Seminar in the History of Christian Thought:

Prayer and Spirituality in the Early Church

(THE710)
Spring2013(Jan.21May2),Thursday12:002:50PM
GrandRapidsTheologicalSeminary,WoodBldg.,Room102
Instructor:Dr.ByardBennett
Officehours:Byappointment,TuesdaysandThursdays2:504:00PM
Phone:2221568
Email:byard.bennett@cornerstone.edu
Website:http://www.didymus.org(EarlyChristianSpiritualityandSpiritualDirection)
Thisadvancedlevelseminarwillsurveytheteachingsonprayerandspiritualdirection
bymajorfigureswithinthepatristicandearlyByzantineperiods(200A.D.650A.D.).
ThefirstweekwillexploreselectedthemeswithintheNewTestamentconcerningthe
natureandpracticeofprayer.Thesecond,thirdandfourthweekswillexaminepublic
teachingintheearlypatristicperiod(thirdandfourthcenturiesA.D.)concerningthe
practiceofprayer.Suchpublicteachingwasconductedprimarilythroughexpository
sermonsandtreatisesontheLordsPrayerandsecondarilythroughmystagogical
catachesis(i.e.theinstructionofpersonsseekingbaptismorrecentlybaptizedconcerning
thenatureofthesacraments,prayerandsacramentalworshipandtheproperconditions
forfaithfulreceptionofthesacraments).Theremainderofthecoursewillbedevotedtoa
closereadingofmajortextsonprivateprayerandspiritualdirectionbytheprincipal
asceticandmonasticwritersofthelatepatristicperiod(350A.D.650A.D.),giving
specialattentiontoEvagriusaccountoftheeightevilreasoningsandCassians
discussionoflectiodivina.
Thecourseisintendedtohelpstudentsarriveatamoredetailedandnuanced
understandingoftraditionsofprayerwithintheearlyandundividedChurch.The
discussionsofsin,temptationandspiritualguidancewillalsohelpstudentsgainaricher
andmoretheologicallydevelopedunderstandingofcertainaspectsoftraditionalpastoral
careandcounseling(cureofsouls).
II.LearningOutcomes
Atthecompletionofthiscourse,havingreflectedcriticallyupontheassignedreadings,
youshouldbeableto
1) understandandaccuratelydefinetechnicaltermsrelatingtothefollowingareasof
earlyChristianthoughtandpracticeintheGreekEast:
a) prayer(e.g.monologisticprayer,imagelessprayer,theprayeroffire);
b) repentance(e.g.penthos,katanuxis);
c) spiritualwarfare(e.g.phantasiai,akedia,antirrhesis,ekkopethelematos,
dikaioma);
d) communionwithGod(e.g.hesychia,apatheia,epektasis);

2
e) theorganizationofasceticandmonasticlife(e.g.cenobium,lavra,
idiorrhythmia).
2) understandandaccuratelyexplain
a) howpublicteachingonprayerwasprovidedintheearlyChurch(e.g.catechetical
andmystagogicalinstruction;theexpositionoftheLordsPrayerasamodel
prayer);
b) thedistinctionbetweentheactivelifeandthecontemplativelife(initsvarious
formsanddegreesofrelativeprogresstowardunionwithGod);
c) thevariousaccountsofthespiritualsensesandhowthesewerethoughttobe
relatedtocontemplativeprayerandtoknowingandexperiencingGod;
d) howspiritualdirectionwasprovidedintheearlyChristianasceticmovement
throughthepracticeofspiritualfatherhoodandtheconfession(manifestation)
ofthoughtstothespiritualfather;
e) Evagriusaccountofthepsychologyoftemptationandtheeightevilpatternsof
thoughtandhowthesewereadaptedanddevelopedbyJohnCassianandthe
principalearlyByzantineasceticwriters;
f) thedynamicsofrepentanceinasceticliterature(contrition,compunctionandthe
giftoftears);
g) theuseofopposingreasonings/statesincombatingtemptations,vicesand
intrusivethoughts;
h) thealternativeaccountofthenatureandoriginofevilprovidedbyEvagriusand
theOrigenistwingoftheasceticmovement;
i) theliteraryformsinwhichasceticteachingonprayerandspiritualwarfarewas
transmitted
i) thesentenceandthecenturyasliteraryformsinasceticliterature;
ii) thevariouscompilationsofthesayingsandpracticesoftheDesertFathersand
theprinciplesunderlyingandguidingthesecollections.
Thecompletionoflearningoutcomes1.a,c,dand2.b,e,gwillbeassessedthroughthe
completionofthemajoressayrequiredforthecourse.
Thecompletionoflearningoutcomes1.aeand2.b,d.e,f,gwillbeassessedthroughthe
finalexam.
Thecompletionoflearningoutcomes2.a,c,h,iwillbeindirectlyassessedthroughthe
readingscompletionrequirementandclassdiscussionoftheassignedreadings.

RequiredCourseTexts
Thefollowingrequiredcoursetextsmaybepurchasedfromtheseminarybookroomor
fromthediscountonline(newandused)bookretailerslistedonhttp://www.addall.com.
Allrequiredcoursereadingsnotcontainedwithinthefollowingbooksmaybefound
onreserveatthecirculationdeskatMillerLibrary.Thesearemarkedwithan
asterisk(*)precedingthemintherequiredreadingslistandarealsolistedina
separatesectionbelowforyourconvenience.

--Kenneth W. Stevenson, The Lords Prayer: A Text in Tradition, Minneapolis: Fortress

Press, 2004. ISBN 9780800636500. Orders: http://www.augsburgfortress.org ($29.00;
$22.04 from Amazon) (Kindle: $11.40; Google Play: $15.66)
--Alistair Stewart-Sykes (tr./ed.), Tertullian, Cyprian, Origen: On the Lords Prayer,
Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-88141-261-1. Orders:
http://www.svspress.edu ($18.00; $12.99 from Christianbook.com) (Kindle: $9.99)
--Columba Stewart, OSB, The World of the Desert Fathers: Stories and Sayings from the
Anonymous Series of the Apophthegmata Patrum, Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian
Publications, 1986. ISBN 978-0-72830-110-8. Orders (Liturgical Press):
http://www.cistercianpublications.org ($7.95; Cistercian Product #: SG095)
--Robert E. Sinkewicz (ed./tr.), Evagrius of Pontus. The Greek Ascetic Corpus, Oxford:
Oxford Univ. Press, 2006. ISBN 0199297088; 9780199297085. Orders:
http://www.oup.com/us ($60.00; $56.74 from Amazon)
Current students can access this book on a PC
via Ebrary:
http://0-site.ebrary.com.eaglelink.cornerstone.edu/lib/cornerstone/docDetail.action?
docID=10177964
or via EBSCO Host:
http://0web.ebscohost.com.eaglelink.cornerstone.edu/ehost/ebookviewer/ebook/nlebk_264945_
AN?sid=4017bf67-024b-4bf5-b041-64048fef26b4@sessionmgr14&vid=1
--Gabriel Bunge, Dragons Wine and Angels Bread: The Teaching of Evagrius Ponticus
on Anger and Meekness, tr. Anthony P. Gythiel, Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimirs
Seminary Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-88141-337-3. Orders: http://www.svspress.com
($16.00; $12.61 from Amazon)
--Gabriel Bunge, Despondency: The Spiritual Teaching of Evagrius of Pontus on Acedia,
Yonkers, NY: St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-88141-394-6. Orders:
http://www.svspress.com ($18.00; $16.20 from Amazon)
--David Brakke, Evagrius of Pontus. Talking Back. Antirrhtikos: A Monastic Handbook
for Combating Demons, CS 229, Collegeville, MN: Cistercian Publications, 2009. ISBN
978-0-87907-329-9. Orders (Liturgical Press): http://www.cistercianpublications.org
(paperback: $24.95; Cistercian Product #: CS229P; $19.44 from Amazon) (eBook:
$14.99; ISBN 978-0-87907-968-0; Cistercian Product #: CS229E) (Kindle edition:
$10.09)
--J. Boniface Ramsey (tr./ed.), John Cassian: The Institutes, Ancient Christian Writers 58,
New York: Newman Press [Paulist Press], 2000. ISBN 978-0-0891-0522-9. Orders:
http://www.paulistpress.com ($34.95; $24.00 from Amazon)
--Duncan Robertson, Lectio Divina: The Medieval Experience of Reading, Cistercian
Publications, 2011. ISBN 978-0-87907-238-4. Orders:
http://www.cistericanpublications.org ($34.95; $27.58 from Amazon; Cistercian Product
#CS238P) (ebook: $29.99; ISBN: 978-0-87907-204-9; Cistercian Product #CS238E)
(Kindle: $16.49; Google Play: $15.38)
--Jean Khoury, Lectio Divina: Spiritual Reading of the Bible, London: Catholic Truth
Society, 2006 (free from the instructor)

RequiredReadingsAvailableonReserveattheCirculationDeskofMillerLibrary
*HildaGraef,St.GregoryofNyssa.TheLordsPrayer.TheBeatitudes,Ancient
ChristianWriters18,Westminster,MD:NewmanPress,1954
RequiredReadingsAvailableonEReserveatMillerLibrary:
*LeoMcCauleyandAnthonyA.Stephenson(tr.),TheWorksofSaintCyrilof
Jerusalem,v.2,Washington,DC:CatholicUniversityofAmericaPress,1970,153
159,161167,181186,198202
*DavidBrakke,CareforthePoor,FearofPoverty,andLoveofMoney:Evagrius
PonticusontheMonksEconomicVulnerability,inSusanR.Holman(ed.),Wealthand
PovertyinEarlyChurchandSociety,GrandRapids:BakerAcademic,2008,7687
*RichardSorabji,EmotionandPeaceofMind:FromStoicAgitationtoChristian
Temptation,Oxford:OxfordUniv.Press,2000,pp.343356(Origenandhislegacy),
357371(Evagrius)
*JohnEudesBamberger,EvagriusPonticus:ThePraktikos.ChaptersonPrayer,CS4,
Kalamazoo:CistercianPublications1981,pp.lxviilxxi(thesentenceandthecenturyas
literaryformsinasceticliterature),lxxxixciv(prayer,contemplationandmystical
theologyinEvagrius)
--*Belden C. Lane, The Desert Christians on Apathy: Caring and Not Caring, Christian
Century (May 18. 2010), pp. 26-28
--*Siegfried Wenzel, . Additions to Lampes Patristic Greek Lexicon, Vigiliae
Christianae 17 (1963): 173-176
*WilliamHarmless,S.J.andRaymondR.Fitzgerald,S.J.,TheSapphireLightofthe
Mind:TheSkemmataofEvagriusPonticus,TheologicalStudies62(2001),pp.498529
*M.Parmentier,EvagriusofPontusLettertoMelaniaI,Bijdragen,Tijdschrift
voorfilosofieentheologie46(1985),pp.238

