUILDING TYPE
MINIMUM FRESH AIR

VENTILATION cubic meter/min
RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL
OFFICES
SCHOOL CLASSROOM
HOSPITAL WARDS
0.14/occupant
(0.23 lit/sec/m2 floor area
average)
CONFERENCE ROOMS
0.28/occupant
FACTORIES
0.21/occupant
Basement car Park (Mech)
6 air change/hour
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NATURAL VENTILATION
Thermal Comfort ;
ASHRAE DEFINITION 3 basic conditions in Passive Design for thermal
comfort:
Operative temperature
Air movement / Wind Speed

Relative Humidity
Fangers
PMV-PPD
Thermal Comfort Model
(for conditioned space).
Adaptive Thermal Comfort
Model (for Natural and
Hybrid Ventilation Space).
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NATURAL VENTILATION
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NATURAL VENTILATION
Natural means to maintain air
quality
Vents build-up of toxic gases and
indoor
pollutants
(principally
pathogens)
Low cost/ natural means of

maintaining indoor thermal
comfort.
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NATURAL VENTILATION
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NATURAL VENTILATION
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NATURAL VENTILATION
Wind-driven Cross Ventilation

Buoyancy-driven Stack Ventilation
Single-sided Ventilation
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NATURAL VENTILATION
Cross Ventilation
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NATURAL VENTILATION
STACK VENTILATION
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NATURAL VENTILATION WEATHER DATA K.L.
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OTTV/RTTV ; building envelope is not a good indicator of energy Passive

House. It is not even a good indication of air conditioning load in residential
building.
The Malaysia OTTV: uses worst case solar insolation and weather data. Other
metholody in OTTV development uses averaged solar and weather data to
Passive Low Energy Design can be approached from 2 perspectives:
1. Reduction of active cooling load by good thermal envelope (this approach
is not satisfactory
2. Thermal Comfort
Passive design for thermal comfort requires consideration of:
1. Thermal envelope with consideration of thermal mass (TTC & DHC);
2. Mean internal radiant temperature which is dependent on TTC & DHC;
3. Natural ventilation and the building form.g
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PASSIVE DESIGN INNOVATION / RESEARCH
The following topics are briefly described (as a starting point

for detailed investigations/ further discussions):
1. The day (hot) / Night (cool) sky conundrum;
2. The riddle of the Cool Roof
3. Solar Chimney in the tropical context
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ROOF THERMAL POND
The Day Night Sky Conundrum.
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ROOF THERMAL POND
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ROOF THERMAL POND
D a y S o l a r r a d i a n t h e a t e n t e r i n g f r o m t h e s k y. C e i l i n g
i n s u l a t i o n w i l l p r e ve n t h e a t f r o m e n t e r i n g i n t e r n a l s p a c e .
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100 ROOF THERMAL POND

During the night the cool night sky acts as a heat sink. The
c e i l i n g i n s u l a t i o n h o we v e r wi l l p r e v e n t h e a t f r o m r a d i a t i n g o u t .
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T h e d yn a m i c s o f c o o l i n g / h e a t i n g wi t h i n r o o f s p a c e
a r e g o v e r n e d b y t h e f o l l o wi n g h e a t t r a n s f e r
problems:
Radiation
Convection
Radiation
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102 THE COOL ROOF RIDDLE - CONDUCTION
= (W/m)
U =Conductivity (W/m.K)
=Temperature gradient (K/m)
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103 THE COOL ROOF RIDDLE - CONDUCTION
=
= (W/m)
h = Heat transfer coeff. (W/m.K)
A = Area of heat transfer (ceiling in roof space)
=Temperature gradient (K/m) between Troof2 and Tceiling1
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104 THE COOL ROOF RIDDLE - RADIATION

= (14 24 )
= (W/m)
= Emissivity of surface (less than 1; with 1 for black body)
= Stephen Boltzmann constant
A = Area of view for radiation (roof and ceiling in roof space)
1= Troof2 and 2 = Tceiling1
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105 WIND CATCHER
"Malqaf" by Fred the Oysteri Licensed under GFDL via Wikimedia Commons http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Malqaf.svg#mediaviewer/File:Malqaf.svg
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106 WIND CATCHER

