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What is a carcinoma?
Cancer that begins in the skin or in tissue that line or cover internal
organs
Cancers that begin in the tissue of the brain and spinal cord are cal
led ___.
secondary
microscopic
histologically
False
-estrogens/progestins -tamoxifen
Dene a sign?
early; diagnosis
tungsten
Radiation ows easily through __ (black) and soft tissue (___), but n
ot as easily through ___ where there is higher absorption (white)
chest xray
True
Why is US limited?
CAT scan
CAT scan
The CAT scan forms a full ___ computer model allowing the clinician
to examine the body one narrow ___ at a time to pinpoint specic a
reas.
3D; slice
False
MRI
Gadolinium
PET
PET scans
ususally F-FDG
96% of pts with lung cancer will have an abnormal ___ ___
PET Scan
glucose; hot
FALSE: some will not because of limited glucose uptake: slow growi
ng tumors such as bronchoalveolar carcinoma
3-7000
tissue; cytologic
tissue prepared by freezing and slicing the tissue sample. They can
be done in about 15 to 20 mins while the pt is in the OR
helps identify the site of origin of the tumor cells -detects antigens t
hat are used to determine prognostic information such as ER/PR an
d HER2/neu
False
VMA
the cells are stained with a light-sensitive dye, placed in a uid, and
passed in a stream before a laser or other type of light. the measur
ements are based on how the light sensitive dye reacts to the light.
WHat is FISH?
PCR
genetic alterations
-site of the primary tumor -tumor size and number of tumors -lymp
h node involvement -cell type and grade -the presence or absence
of metastasis
bed ridden
TNM system
ToF: the higher the number on the ECOG performance scale, the mo
re functional the person?
Which scale is meant for children, the Karnofsky or the Lansky perf
ormance scale?
The Lansky
What is the 0 value for the Karnofsky and Lansky performance scal
es?
K= dead L=unresponsive
ToF: progression of the disease will change the initial stage of the di
sease
FALSE
pTNM
based on information obtained from the PE, labs and imaging, endo
scopy and biopsy. Clinical staging uses all information available bef
ore the initiation of denitive treatment.
ToF: the TNM staging for breast cancer goes into depth as where th
e cancer is located and the extent of the growth
True
What is the Ann Arbor Staging system most often used for?
distant