CourseAssessment

CompletionofReadingAssignmentsandInformedParticipationinClassDiscussion20%
MajorPaper50%(Due4/11)
FinalExam30%(5/2;12:002:30PM)
Foradetailedaccountofthecriteriabywhichessayswillbeassessedandgrades
assigned,pleaseseetheattachedsupplementtothissyllabus.
CompletionofReadingAssignmentsandInformedParticipationinClassDiscussion
(20%):

CU/GRTSAttendancePolicy:Studentsareexpectedtoattendallclasses.Students

wishingtoreceivecreditforthecoursemaymissnomorethantheequivalentof
twoweeksclasstime.
Beginninginthesecondweekofthecourse,thefirsthalfoftheclasswillnormallybe
alectureandthesecondhalfofeachclasswillbedevotedtoadiscussionoftheassigned
readings.Discussioncanenhancelearninginavarietyofwayse.g.classmembersmay
suggestdifferentinterpretationsofatext,describealternativewaysofapproaching
difficultissues,orpointoutinterestingquestionsthatneedtobeaddressed.
Classdiscussioncanonlyachievethesegoalswhenallmembersoftheclasshave
readandreflecteduponalltheassignedreadingsforthatweekandcantherefore
participateknowledgablyinthediscussion.Forthisreason,studentswillbeaskedtosign
areadingscompletionsheetattheconclusionofthediscussion.(Thestudentwhohas
completed100%oftheassignedreadingswillreceive100%forthatweek;thestudent
whohascompletedlessthan100%oftheassignedreadingswillreceive0%forthat
week.Notethatthispolicywillsignificantlyaffectyourfinalgradeifyoufailto
completealltheassignedreadingsonaregularbasis.)

MajorPaper:AnalysisofEvagriusAccountoftheEightEvilPatternsofThought
(logismoiv)(25pp.;Due4/11attheBeginningofClass)(50%)
Allpapersaredueattheindicatedtimeontheduedate.Nolatepaperswill
beaccepted;pleaseplanaccordingly.
EvagriusPonticusdevelopedaninterestingandhistoricallyimportantmodelfor
understandingpreciselyhow,whenandwhydifferentformsoftemptationoccurandwhy
thelatterseemtohaveacertainpoweroverus.Evagriusclaimedthatallpatternsof
temptationmaybeseentoderivefromeightbasicevilpatternsofthought.Heoffered
detaileddescriptionsofthesestatesandrelatedthisanalysiscloselytothepracticeofthe
Christianlife(i.e.totheChristiansstrivingagainstthepowerofsinsothatheorshe
mightarriveatahigherformofprayer/unionwithGod).Evagriusaccounthada
significantinfluenceuponByzantineandpostByzantineOrthodoxspiritualityandalso
providedthebasisfortheWesternmedievalaccountofthesevendeadlysins.
Baseduponthereadingsassignedfor3/33/31,describeandanalyzeindetail
Evagriusaccountoftheeightevilpatternsofthought,payingcloseattentionto
therelationbetweenthevariousdemonsandtheeightevilpatternsofthought
(,logismoi);
howandwhysomeoftheeightevilpatternsofthoughtareassociatedwitha
particularpartofthetripartitesoul,whileothersarenot;
thelogicalorderinaccordancewithwhichoneevilpatternofthoughtfollows
anotherorexistsinconjunctionwithanother;
howandwhycertainoftheseevilpatternsofthoughtarecorrelatedwith
particularstagesofrealorperceivedadvanceintheChristianlife;
therelationshipbetween
o theseeightevilpatternsofthought,

6
o mentalrepresentations(,phantasiai)ofthingsperceivedby
senseperception(bothasstoredinonesmemoryandasheldontoin
onesimagination)
o andtheChristianasceticsultimategoalof
stillness(,hesychia),
freedomfrompassionsthatdisturbthesoulandcloudthemind
(,apatheia)
andprayerthathasbeenpurifiedofimagesderivedfromsense
perception(=pureprayer).
howtheevilpatternsofthoughtandthedisturbancestheycausemaybedealtwith
bypursuingopposingstatesorintroducingopposingreasoningsintothemind.
FormatandStyleRequiredintheEssay
TheessayshouldbeinformalwrittenstyleandintheformatspecifiedbyKate
L.Turabian,WayneG.Booth,GregoryG.Colomb,andJosephM.Williams
(ed.),AManualforWritersofResearchPapers,Theses,andDissertations,
SeventhEdition:ChicagoStyleforStudentsandResearchers,Chicago:Univ.
ofChicagoPress,2007.
o Furtherinformationisavailableonlineat
http://grts.cornerstone.edu/programs/research
o Pleaseuseinclusivelanguageinwritingyouressay,e.g.humanity
insteadofman,wherethequestionofgenderisnotexplicitlyin
view.
Youressayshouldbecarefullyproofreadpriortosubmissionsothatitisfreeof
errorsinspelling,grammarorsyntax.
Essaysthatdonotcontainaclear,concise,readilyidentifiablethesisstatement
willnotbegradedbutreturnedtothestudenttoberewritten.
Essaysthatdonotevidencecarefulpreparationandrevisionandlackdetailed,
wellorganizedargumentswillnotreceiveapassinggrade.Foradetailed
descriptionofthecriteriabywhichpaperswillbegraded,seetheMarking
Standardssheetattachedasasupplementtothesyllabus.
Furtherinformationabouthowtoresearch,organize,outlineandwriteterm
paperscanbefoundinBennett,ResearchandWritinginTheologicalStudies
(attachedattheendofthissyllabus).
Allpapersaredueatthebeginningofclassontheduedate.Nolatepapers
willbeaccepted;pleaseplanaccordingly.
AcademicIntegrity
Plagiarismandcheating,likeotherformsofacademicdishonesty,arealwaysserious
matters.Anyworksubmittedforthiscoursethatreproduceswithoutpropercitation
materialfromanyotherwriter(includinganInternetsource)willresultinafailing
grade(F)beinggivenfortheassignmentandtheacademicdeanandfacultywillbe
notified.Asecondinstanceofplagiarismduringonesdegreeprogramwillresultin

7
afailinggradeinthecourseandsuspensionfromseminarystudies.Forfurther
details,pleaseseetheAcademicIntegritysectionofthemostrecentversionofthe
GRTSAcademicCatalog.
Donotreproduceanywrittenmaterialofanykind(includingpassagesfrom
therequiredreadingsforthepaper)withoutpropercitation(footnoteor
endnote),withquotationmarkspreciselyindicatingtheextentofthe
quotation).
DonotconsultorreproduceanyInternetmaterialswhenresearchingand
writingtheessay.
Unauthorizedcopyingoruseofcopyrightedmaterialsand/orunauthorized
downloadingoffilescanalsoresultincriminalchargesandfines.Forfurther
information,pleaseseeResearch:CopyrightQuestionsonMillerLibrarys
website.
Youarerequiredtosubmitacopyofyouressayelectronicallyto
http://www.turnitin.com,anelectroniccoursemanagementdatabasewhich
alsoscreenssubmittedessaysforunacknowledgedcitationofwritten
materialfromotherwriters(plagiarism).Failuretosubmitonesessaytothe
sitewillresultinanincomplete(I)gradebeingissuedforthecourse.
Directionsonhowtosubmittheessaytothesitewillbedistributedonthe
firstdayofclass.

FinalExam(30%)(5/212:002:30PM)
TheexamwillconsistoffifteentechnicaltermscentraltothestudyofGreekascetical
theologyandtraditionsofasceticalpracticeandwhichhaveappearedrepeatedlyinthe
readings.

Eachtermmustbeclearlyandconciselydefined,using15sentences(as
appropriatefortheterminquestion).

Whereaconceptorpracticehasbeenintroducedbyaparticularwriteror
movement,thisindividualormovementmustbeclearlyidentified.

Wheretheconceptorpracticehasbeeninterpretedindifferentways(eitherby
writersofthesameperiodor,duetotheevolutionoftheconceptovertime,by
writersofdifferenthistoricalperiods),thesedifferentunderstandingsmustbe
clearlyandconciselyexplained.
Tohelpyouprepare,acopyofthefinalexamwillbedistributedinclasson4/11.Since
youwillhavehadseveralweekstoprepare,theexamwillbegradedquiterigorously.

NonDiscriminationandDisabilityAccommodationPolicy:

8
CornerstoneUniversity/GrandRapidsTheologicalSeminarydoesnotdiscriminateonthe
basisofrace,nationalorigin,sex,ageordisabilityinanyofitspoliciesandprogramsand
willmakeallreasonableaccommodationsforstudentswithdisabilitiesincompliance
withSection504oftheRehabilitationActof1973andtheAmericanswithDisabilities
Actof1990.Thepurposeofaccommodationistoprovideequalaccesstoeducational
opportunitiestostudentsaffectedbydisabilitiesandtheuniversitydoesnotintendthat
thestandardsbealtered,northattheessentialelementsofprogramsorcoursesbe
changed.Studentshavingdocumenteddisabilitiesmayapplyforaccommodations
throughStudentDisabilityServices(SDS),whichispartoftheCornerstoneUniversity
LearningCenterlocatedinMillerHallonthemaincampus.Thoseneeding
accommodationareaskedtonotifytheprofessorofthisneedduringthefirstclass.
Intheeventthatstudentshavequestionsregardingwhethertheyareeligiblefor
accommodations,howtheymightprovideappropriatedocumentationofdisabilities,or
howtheymighthandleadisagreementwithaprofessoroverquestionsof
accommodation,theDirectorofAcademicSupportshouldbecontactedimmediatelyat
(616)2221956orviaemailatlearningcenter@cornerstone.edu.Furtherinformation
aboutapplyingforandutilizingaccommodationsisprovidedintheStudentHandbook
andontheuniversityswebsite.