Ancient Egyptian House miniature showing windcatchers, dating from Early
Dynastic Period of Egypt, found in Abou Rawsh near Cairo
"Egypte louvre 299" by Anonymous - Guillaume Blanchard, Juillet 2004, Licensed Wikimedia Commons http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Egypte_louvre_299.jpg#mediaviewer/File:Egypte_louvre_299.jpg
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107 SOLAR CHIMNEY
Solar collector to heat up

air (typically painted dark
colour
Chimney shaft to allow hot
air to rise
Openings to allow outside
draft to flow in.
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108 SOLAR CHIMNEY WITH GROUND COOLING
"Solarchimney" by Fred the Oysteri, Wikimedia Commons http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Solarchimney.svg#mediaviewer/File:Solarchimney.sv

g
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109 SOLAR CHIMNEY
"Zion Visitors Center Cool Tower" by P. Torcellini, R. Judkoff, and S. Hayter, National Renewable Energy
Laboratory - http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy02osti/32157.pdf. Wikimedia Commons http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Zion_Visitors_Center_Cool_Tower.PNG#mediaviewer/File:Zion_Visit
ors_Center_Cool_Tower.PNG
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110 ROOF THERMAL POND
Possible area of research on E.E. in residential buildings

Retractable roof insulation to allow radiation of heat into the
c o o l n i g h t s k y.
Optimising thermal massing for thermal comfort (TTI, DHC).
Optimising passive design for a naturally cooled house.
The use of ground as a heat sink. Channel air pre cooled in
underground chamber before directing into internal space.
C u r r e n t r e s e a r c h s h o ws 1 m d e p t h g r o u n d t e m p i s 2 6 . 9 C f o r
t h e wh o l e ye a r r o u n d .
The cool roof riddle.
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111 UNFINISHED BUSINESS

Building Mass
Radiant Thermal Temperature Tool
Benchmarking OTTV & RTTV to Fangers Thermal Comfort Model
The current model considers a typical terrace house only.
Modelling for high rise will be recommended.
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112 ASHRAE 90.2

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 90.2-2007
Energy-Efficient Design of Low-Rise Residential
Buildings.
Section 1 Purpose
Section 2 Scope
Section 3 Definitions, Abbreviations, Acronyms and
Symbols
Section 4 Compliance
Section 5 Building Envelope Requirements
Section 6 Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning
(HVAC) Systems and Equipment
Section 7 Services Water Heating
Section 8 Annual Energy Cost Method
Section 9 Climatic Data
Section 10 Normative References
Normative Appendix A Envelope Performance Path
Trade Off Method
Normative Appendix B Informative References
Normative Appendix C Addenda Description
Information
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ENERGY EFFICIENCY FOR

RESIDENTIAL
BUILDINGS
I r . H . P. L o o i ( m e k t r i c o n @ g m a i l . c o m )
B.Eng (Hons), FIEM, Jurutera Gas
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Energy Efficiency For Residential Building

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Energy Efficiency For Residential Building

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ENERGY EFFICIENCY FOR

4th March 2015

THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SECTOR

4th March 2015

THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SECTOR

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THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SECTOR

THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SECTOR

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THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SECTOR

THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SECTOR

Average Monthly Sales in kWh

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THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SECTOR

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THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SECTOR

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THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SECTOR

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THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SECTOR

Landed properties constitute a major

NATIONAL HOUSEHOLD INCOME

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THE RESIDENTIAL BUILDING SECTOR

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COMPONENTS OF BUILDING ENERGY

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COMPONENTS OF BUILDING ENERGY

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COMPONENTS OF BUILDING ENERGY

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COMPONENTS OF BUILDING ENERGY

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COMPONENTS OF BUILDING ENERGY

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COMPONENTS OF BUILDING ENERGY

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ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES & MEPS

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MODELLING ENERGY USE & MEPS

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MODELLING ENERGY USE & MEPS

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MODELLING ENERGY USE & MEPS

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MODELLING ENERGY USE & MEPS - MACRO

Two cases of modelling are assumed;

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MODELLING ENERGY USE & MEPS - MACRO

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MODELLING ENERGY USE & MEPS - MACRO

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MODELLING ENERGY USE & MEPS - MACRO

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THERMAL COMFORT & PASSIVE DESIGN

Up to 50% of electrical energy is used for Cooling. Cooling energy is very

Calculating Cooling Load for Residential Space

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SUMMARY OF PASSIVE DESIGN