9
CourseSchedule
1/24IntroductiontoPrayerintheEarlyChristianWorld

PrayerintheNewTestament(WithSpecialAttentiontoDescriptionsof
CorporatePrayerintheActsoftheApostlesandthePaulineEpistles)

ThePrayerofWidowsintheEarlyChurch

TheDevelopmentoftheDailyOffice(LiturgyofHours)intheEarlyChurch

Norequiredreading

1/31TeachingtheChurchtoPray:EarlyChristianExpositionsoftheLordsPrayer
(I)
o TertullianOnPrayer(Deoratione)
o CyprianOntheLordsPrayer(Dedominicaoratione)
RequiredReading(120pp.;completeby1/31)
KennethW.Stevenson,TheLordsPrayer:ATextinTradition,Minneapolis:Fortress
Press,2004,pp.135
AlistairStewartSykes(tr./ed.),Tertullian,Cyprian,Origen:OntheLordsPrayer,
Crestwood,NY:St.VladimirsSeminaryPress,2004,pp.993

2/7TeachingtheChurchtoPray:EarlyChristianExpositionsoftheLordsPrayer
(II)
OrigenofAlexandria(185/6254/5):HisTeachingonPrayerandContributionto
LaterAsceticSpirituality
RequiredReading(128pp.;completeby2/7)
KennethW.Stevenson,TheLordsPrayer:ATextinTradition,Minneapolis:Fortress
Press,2004,pp.3542
AlistairStewartSykes(tr./ed.),Tertullian,Cyprian,Origen:OntheLordsPrayer,
Crestwood,NY:St.VladimirsSeminaryPress,2004,pp.95214

2/14TeachingtheChurchtoPray:EarlyChristianExpositionsoftheLordsPrayer
(III)

10
o CyrilofJerusalem'sMystagogicalCatecheses
o GregoryofNyssa(c.335394)Sermons15ontheLordsPrayer
RequiredReading(117pp.;completeby2/14)
KennethW.Stevenson,TheLordsPrayer:ATextinTradition,Minneapolis:Fortress
Press,2004,pp.4370
*LeoMcCauleyandAnthonyA.Stephenson(tr.),TheWorksofSaintCyrilof
Jerusalem,v.2,Washington,DC:CatholicUniversityofAmericaPress,1970,153
159,161167,181186,198202(*ONERESERVEATMILLERLIBRARY)
*HildaGraef,St.GregoryofNyssa.TheLordsPrayer.TheBeatitudes,Ancient
ChristianWriters18,Westminster,MD:NewmanPress,1954,pp.2184(*ON
RESERVEATTHECIRCULATIONDESKOFMILLERLIBRARY)

2/21TheDesertFathersonPrayer,CompunctionandSpiritualDirection
TheApophthegmatapatrum(c.500)
JohnMoschos(620)SpiritualMeadow(Pratumspirituale)andAscetic
Biography
RequiredReading(55pp.;completeby2/21)
ColumbaStewart,OSB,TheWorldoftheDesertFathers:StoriesandSayingsfromthe
AnonymousSeriesoftheApophthegmataPatrum,Kalamazoo,MI:Cistercian
Publications,1986

2/28EvagriusPonticus(346399)(I)
LifeofEvagrius
WorksofEvagriusonPraktike(theActiveLife)andtheStruggleagainstthe
EightEvilPatternsofThought
o ToEulogios.OntheConfessionofThoughtsandCounselinTheir
Regard
o OntheVicesOpposedtotheVirtues
o OntheEightThoughts
o Praktikos(PG40,12201252)
RequiredReading(182pp.;completeby2/28)
RobertE.Sinkewicz(ed./tr.),EvagriusofPontus.TheGreekAsceticCorpus,Oxford:
OxfordUniv.Press,2003,xviixxi(lifeofEvagrius)
GabrielBunge,DragonsWineandAngelsBread:TheTeachingofEvagriusPonticus
onAngerandMeekness,tr.AnthonyP.Gythiel,Crestwood,NY:St.Vladimirs
SeminaryPress,2009,1334

11
RobertE.Sinkewicz(ed./tr.),EvagriusofPontus.TheGreekAsceticCorpus,Oxford:
OxfordUniv.Press,2003,xxixxxii(praktikeandthestruggleagainsttheeightevil
patternsofthought),1290(Eulogios,Vices,EightThoughts),235248(noteson
Eulogios,VicesandEightThoughts),91114(Praktikos),248261(notesonthe
Praktikos)
*DavidBrakke,CareforthePoor,FearofPoverty,andLoveofMoney:Evagrius
PonticusontheMonksEconomicVulnerability,inSusanR.Holman(ed.),Wealthand
PovertyinEarlyChurchandSociety,GrandRapids:BakerAcademic,2008,7687(*ON
ERESERVEATMILLERLIBRARY)
3/43/8SPRINGBREAK(NOCLASS)
3/14EvagriusPonticus(II)

EvagriusonthePsychologyofAction:Temptation,DesireandtheWill
o ThePlatonicTripartiteDivisionoftheSoul

EvagriusonthePsychologyofTemptationandMoralResponsibility:
EvagriusTransformationoftheStoicTheoryofAssent
RequiredReading(193pp.;completeby3/14)
ByardBennett,ReviewofRichardSorabji,EmotionandPeaceofMind:FromStoic
AgitationtoChristianTemptation,Oxford:OxfordUniv.Press,2000inBrynMawr
ClassicalReview2001.10.38,whichisavailableonlineat
http://bmcr.brynmawr.edu/2001/20011038.html(8pp.)
*RichardSorabji,EmotionandPeaceofMind:FromStoicAgitationtoChristian
Temptation,Oxford:OxfordUniv.Press,2000,pp.343356(Origenandhislegacy),
357371(Evagrius)(*ONERESERVEATMILLERLIBRARY)
DavidBrakke,EvagriusofPontus.TalkingBack.Antirrhtikos:AMonasticHandbook
forCombatingDemons,CS229,Collegeville,MN:CistercianPublications/Liturgical
Press,2009,1340,45,47173
RecommendedReading
JohnA.Stevens,PreliminaryImpulseinStoicPsychology,AncientPhilosophy20:1
(Spring2000),pp.139167

3/21EvagriusPonticus(III)
EvagriusonAnger
IntroductiontoEvagriusTeachingonPrayerandContemplation
RequiredReading(129pp.;completeby3/21)
GabrielBunge,DragonsWineandAngelsBread:TheTeachingofEvagriusPonticus
onAngerandMeekness,tr.AnthonyP.Gythiel,Crestwood,NY:St.Vladimirs
SeminaryPress,2009,912,35138

12
*JohnEudesBamberger,EvagriusPonticus:ThePraktikos.ChaptersonPrayer,CS4,
Kalamazoo:CistercianPublications1981,pp.lxviilxxi(thesentenceandthecenturyas
literaryformsinasceticliterature),lxxxixciv(prayer,contemplationandmystical
theologyinEvagrius)(*ONERESERVEATMILLERLIBRARY)
RobertE.Sinkewicz(ed./tr.),EvagriusofPontus.TheGreekAsceticCorpus,Oxford:
OxfordUniv.Press,2003,xxxiixxxvii(prayerandmysticalknowledgeinEvagrius)

3/28EvagriusPonticus(IV)

Evagrius on Akedia: From the Activity/Diversion of the Sick Self

to Exhaustion/Indifference

RequiredReading(139pp.;completeby3/28)
--Gabriel Bunge, Despondency: The Spiritual Teaching of Evagrius of Pontus on Acedia,
Yonkers, NY: St. Vladimirs Seminary Press, 2012, pp. 9-140
--*Belden C. Lane, The Desert Christians on Apathy: Caring and Not Caring, Christian
Century (May 18. 2010), pp. 26-28 (*ONERESERVEATMILLERLIBRARY)
--*Siegfried Wenzel, . Additions to Lampes Patristic Greek Lexicon, Vigiliae
Christianae 17 (1963): 173-176 (*ONERESERVEATMILLERLIBRARY)
OptionalReading:
RyanLaMothe,AnAnalysisofAcedia,PastoralPsychology56(2007):1519,22,24
30
PaoloAzzone,SinofSadness:AcediavelTristitiabetweenSociocultural
ConditioningsandPsychologicalDynamicsofNegativeEmotions,Journalof
PsychologyandChristianity31(1)(2012):18.22.28
3/31EASTERSUNDAY
4/4EvagriusPonticus(V)
OnThoughts
ChaptersonPrayer(formerlyattributedtoNilusofAncyra[430];PG79,
11652000)
ABriefIntroductiontoEvagriusEsotericDoctrineandtheAlternative
TheodicyoftheOrigenistMovement
o Skemmata(Reflections)
o TheLettertoMelania
RequiredReading(179pp.;completeby4/4)
EvagriusTeachingonPrayerandContemplation:OnThoughtsandChaptersonPrayer
RobertE.Sinkewicz(ed./tr.),EvagriusofPontus.TheGreekAsceticCorpus,Oxford:
OxfordUniv.Press,2003,136182(OnThoughts),183209(ChaptersonPrayer),267
284(notesonOnThoughtsandChaptersonPrayer)

13

EvagriusEsotericDoctrineandOrigenism
RobertE.Sinkewicz,EvagriusofPontus.TheGreekAsceticCorpus,Oxford:Oxford
Univ.Press,2003,pp.xxxviixl(Evagriusontheorigin,fallandfinaldestinyofrational
beings),210216(Reflections),284287(notesontheReflections)
*WilliamHarmless,S.J.andRaymondR.Fitzgerald,S.J.,TheSapphireLightofthe
Mind:TheSkemmataofEvagriusPonticus,TheologicalStudies62(2001),pp.498529
(*ONERESERVEATMILLERLIBRARY)
*M.Parmentier,EvagriusofPontusLettertoMelaniaI,Bijdragen,Tijdschrift
voorfilosofieentheologie46(1985),pp.238(*ONERESERVEATMILLER
LIBRARY)

4/11JohnCassian(c.360c.435)andtheTransmissionofGreekAsceticalPietyto
theLatinWest
MAJORPAPERDUE
FINALEXAMDISTRIBUTED
RequiredReading(141pp.;completeby4/11)
BonifaceRamsey(tr./ed.),JohnCassian:TheInstitutes,AncientChristianWriters58,
NewYork:NewmanPress[PaulistPress],2000,pp.94102,113141,151162,167184,
191204,209214,217234,239248,253274
KennethW.Stevenson,TheLordsPrayer:ATextinTradition,Minneapolis:Fortress
Press,2004,pp.8587

4/18FromScripturetoContemplativePrayer:LectioDivinaintheWestern
MonasticTradition(I)
RequiredReading(89pp.;completeby4/18)
--Duncan Robertson, Lectio Divina: The Medieval Experience of Reading, Cistercian
Publications, 2011, pp. xi-xx,7-8,32-34,38-43,49,54-55,60,63,68-69,72-102,106107,113,120-132,192-196

4/25FromScripturetoContemplativePrayer:LectioDivinaintheWestern
MonasticTradition(II)
RequiredReading(59pp.;completeby4/25)
--Jean Khoury, Lectio Divina: Spiritual Reading of the Bible, London: Catholic Truth
Society, 2006
4/295/2FINALEXAMWEEK(FinalExam=5/212:002:30PM)

14

15

SupplementaryBibliography:
RecommendationsforFurtherReading
PrayerandSpiritualDirectioninEarlyChristianSpirituality
T.A.Acton,EarlyChristianTeachingonPrayer,M.Div.thesis,Concordia
TheologicalSeminary,FortWayne,1979
DavidBeck,FlamesofWisdom:PatristicCounselforContemporaryLife,Minneapolis,
MN:LightandLife,1994
JohnF.Beddingfield,WhetherWeSitDownorRiseUp:PrayerPostureandSpiritual
Direction,S.T.M.thesis,GeneralTheologicalSeminary,1999
MerlinSchenckBerry,PrayerasReflectedintheWritingsoftheEarlyChristian
Fathers,M.A.thesis,Univ.ofNorthCarolinaatChapelHill,1963
MariaG.Bianco,MariaIgnaziaDanieli,VincenzoLambino,SalvatoreAlberto
Panimolle,Preghieraneipadrideiprimisecoli,Dizionariodispiritualitbiblico
patristica52,Rome:Borla,2009
IvanBodrozic,AntonioBonato,SalvatoreAlbertoPanimolleandSergioZincone,
PreghieraneipadrideisecoliIVeV,Dizionariodispiritualitbiblicopatristica53,
Rome:Borla,2009
RobertaC.Bondi,ToPrayandtoLove:ConversationsonPrayerwiththeEarly
Church,Minneapolis:FortressPress,1991
LouisBouyer,LaspiritualitduNouveauTestamentetlespres,nouvelled.Revise
etaugmente,Histoiredelaspiritualitchrtienne1,Paris:Aubier,1966(anETofan
earliereditionappearedasTheSpiritualityoftheNewTestamentandtheFathers,New
York:SeaburyPress,1963;repr.1982)
P.Bright,ThePrayingLogosandtheChristianatPrayerinClementofAlexandria:
CriticalIssuesinthePatristicPrayerCorpusinSBLSeminarPapers1993,Scholars
Press,1993,pp.808825
ClaraBuriniandElenaCavalcanti,Laspiritualitdellavitaquotidiananegliscrittidei
Padri,Storiadellaspiritualit3/C,Bologna:EdizioniDehonianeBologna,1988
FerdinandCabrol,Lelivredelaprireantique,5ed.,Paris:H.Oudin,1913
GodfreyDiekmann,LetUsPray;LetUsKneel;LetUsStand,PaperreadonMar.3,
1978atConferenceI,ToWorshipinSpiritandinTruth,oftheInstitutefor
Spirituality,St.JohnsUniv.,Collegeville,MN)(describeshowtheearlyChristian
understandingofGodinspiredthetraditionalbodilyposturesorgesturesofworship)
RobertW.Gaston,AttentionandDecoruminEarlyChristianPrayerinPrayerand
SpiritualityintheEarlyChurch,EvertonPark,Queensland:AustralianCatholicUniv.,
1998,pp.8196
AmbroseEszer,SpiritualityoftheGreekFathersinEmeteriodeCeaandJordan
Aumann(eds.),CompendiumofSpirituality,2vols.,NewYork:AlbaHouse,19951996
VittorinoGrossi,Laspiritualitdeipadrilatini,Storiadellaspiritualit3/B,Rome:
Borla,2002
A.G.Hamman,Lapriredanslgliseancienne,TraditioChristiana7,Berne:P.
Lang,1989

16
RobertC.Hill,TheSpiritualityofChrysostomsCommentaryonthePsalms,Journal
ofEarlyChristianStudies5:4(1997),pp.569579
GeorgeKalantzis,FromthePorchtotheCross:AncientChristianApproachesto
SpiritualFormationinJeffreyP.GreenmanandGeorgeKalantzis(eds.),Lifeinthe
Spirit:SpiritualFormationinTheologicalPerspective,DownersGrove,Ill.:IVP
Academic,2010
CharlesKannengeisser,EarlyChristianSpirituality,SouthwesternJournalof
Theology45:2(2003),pp.419
CharlesKannengeisser(ed.)andPamelaBright(tr.),EarlyChristianSpirituality,
SourcesofEarlyChristianThought,Philadelphia:FortressPress,1986
JamesA.Kleist,AnEarlyChristianPrayer,OrateFratres22:5(Mar.1948),pp.201
206(onPolycarpofSmyrna)
ScottM.Kyles,LoveYourEnemiesandPrayforThoseWhoPersecuteYou:The
Love/PrayerforEnemiesParenesisinPreNicaeanChristianity,M.A.thesis,Wake
ForestUniv.,DeptofReligion,1994
RobinMaasandGabrielODonnell(eds.),SpiritualTraditionsfortheContemporary
Church,Nashville:AbingdonPress,1990(seeB.Ramsey,TheSpiritualityoftheEarly
Church:PatristicSourcesandG.ODonnell,Practicum1:ReadingforHoliness:Lectio
divina)
StanleyMansfield,WidowsasGuardiansofBiblicalHouseholdsandPrayerWarriors
oftheEarlyChurch,EvangelicalTheologicalSocietyPapers(ETS0545)(31pp.;
availablefromhttp://www.tren.com)
PatrickDennisMason,ABriefStudyofCorporatePrayerintheApostolicChurch,
M.Div.thesis,ConcordiaTheologicalSeminary,FortWayne,1983
BernardMcGinn,JohnMeyendorffandJeanLeclercq(eds.),ChristianSpirituality:
OriginstoTwelfthCentury,NewYork:Crossroad,2000
AnthonyMeredith,PatristicSpiritualityinPeterByrneandJamesLeslieHoulden
(eds.),CompanionEncyclopediaofTheology,London:Routledge,1995,pp.536557
LeonFrancisMilroy,PrayerinEarliestChristianityintheContextoftheGraeco
RomanWorld,M.A.(Honors)thesis,Univ.ofNewEngland,Armidale,NSW,
Australia,2000
PanayiotisNellas,Levivantdivinis:LanthropologiedesPresdelglise,Paris:
ditionsduCerf,1989(discussesthepatristicsourcesoflaterByzantinethought,looking
atIrenaeusofLyons,GregoryofNazianzus,GregoryofNyssa,MaximustheConfessor,
NicolasCabasilasandNicodemustheHagiorite)
J.L.North,Omiramysteria,quodnonaudianturiusti!(Dem.23.7):Unanswered
PrayerinAphrahatandAdolfvonHarnackinStudiaPatristica,v.35,Leuven:Peeters,
2001,pp.125131
FerdinandProbst,LehreundGebetindendreierstenchristlichenJahrhunderten,
Tbingen:H.Laupp,1871
NormanRussell,TheDoctrineofDeificationintheGreekPatristicTradition,Oxford:
OxfordUniv.Press,2004
ManuelDiegoSnchez,Historiadelaespiritualidadpatristica,Madrid:Editorialde
Espiritualidad,1992

17
TomsSpidlikandInnocenzoGargano,Laspiritualitdeipadrigrecieorientali,
Storiadellaspiritualit3/A,Rome:Borla,1983
GregoryE.StirlingandP.W.VanderHorst,PrayersfromtheAncientWorld:Greco
Roman,JewishandChristianPrayers,NotreDame:Univ.ofNotreDamePress,2003
DailyPrayerintheEarlyChurch
RogerT.Beckwith,TheDailyandWeeklyWorshipofthePrimitiveChurchin
RelationtoItsJewishAntecedents.Pt.1,EvangelicalQuarterly56(Apr.1984),pp.65
80
PaulF.Bradshaw,DailyPrayerintheEarlyChurch:AStudyoftheOriginandEarly
DevelopmentoftheDivineOffice,NewYork:OxfordUniv.Press,1981(repr.1982)
GabrielBunge,EarthenVessels:ThePracticeofPersonalPrayerAccordingtothe
PatristicTradition,tr.MichaelJ.Miller,SanFrancisco:IgnatiusPress,2002
(recommended)
WilliamHerbertJohnston,AHistoricalandTheologicalStudyofDailyPrayerTimes
intheAnteNiceneChurch,Ph.D.thesis,Univ.ofNotreDame,1980(repr.AnnArbor:
UMI,1982)
JohnPaulSalay,TheDevelopmentoftheStructuresandThemesoftheLiturgyof
HoursfromtheEarlyChurchtotheMiddleAges,M.Div.researchpaper,Concordia
TheologicalSeminary,FortWayne,1996
GrantS.SperryWhite,DailyPrayerandItsAsceticContextintheSyriacandEthiopic
TestamentumDomini,Joensuu:UniversityofJoensuu,2002
G.Woolfenden,DailyPrayer:ItsOrigininItsFunctioninStudiaPatristica,v.30,
Louvain:Peeters,1997,pp.364388
PrayingwiththeEarlyChurch:EarlyChristianPrayers
GiancarloBernabei(ed.),LepreghieredeiPadri:PreghiereetestiliturgicidalIoal
XIVosecolo,Bologna:EdizioniDehoniane,1974
WilliamBright,AncientCollects:AFacsimileoftheFifthEdition,1875,Cincinnati:
ForwardMovement,1993
JoachimCamerarius,Disputatiodepiisetcatholicis,atqueorthodoxisprecibus,&
inuocationenuminisdiuini:&expositaeformulaeharum,tamdesacrisscriptures,quam
aliorumusurpationedescriptaeGraece,&Latine,Strasbourg:J.Rihelius,1560(a
workontheproperwaytopray,togetherwithaselectionofPatristicGreekprayers,with
translationandcommentary,fortheuseofstudents,byJoachimCamerarius,studentand
closefriendofPhilippMelanchthon)
PeterA.Chamberas(ed./tr.),APrayerBook:AnAnthologyofOrthodoxPrayers,
Montreal:AlexanderPress,2005($25fromhttp://www.alexanderpress.com/books3.html
thiscontainsawidevarietyofearlyChristianandByzantineprayers,derivedfromboth
patristicwritingsandliturgicalbooks,inGreekwithEnglishtranslation;italsoincludesa
homilyofJohnChrysostomonprayerandanappendixwhichcontainsanextensive
collectionofpatristictextsonprayer)
AnthonyF.Chiffolo,TheSaintsPrayerBook,Norwich:CanterburyPress,1998
F.ForresterChurchandTerrenceJ.Mulry(eds.),TheMacmillanBookofEarliest
ChristianPrayers,NewYork:CollierBooks,1988

18
EverettFerguson,EarlyChristiansSpeak:FaithandLifeintheFirstThreeCenturies,
3ed.,Abilene,TX: ACUPress,1999(SomeEarlyChristianPrayers)
JohnFrederickFrance,Precesveterum,siveorationsdevotaeexoperibusHieronymi,
Augustini,BedaeVenerabilis,Alcuini,Anselmi,Bernardi,aliorumquesanctorum,atque
eliturgiisprimitivis,excerptae,newed.,London:Rivingtons,1887
A,G.Hamman(ed./tr.),Priresdespremierschrtiens,[Paris]:DescledeBrouwer,
1981
idem(ed./tr.),Livredheuresdespremerschrtiens,[n.p.]:DescledeBrouwer,1982
NikolaosS.Hatzinikolaou,VoicesintheWilderness:AnAnthologyofPatristic
Prayers,Brookline,Mass.:HolyCrossOrthodoxPress,1988
idem, ... ,Athens:Hiera
MoneSimonosPetras,1994
MichaelD.McMullen,CloudsofHeaven:LearningtoPraywiththeEarlyChristians,
London:Triangle,1996
EugeneH.Peterson,PrayingwiththeEarlyChristians:AYearofDailyPrayersand
ReflectionsontheWordsoftheEarlyChristians,[SanFrancisco]:HarperSanFrancisco,
1994
J.ManningPottsandLycurgusMonroeStarkey(eds.),PrayersoftheChristian
Church,Nashville:UpperRoom,1980(PrayersoftheEarlyChurched.byPotts
originallypublishedseparatelyin1953)
PrayersfromtheAncientLiturgies,n.p.:n.d.(69pp.)
SalvatorePricocoandManlioSimonetti(ed./tr.),Lapreghieradeicristiani,[Milan]:A.
Mondadori,2000(anthologyofearlyChristianprayersinGreekandLatinwithItalian
translations)
WilhelmSchmidt(ed./tr.),TglicheHeimkehr:GebeteausaltenLiturgien,Vienna:
Herder,1963(LatinprayersfromtheSacramentariumVeronense,Sacramentarium
Gelasianum,MissaleGothicum,MissaleFrancorum,andEnchiridionPatristicum,with
Germantranslation;includesmorning,middayandeveningprayers;prayersbeforeand
afterthemeal;prayersforpeace;andprayersfortheChurch)
PaoloLinoZovatto,Antichepreghierecristiane,Firenze:EdizioniFussi/CasaEditrice
Sansoni,1957
ABriefIntroductiontoSpiritualDirection
ChristopherBryant,TheNatureofSacramentalConfessioninCheslynJones,
GeoffreyWainwrightandEdwardYarnold(eds.),TheStudyofSpirituality,NewYork:
OxfordUniv.Press,1986,pp.568570(maybereadrapidly)
RanieroCantalamessa,SpiritualFatherhoodaccordingtoSaintPaulinEdwardG.
Matthews(ed.),SpiritualFatherhood:LivingChristsOwnRevelationoftheFather,
Omaha:InstituteforPriestlyFormation,2009
AndrewDreitcer,NewTestamentImagesforSpiritualDirection,WaySupplement91
(1998),pp.5062(maybereadrapidly)
ThomasDubay,SeekingSpiritualDirection:HowtoGrowtheDivineLifeWithin,Ann
Arbor:ServantPublications,1993

19
RichardM.Gula,UsingScriptureinPrayerandSpiritualDirection,Spirituality
Today36(1984),pp.292306
WilfriedStinissen,TheGiftofSpiritualDirection:OnSpiritualGuidanceandCarefor
theSoul,Liguori,MO:Liguori,1999(recommended)

TeachingtheChurchtoPray:EarlyChristianExpositionsoftheLordsPrayer
MichaelJosephBrown,TheLordsPrayerthroughNorthAfricanEyes:AWindowinto
EarlyChristianity,NewYork:T&TClark,2004(discussesClementofAlexandriaand
Tertullian)
A.G.Hamman(ed./tr.),LaprireenAfriquechrtienne,[Paris]:DescledeBrouwer,
1983(tr.oftreatisesonprayerbyTertullian,CyprianandAugustine,withan
introduction)
ErnestEvans(ed.),Deorationeliber.TractonPrayer,London:SPCK,1953(critical
notesontextofTertullianstreatiseplusanintroductionandexplanatoryobservations)
AldoIntagliata(ed.),Lapreghiera=Deoratione,Cavallermaggiore:Gribaudo,1992
(notesontextofTertullianstreatiseplusadiscussionofpatristicexegesisoftheLords
Prayer)
MarkSanders,CypriansOntheLordsPrayer:APatristicSignpostinLuthers
PenitentialTheology,Logia(Epiphany1998),pp.1318

PatristicInterpretationsoftheLordsPrayer
MichaelJosephBrown,Panemnostrum:TheProblemofPetitionandtheLords
Prayer,JournalofReligion80:4:(Oct.2000),pp.595614
K.Froehlich,TheLordsPrayerinPatristicLiteratureinDanielL.Migliore(ed.),
TheLordsPrayer:PerspectivesforReclaimingChristianPrayer,GrandRapids:
Eerdmans,1993
R.Hammerling,ThePaternosterinItsPatristicandMedievalContext:The
BaptismalCatecheticInterpretationoftheLordsPrayerinK.A.Gersbach,F.Van
FleterenandJ.C.Schnaubelt(eds.),ProceedingsofthePatristic,Medievaland
RenaissanceStudiesConference,v.18(19931994),Villanova:AugustinianHistorical
Institute,1996,pp.124
JosCalasanzVivesyTut,Expositioinorationemdominicamiuxtatraditionem
patristicamettheologicam,Rome:TypisArtificumaS.Iosepho,1903
ForapopularpastoralsummaryofpatristicinterpretationoftheLordsPrayer,see
EugraphKovalevsky(BishopJeanofSaintDenis),AMethodofPrayerforModern
Times,tr.EstherWilliamsandupdatedtoconformtothefifthFrenchedition,
Newburyport,Mass:PraxisInstitute,1993
GeorgeD.Dragas(ed./tr.),TheLordsPrayerAccordingtoSt.MakariosofCorinth,
Rollinsford,NH:OrthodoxResearchInstitute,2005

20
OrigenofAlexandria(185/6254/5):HisTeachingonPrayerandContributionto
LaterAsceticSpirituality
DanielSheerin,TheRoleofPrayerinOrigensHomiliesinCharlesKannengiesser
andWilliamL.Petersen(eds.),OrigenofAlexandria:HisWorldandLegacy,Notre
Dame:Univ.ofNotreDamePress,1988,pp.200214
DanielT.Pekarske,OrigenontheValueofTemptationfortheSpiritualLife,Studies
inFormativeSpirituality12(1991),pp.233243
IgnacedeLaPotterie,ReadingHolyScriptureintheSpirit:IsthePatristicWayof
ReadingtheBibleStillPossibleToday?Communio13:4(Winter1986),pp.308325
(ForafurtherdiscussionofthespiritualreadingofScripturewhichismore
systematicallythanhistoricallyoriented,seeDenisFarkasfalvy,TheCaseforSpiritual
Exegesis,Communio10[Winter1983],pp.322350)
ElizabethDivelyLauro,TheTemporalMeanstotheEternalHope:TheRehabilitation
ofOrigensTwoHigherSensesofScripturalMeaning,Ph.D.thesis,Univ.ofNotre
Dame,2001
AndrewLouth,TheOriginsoftheChristianMysticalTradition:FromPlatotoDenys,
2ed.,Oxford:Clarendon,2007(discussesOrigen,GregoryofNyssaandEvagrius)
G.JoyRitson,Eros,AllegoryandSpirituality:TheDevelopmentoftheHeavenly
BridegroomImageryintheWesternChristianChurch,Ph.D.thesis,Graduate
TheologicalUnion,1997(2vols.)
CyrilofJerusalemonPrayerandSpirituality
OttorinoPasquatoandB.JanelleCaiger,SpiritualityandPrayerintheBaptismal
CatechesesofSt.CyrilofJerusaleminPrayerandSpiritualityintheEarlyChurch,
EvertonPark,Queensland:AustralianCatholicUniversity,1998,pp.3960
GregoryofNyssaonPrayerandSpirituality
AnthonyMeredith,GregoryofNyssa,London:Routledge,1999(see4.Gregoryand
Spirituality)
HenryJ.M.Turner,St.GregoryofNyssaasaSpiritualGuideforToday,Eastern
ChurchesReview7:1(1975),pp.2124
BernardMcGinnandPatriciaFerrisMcGinn,EarlyChristianMystics:TheDivine
VisionoftheSpiritualMasters,NewYork:Crossroad,2003,pp.135151(popular
introductiontoGregoryofNyssasaccountofunceasingdesireandeternalprogress
towardGod[epektasis])
EdwardRenHambye,ALittleKnownPrayerofGregoryofNyssa,ChristianOrient
5(Dec.1984),pp.183185
TheDesertFathersonPrayer,CompunctionandSpiritualDirection
SpiritualDirectionintheDesertFathers
JohnChryssavgis,SoulMending:TheArtofSpiritualDirection,Brookline,Mass.:
HolyCrossOrthodoxPress,2000(seetheextendedreviewbyAlexanderGolitizininSt.
VladimirsTheologicalQuarterly47:1[2003],pp.121126)

21
DonaldCorcoran,SpiritualGuidance:RoleofSpiritualDirectorsinChristian
SpiritualityinB.McGinn,J.MeyendorffandJ.Leclerq(eds.),ChristianSpirituality:
OriginstotheTwelfthCentury,NewYork:Crossroads,1985,pp.440452
AndrLouf,SpiritualFatherhoodintheLiteratureoftheDesertinAbba:Guidesto
WholenessandHolinessEastandWest,Kalamazoo:CistercianPublications,1982,pp.
3763
BenedictaWard,"PastoralCareandtheMonks:'WhoseFeetDoYouWash?'"inG.
Evans,AHistoryofPastoralCare,London:Cassell,2000,pp.7789
idem,SpiritualDirectionintheDesertFathers,Way24(1984),pp.6170
AndrewHamilton,SpiritualDirectionintheApophthegmata,Colloquium15(1983),
pp.3138(ISSN05883237)
TimVivianandApostolosN.Athanassakis,SpiritualDirectionfromtheEarly
MonasticMothersandFathersonObservingaHolyLent:ChapterThreeoftheGreek
SystematicApophthegmataonCompunction,SewaneeTheologicalReview44:1
(Christmas2000),pp.6078
StephenP.Tsichlis,TheSpiritualFatherinthePachomianTradition,Diakonia18:1
(1983),pp.1830(ISSN00121959)
EkmanP.C.Tam,TheLifeofAntonyandSpiritualDirection,Logos37(1996),pp.
299322(ISSN00245895)
TranslationsoftheVariousCollectionsoftheLivesandSayingsoftheDesertFathers
HistoriamonachoruminAegypto(HistoryofMonksinEgypt)
NormanRussell(tr./ed.),TheLivesoftheDesertFathers,CS34,Kalamazoo:
CistercianPublications,1981
Apophthegmatapatrum(SayingsoftheFathers)
ColumbaStewart(tr./ed.),TheWorldoftheDesertFathers:StoriesandSayingsfrom
theAnonymousSeriesoftheApophthegmataPatrum,SG95,Oxford:FairacresPress,
1986
BenedictaWard(tr./ed.),TheSayingsoftheDesertFathers,CS59,Kalamazoo:
CistercianPublications,1975
BenedictaWard(tr./ed.),TheWisdomoftheDesertFathers,newed.,SG48,Oxford:
FairacresPress,1975
JohnMoschosSpiritualMeadow
JohnWortley(tr./ed.),TheSpiritualMeadowofJohnMoschos,CS139,Kalamazoo:
CistercianPublications,1992
RiccardoMaisano(tr./ed.),IlPrato,2corr.ed.,Napoli:M.DAuria,2002(2ed.
containsanewappendix=pp.295312,inadditiontotheintroduction[pp.1757],
bibliographyandnotes)
VincentDroche(ed.)andChristianBouchet(tr.),FiorettidesmoinesdOrient:lePr
spirituel,LesPresdanslafoi9495,Paris:Migne,2007
PopularIntroductionstoLifeandSayingsoftheDesertFathers
HenryL.Carrigan,EternalWisdomfromtheDesert:WritingsfromtheDesertFathers,
Brewster,Mass.:ParacletePress,2001

22
JohnChryssavgis,IntheHeartoftheDesert:TheSpiritualityoftheDesertFathersand
Mothers,Bloomington,IN:WorldWisdom,2003
MarcelDriot,FathersoftheDesert.LifeandSpirituality,Middlegreen:St.Paul
Publications,1992
MaryC.Earle,TheDesertMothers:SpiritualPracticesfromtheWomeninthe
Wilderness,Harrisburg,PA:MorehousePub.,2007
MaryForman,PrayingwiththeDesertMothers,Collegeville,MN:LiturgicalPress,
2005
SegundoGalilea,TheDawnofOurSpirituality,QuezonCity:ClaretianPublications,
1990(ETofhisAlbadenuestraespiritualidad)
AnselmGrn,HeavenBeginswithinYou:WisdomfromtheDesertFathers,tr.Peter
Heinegg,NewYork:Crossroad,1999
SimonPeterIredale,InteriorMountain:EncounteringGodwiththeDesertSaints,
Nashville,Abingdon,2000
DavidG.R.Keller,OasisofWisdom:TheWorldsoftheDesertFathersandMothers,
Collegeville,MN:LiturgicalPress,2005
GregoryMayers,ListentotheDesert:SecretsofSpiritualMaturityfromtheDesert
FathersandMothers,Liguori,MO:TriumphBooks,1996
LinusMundy,ARetreatwithDesertMystics:ThirstingfortheReignofGod,St.
AnthonyMessengerPress,2000
HenriJ.M.Nouwen,TheWayoftheHeart:TheSpiritualityoftheDesertFathersand
Mothers,NewYork:HarperOne,1981(repr.2009)
BenedictaWard(ed.),DailyReadingswiththeDesertFathers,Springfield,Ill.:
Templegate,1990
KeithBeasleyTopliffe(ed.),SeekingaPurerChristianLife:SayingsandStoriesofthe
DesertFathersandMothers,UpperRoomSpiritualClassicsSeries3,Nashville:Upper
RoomBooks,2000
TheSpiritualityoftheDesert:TheQuestforHolinessandSpiritualDirectioninthe
DesertFathers
ReginaBaumerandMichaelPlattig,GeistlicheFhrungimAltenMnchtum,
Presence:TheJournalofSpiritualDirectorsInternational7:2(2001),pp.2845
JohnBinns,AsceticsandAmbassadorsofChrist:TheMonasteriesofPalestine,314
631,Oxford:OxfordUniv.Press,1994(studiesthedevelopmentofthemonastic
movementinPalestine,withparticularattentiontoCyrilofScythopolisandLeontiusof
Byzantium)
DouglasBurtonChristie,TheCalloftheDesert:PurityofHeartandPowerinEarly
ChristianMonasticism,ProEcclesia7(Spring1988),pp.216234
idem,TheWordintheDesert:ScriptureandtheQuestforHolinessinEarlyChristian
Monasticism,Oxford:OxfordUniv.Press,1993
idem,Listening,Reading,Praying:Orality,LiteracyandEarlyChristianMonastic
Spirituality,AnglicanTheologicalReview83:2(Spring2001),pp.197201
MaryPaulCancienne,ExploringCommunityinDesertSpiritualityandSpiritual
DirectionToday,M.A.thesis,SantaClaraUniv.,1994.

23
R.Bondi,SanctificationintheTraditionoftheDesertFathers:AMethodist
Perpsective,AsburyTheologicalJournal5051(FallSpring19951996)
DerwasJ.Chitty(tr./ed.),TheLettersofAmmonas,SuccessorofSaintAntony,SG72,
Oxford:FairacresPress,1979
ArchimandriteChrysostomosofEtna,TheodoreM.WilliamsandSisterPaula,
Humility,ThemesinOrthodoxPatristicPsychology1,[Etna,CA]:Centerfor
TraditionalistOrthodoxStudies,1983(containsapopularsummaryoftheteachingofthe
DesertFathersonhumility)
ArchimandriteChrysostomosofEtna,Obedience,ThemesinOrthodoxPatristic
Psychology2,Brookline,Mass.:HolyCross,1984(popularsummaryoftheteachingof
theDesertFathersonobedience)
AgnsEgron,Lapriredefeudanslatraditionmonastiquedespremierssicles
chrtiens,Paris:ditionsduCerf,1995
MarkC.Engle,AsceticalPracticeinSpiritualDirection:AStudyofTraditionaland
ContemporaryResourceswithCaseStudies,D.Min.thesis,UniversityoftheSouth,
1982
FederationofSt.Gertrude,ReadingsSupplementforThreeYearReadingCycleon
Monasticism(collectionofessentialreadingsonearlyEgyptianasceticandmonastic
spiritualityanditsreceptionandtransmissionbyCassian)
JillGather,TeachingsonthePrayeroftheHeartintheGreekandSyrianFathers:The
SignificanceofBodyandCommunity,GorgiasDissertations47,Piscataway,NJ:Gorgias
Press,2010
GrahamGould,TheDesertFathersonMonasticCommunity,Oxford:OxfordUniv.
Press,1993,pp.2687
I.Hadot,TheSpiritualGuideinClassicalMediterraneanSpirituality,Crossroad,
1986,pp.436459
WilliamHarmless,RememberingPoemonRemembering:TheDesertFathersandthe
SpiritualityofMemory,ChurchHistory69:3(Sept.2000),pp.483518
idem,DesertChristians:AnIntroductiontotheLiteratureofEarlyMonasticism,
Oxford:OxfordUniv.Press,2004
IrneHausherr,SpiritualDirectionintheEarlyChristianEast,tr.AnthonyP.Gythiel,
CS116,Kalamazoo:CistercianPublications,1990
idem,Penthos.TheDoctrineofCompunctionintheChristianEast,tr.A.H.,CS53,
Kalamazoo:CistercianPublications,1982(essentialreadingforanyonewithaserious
interestinspiritualdirectionand/orascetic/monasticspirituality)
MichaelW.Mangis,TheIntegrationofPsychoanalyticPsychology&Contemplative
Theology:LessonsfromtheHistoryofSpiritualDirectioninMarkR.McMinnand
TimothyR.Phillips(eds.),CarefortheSoul:ExploringtheIntersectionofPsychology&
Theology,DownersGrove,Ill:InterVarsityPress,2001,pp.187201(mayberead
rapidly)
ThomasMerton,TheSpiritualFatherintheDesertTradition,NewsletterReview
(R.M.BurckeMemorialSocietyfortheStudyofReligiousExperience)3:1(Spring1968),
pp.721

24
RobertT.Meyer,LectiodivinainPalladiusinKyriakon,MnsterWestfalen:Verlag
Aschendorff,1970,pp.580584
idem,PalladiusandEarlyChristianSpiritualityinStudiaPatristica,v.10,Berlin:
AkademieVerlag,1970,pp.379390
TimothyPettipiece,Eremos:TheDesertasaPlaceofTransformationinEarly
ChristianSpirituality,Diakonia35:2(2002),pp.113126(ISSN00121959)
LucienRegnault,ImmerwhrendesGebetbeidenVtern,BeiheftzudenStudia
PatristicaetLiturgica27,Kln:LutheVerlag,1993(tr.intoGermanofselectionsfrom
RegnaultsSentencesdesPresbyFidesBuchheim;ed.byWilhelmNyssen,with
discussionofmonologisticprayerintheApophthegmata)
SamuelRubenson,TheLettersofSt.Antony:MonasticismandtheMakingofaSaint,
Minneapolis:FortressPress,1995,pp.197231
PaulSchellbach,BlessedAreThoseWhoMourn:PenthosinEarlyChristian
Spirituality,M.Div.thesis,St.VladimirsOrthodoxTheologicalSeminary,1996
(availablefromtheTheologicalResearchExchangeNetworkathttp://www.tren.com;
item#0150278)
KatharinaSchuth,DieToredesGebetessindniemalsgeschlossen:DieWstenvter
undihrunablssigesBeten,TheologiederSpiritualitt3,Mnster:Lit,2001(originally
presentedastheauthorsThesisPhilosophischTheologischeHochschuleMnster,2000)
TomsSpidlk,TheSpiritualityoftheChristianEast:ASystematicHandbook,tr.
AnthonyP.Gythiel,CS79,Kalamazoo:CistercianPublications,1986
idem,Prayer:TheSpiritualityoftheChristianEast,Volume2,tr.AnthonyP.Gythiel,
CS206P,Kalamazoo:CistercianPublications,2005
GedaliahuA.G.Stroumsa,FromMasterofWisdomtoSpiritualMasterinLate
AntiquityinDavidBrakkeandMichaelL.Satlow(eds.),ReligionandtheSelfin
Antiquity,Bloomington:IndianaUniv.Press,2005,pp.183196
LauraSwan,TheDesertMothers:Sayings,LivesandStoriesofEarlyChristian
Women,NewYork:PaulistPress,2001
SimonTugwell,O.P.,WaysofImperfection:AnExplorationofChristianSpirituality,
Springfield,Ill.:Templegate,1985,pp.1320
TimVivianandRowanA.Greer,FourDesertFathers:Pambo,Evagrius,Macariusof
Egypt,andMacariusofAlexandria:CopticTextsRelatingtotheLausiacHistoryof
Palladius,Crestwood,NY:St.VladimirsSeminaryPress,2004
EvagriusPonticus
EvagriusPonticusonPrayer,TemptationandtheEightEvilThoughts
RdigerAugst,Acedia:ReligiseGleichgltigkeitalsLogismosundDenkformbei
EvagriusPonticus,Saarbrcken,1988
JohnEudesBamberger(tr./ed.),EvagriusPonticus:ThePraktikos.ChaptersonPrayer,
CS4,Kalamazoo:CistercianPublications1981,342(Praktikos)
CorinNicolaeCondrea,ProblmesdepsychologiechezvagrelePontique,Thsede
doctorat,UniversitMarcBloch(Strasbourg),Facultdethologiecatholique,2001

25
LukeDysinger,PsalmodyandPrayerintheWritingsofEvagriusPonticus,Oxford:
OxfordUniv.Press(seethereviewbyRobertSinkewiczinJournalofEarlyChristian
Studies14:3(Fall2006),pp.385386)
KevinCorrigan,EvagriusandGregory:Mind,SoulandBodyinthe4thCentury,
Burlington,VT:Ashgate,2009
GertrudeGillette,FourFacesofAnger:Seneca,EvagriusPonticus,Cassianand
Augustine,Lanham,MD:Univ.PressofAmerica,2010
MiriamAnneGlover,ApproachestoAngeramongRecentPastoralCareSpecialists
andFourthCenturyEgyptianMonks,M.A.thesis,WakeForestUniv.,1986
LucrceLucianiZidane,Lacdie:leviedeformeduchristianisme:deSaintPaul
Lacan,Paris:Cerf,2009
BernardMcGinnandPatriciaFerrisMcGinn,EarlyChristianMystics:TheDivine
VisionoftheSpiritualMasters,NewYork:Crossroad,2003,pp.4158(popular
introductiontoEvagriusviewsonasceticalpracticeandthecontemplativelife)
LeszekMisiarczyk,OsiemlogismoiwpismachEwagriuszazPontu,2ed.,Krakw:
TyniecWydawnictwoBenedyktynw,207
DennisL.Okholm,ToVentorNottoVent?:WhatContemporaryPsychologyCan
LearnfromAsceticTheologyaboutAngerinMarkR.McMinnandTimothyR.Phillips
(eds.),CarefortheSoul:ExploringtheIntersectionofPsychologyandTheology,
DownersGrove,Ill.:InterVarsityPress,2001,pp.164186
ColumbaStewart,EvagriusPonticusandtheEightGenericLogismoi,inRichard
Newhauser(ed.),IntheGardenofEvil:TheVicesandCultureintheMiddleAges,
PapersinMediaevalStudies18,Toronto:PontificalInstituteofMediaevalStudies,2005,
334
AngelaTilby,TheSevenDeadlySins:TheirOriginintheSpiritualTeachingof
EvagriustheHermit,London:SPCK,2009
GeorgeTsakiridis,EvagriusPonticusandCognitiveScience:ALookatMoralEviland
theThoughts,Eugene,OR:WipfandStock,2010
SimonTugwell,O.P.,WaysofImperfection:AnExplorationofChristianSpirituality,
Springfield,Ill.:Templegate,1985,pp.2532
KallistosWare,PrayerinEvagriusofPontusandtheMacarianHomiliesinRalph
WallerandBenedictaWard(eds.),AnIntroductiontoChristianSpirituality,London:
SPCK,1999,pp.1430

EvagriusonApatheiaandImagelessPrayer
JohnEudesBamberger,EvagriusPonticus:ThePraktikos.ChaptersonPrayer,CS4,
Kalamazoo:CistercianPublications1981,pp.4580(ChaptersonPrayer)
JeremyDriscoll,ApatheiaandPurityofHeartinEvagriusPonticusinHarrietA.
LuckmanandLindaKulzer(eds.),PurityofHeartinEarlyAsceticandMonastic
Literature:EssaysinHonorofJuanaRaasch,O.S.B.,Collegeville,MN:LiturgicalPress,
1999,pp.141159
idem,EvagriusPonticus:AdMonachos,AncientChristianWriters59,NewYork:
NewmanPress[PaulistPress],2003(thecommentaryissuperbandwellworthreading)

26
idem,StepstoSpiritualPerfection:StudiesonSpiritualProgressinEvagriusPonticus,
NewYork:PaulistPress,2005(wellworthreading;acomprehensivecompanionvolume
tohistranslationoftheAdmonachos)
PaulGhin(ed./tr.),Chapitresdesdisciplesdvagre,SC514,Paris:Cerf,2007
(importantnewlydiscoveredmaterial)
EijiHisamatsu,TheoriainEarlyandLateByzantineSpirituality:EvagriusofPontus
(c.345399)andGregoryofSinai(c.12551346),inWendyMayer,PaulineAllenand
LawarenceCross(eds.)PrayerandSpiritualityintheEarlyChurch,Volume4,The
SpiritualLife,Strathfield,NSW:St.PaulsPublications,2006,169178
ColumbaStewart,ImagelessPrayerandtheTheologicalVisionofEvagriusPonticus,
JournalofEarlyChristianStudies9:2(Summer2001),pp.173204
Anarticlewhichcanbereadwithprofitonthistopicofcontemplationandimageless
prayer,butisnotspecificallydevotedtoEvagriusisFredericM.Schroeder,TheVigilof
theOneandPlotinianIconoclasminAphroditeAlexandrakis(ed.),Neoplatonismand
WesternAesthetics,StudiesinNeoplatonism12,Albany:SUNYPress,2002,pp.6174
(apublicationoftheInternationalSocietyforNeoplatonicStudies)
EvagriusEsotericDoctrineandOrigenism
A.Guillaumont,LesSixCenturiesdesKephalaiaGnostikadvagrelePontique,
PatrologiaOrientalis28.1,Paris,1958
JuliaS.Konstantinovsky,EvagriusPonticus:TheMakingofaGnostic,Burlington,VT:
Ashgate,2009
MichaelOLaughlin,OrigenismintheDesert:AnthropologyandIntegrationin
EvagriusPonticus,Ph.D.diss.,Harvard,1987(availablefromUMI;#8719769)
Temptation,thePsychologyofTemptationandMoralResponsibility
OnlaterChristianaccountsoftemptationandthepsychologyoftemptation,see
AdolpheTanquerey,TheSpiritualLife:ATreatiseonAsceticalandMysticalTheology,
Rockford,Ill.:TAN,2000,pp.429431,nos.906910
J.Leclerq,LatentationinPhilippeDelhaye,J.Leclerq,BernhardHringandC.
Vogel,Pastoraledupch,Tournai:Desclee,1961
R.Teske,SaintAugustineontheHumanityofChristandTemptation,Augustiniana
54:1(2004),pp.261278
A.Harbus,TheLifeoftheMindinOldEnglishPoetry,Amsterdam:Rodopi,2002
(ThePsychologyofTemptation:Hagiography)
HenriettaLeyser,TwoConceptsofTemptationinRichardGarnesonandHenrietta
Leyser(eds.),BeliefandCultureintheMiddleAges:StudiesPresentedtoHenryMayr
Harting,Oxford:OxfordUniv.Press,2001,pp.318326
PaulHoffman,AquinasonThreatsandTemptations,PacificPhilosophicalQuarterly
86:2(June2005),pp.225242
StevenA.Hain,Tentatio,Logia10:2(Eastertide2001),pp.3341(temptationtosin,
sin,suffering,sicknessandsalvationinMartinLutherspastoraltheology)

27
NathanJohnstone,TheProtestantDevil:TheExperienceofTemptationinEarly
ModernEngland,TheJournalofBritishStudies43:2(2004),pp.1732005
JohnS.Tanner,ThePsychologyofTemptationinPerelandraandParadiseLost:
WhatLewisLearnedfromMiltoninAndrewC.SkinnerandRobertL.Millet(eds.),
C.S.Lewis:TheManandHisMessage(SaltLakeCity:Bookcraft,1999)andreprintedin
Renascence52:2(Winter2000),pp.131ff.
W.W.Meissner,IgnatiusandScrewtapeonDiscernment:APsychoanalyticReading,
ArchiveforthePsychologyofReligion26:1(2005),pp.75116
KimberlyJumonvilleMoore,LookingOurHeartsintheFace:LovesScrutinyandthe
ProblemofIntegrityintheWorksofDorothySayers,MarsHillReview18(2001),pp.
4352
Thefollowingrecentphilosophicaldiscussionsofthepsychologyoftemptationand
moralresponsibilityareworthreading:
TonyLynch,Temperance,TemptationandSilence,Philosophy.TheJournalofthe
RoyalInstituteofPhilosophy76(296)(April2001),pp.251269
GarrettBarden,EthicsandtheDiscernmentofSpirits,EthicalPerspectives.The
JournaloftheEuropeanEthicsNetwork8:4(2001),pp.254271
PaulM.Hughes,TheLogicofTemptation,Philosophia.PhilosophicalQuarterlyof
Israel29:14(May2002),pp.89110
TalbotBrewer,TheCharacterofTemptation:TowardsaMorePlausibleKantian
MoralPsychology,PacificPhilosophicalQuarterly83:2(June2002),pp.103130
JosephHeath,PracticalIrrationalityandtheStructureofDecisionTheoryinSarah
Stroud,WeaknessofWillandPracticalIrrationality,Oxford:ClarendonPress,2003,pp.
251273
ChrisoulaAndreou,TemptationandDeliberation,PhilosophicalStudies131:3
(2006),pp.583606
Thefollowingolderarticlesonthepsychologyoftemptationanditsrelationto
philosophicalandtheologicalcategoriesarealsoworthaquicklook:
JohnBigelow,SusanM.DoddsandRobertPargetter,TemptationandtheWill,
AmericanPhilosophicalQuarterly27(Jan.1990),pp.3949
MichaelE.Bratman,PlanningandTemptationinLarryMay,MarilynFreedmanand
AndyClark(eds.),MindandMorals:EssaysonCognitiveScienceandEthics,
CambridgeMass.:MITPress,1996,pp.293310(reprintedinMichaelE.Bratman,
FacesofIntention:SelectedEssaysonIntentionandAgency,NewYork:Cambridge
Univ.Press,1999)
J.P.Day,Temptation,AmericanPhilosophicalQuarterly30(April1993),pp.175
181
AndrGodin(tr.G.J.Schlesselmann),Temptation:ThePsychologyofTemptation,
JournalofEmpiricalTheology5:2(1992),pp.7485
JamesB.Gould,BetterHearts:TeachingAppliedVirtueEthics,Teaching
Philosophy25:1(Mar.2002),pp.126

28
KennethGrayston,TheDeclineofTemptationandtheLordsPrayer,Scottish
JournalofTheology46:3(1993),pp.279295
PaulM.Hughes,TemptationandtheManipulationofDesire,JournalofValue
Inquiry33:3(1999),pp.371379
A.T.Nuyen,TheNatureofTemptation,SouthernJournalofPhilosophy35:1(1997),
pp.91103
JohnCassian(c.360c.435)andtheTransmissionofGreekAsceticalPietytothe
LatinWest
KeithBeasleyTopliffe(ed.),MakingLifeaPrayer:SelectedWritingsofJohnCassian,
UpperRoomSpiritualClassicsSeries1,Nashville:UpperRoomBooks,1997
(collectionofshortselectionsfromCassiansInstitutesandConferencesonprayerand
spiritualwarfare;intendedfordevotionaluse,thiscompilationusesoldertranslationsof
Cassiansworks)
AugustineM.Casiday,ApatheiaandSexualityintheThoughtofAugustineand
Cassian,St.VladimirsTheologicalQuarterly45:4(2001),pp.359394
idem,SaintJohnCassianonPrayer,Oxford:SLGPress,2006
idem,TraditionandTheologyinSt.JohnCassian,Oxford:OxfordUniv.Press,2007
(PrayerAccordingtoCassian)
CatherineM.Chin,PrayerandOtiuminCassiansInstitutesinMauriceWiles,
EdwardYarnoldandP.M.Parvis(eds.),StudiaPatristica,vol.35,Louvain:Peeters,
2001,pp.2429
GeorgeE.Demacopoulos,FiveModelsofSpiritualDirectionintheEarlyChurch,
NotreDame,Univ.ofNotreDamePress,2007,pp.107126(JohnCassianandthe
SpiritualDirectionoftheAsceticCommunity)
Agnsgron(tr./ed.),LaviespirituellelcoledesPresdudesert,Foivivante369,
Paris:ditionsduCerf,1996(repr.2010)(selectionsfromCassianwithanintroduction)
MaryMargaretFunk,ThoughtsMatter,ContinuumInternational,1999(discussionof
Cassiansteachingonwatchingandtrainingthoughts)
HansGeybels,CognitioDeiexperimentalis:ATheologicalGeneologyofChristian
ReligiousExperience,Leuven:LeuvenUniv.Press,2007(seeCassian&Benedict:An
ExistentialViewonReligiousExperience)
JohnJ.Levko,TheRelationshipofPrayertoDiscretionandSpiritualDirectionfor
JohnCassian,SaintVladimirsTheologicalQuarterly40(1996),pp.155171
idem,TemptationandItsRelationtoPrayerforJohnCassian,Diakonia29:2(1996),
pp.8594
idem,CassiansPrayerforthe21stCentury,2ed.,Scranton,PA:Univ.ofScranton
Press,2002
TimLilburn,ErosinPlatoandEarlyChristianPlatonists:APhilosophicalPoetics,
Ph.D.thesis,McMasterUniv.,2005(discussestherelationbetweenthePlatonictradition
andCassiansasceticaltheologyandunderstandingofasceticalpractice)
ColmLuibheid(ed./tr.),JohnCassian.Conferences,ClassicsofWesternSpirituality,
NewYork:PaulistPress,1985(translationofnineofthetwentyfourConferences,witha
usefulintroduction)

29
BernardMcGinnandPatriciaFerrisMcGinn,EarlyChristianMystics:TheDivine
VisionoftheSpiritualMasters,NewYork:Crossroad,2003,pp.5975(popular
introductiontoCassiansaccountofprayerandpurityofheart)
ThomasMerton,CassianandtheFathers:InitiationintotheMonasticTradition,ed.
PatrickF.OConnell,MW001,Kalamazoo:CistercianPublications,2004
EdwardSellner,CassianandtheElders:FormationandSpiritualDirectioninthe
Desert,StudiesinFormativeSpirituality13:3(1992),pp.305322
BernhardSirch,OGott,kommmirzuHilfe:DasimmerwhrendeGebetbeiJohannes
Cassianus,2ed.,St.Ottilien:EOS,1985
ColumbaStewart,TheMonasticJourneyAccordingtoJohnCassian,Wordand
Spirit15(1993),pp.2940
TheTransmissionofEvagrianSpiritualitytotheLaterGreekEast
MichaelLawrenceBirkel,TheContemplativeasProphet:MonasticAuthorityinthe
WorksofNilusAncyra,Ph.D.diss.,HarvardUniv.1986(transmissionoftheEvagrian
traditionintheGreekEastintheearlyfifthcenturyandconceptionsofspiritualauthority
inmonasticspirituality)
MaryForman,PurityofHeartintheLifeandWordsofAmmaSyncleticainHarriet
A.LuckmanandLindaKulzer(eds.),PurityofHeartinEarlyAsceticandMonastic
Literature:EssaysinHonorofJuanaRaasch,O.S.B.,Collegeville,MN:LiturgicalPress,
1999,pp.161174(discussessimilaritiesanddifferencesvisvisEvagrianspirituality)
GaryRayPoe,SpiritualityofFourthandFifthCenturyEasternAsceticismas
ReflectedintheLifeofSaintSyncletica,Ph.D.SouthernBaptistTheologicalSeminary,
1995
AbbaIsaiahofSketis
JohnChryssavgisandPachomios(Robert)Penkett(tr./ed.),AbbaIsaiahofScetis:
AsceticDiscourses,CS150,Kalamazoo:CistercianPublications,2002
PachomiosPenkettandJohnChryssavgis,IntheFootstepsoftheLord:TheTeaching
ofAbbaIsaiahofScetis,SG139,Kalamazoo:CistercianPublications,2001
JohnChryssavagis,AbbaIsaiahofScetis:AspectsofSpiritualDirectioninMaurice
Wiles,EdwardYarnoldandP.M.Parvis(eds.),StudiaPatristica,vol.35,Louvain:
Peeters,2001,pp.3040
idem,PracticalWayofHoliness:IsaiahofScetisandJohnWesleyinS.T.
Kimbrough(ed.),OrthodoxandWesleyanSpirituality,Crestwood,NY:St.Vladimirs
SeminaryPress,2002
GiovanniFiloramo,Maestroediscepolo:Temieproblemidelladirezionespiritualetra
VIsecoloa.C.eVIIsecolod.C.,Brescia:Morcelliana,2002
IsaiahofScetisandSt.Feofan,BishopofTambovandShatsk(18151894),Matericon,
Safford,AZ:St.PaisiusSerbianOrthodoxMonastery,2001(InstructionsofAbbaIsaiah
tothehonorablenunTheodora;translatedfromthesecondRussianeditionpreparedby
St.Feofan,withanintroductionbySt.TheophantheRecluse)
AbbaZosimas

30
JohnChryssavgis,IntheHeartoftheDesert:TheSpiritualityoftheDesertFathersand
Mothers,Bloomington,IN:WorldWisdom,2003,pp.111150(Zosimas)
MarktheMonk/MarktheHermit
SimonTugwell,O.P.,WaysofImperfection:AnExplorationofChristianSpirituality,
Springfield,Ill.:Templegate,1985,pp.4143
BarsanuphiusandJohn
JohnChryssavgis(tr./ed.)BarsanuphiusandJohn:LettersfromtheDesert.ASelection
ofQuestionsandResponses,Crestwood,NY:St.VladimirsSeminaryPress,2003
idem,AspectsofSpiritualDirection:ThePalestinianTraditioninPaulineAllenand
ElizabethJeffreys(eds.),TheSixthCentury,EndorBeginning,ByzantineAustraliensia
10,Brisbane:AustralianAssociationforByzantineStudies,1996,pp.126130
idem,FromEgypttoPalestine:DiscerningaThreadofSpiritualDirectioninJohn
Behr,AndrewLouthandDimitriConomos(eds.),Abba:TheTraditionofOrthodoxyin
theWest:FestschriftforBishopKallistos(Ware)ofDiokleia,Crestwood,NY:St.
VladimirsSeminaryPress,2003,pp.299315(onIsaiah,BarsanuphiusandJohn)
JenniferL.HeveloneHarper,LetterstotheGreatOldMan:Monks,Laityand
SpiritualAuthorityinSixthCenturyGaza,Ph.D.diss.,PrincetonUniv.,2000(available
fromUMI;#0116737)
idem,DisciplesoftheDesert:Monks,LaityandSpiritualAuthorityinSixthCentury
Gaza,Baltimore:JohnsHopkinsUniv.Press,2005
SimonTugwell,O.P.,WaysofImperfection:AnExplorationofChristianSpirituality,
Springfield,Ill.:Templegate,1985,pp.8391

DorotheusofGaza
Konst.V.Scouteres(ConstantineScouteris),AbbaDorotheos:PracticalTeachingon
theChristianLife,Athens:[ConstantineScouteris],2000(374pagebookwithCDROM
thatcontainsvisualandaudiomaterial;transl.,intro.andglossarybyConstantine
Scouteris)
JohnClimacus
AgoustidesAdamantios,HumanAggression:APastoralandPsychologicalApproach
totheLadderofSt.JohnofSinai,2ed.,LibraryoftheSacredMetropolisofThebesand
Levadeia,Athens:Akritas,1999(inGreek; )
GraceA.Brame,ThePrayerofJesusandItsRelationshiptoHesychasmandOrthodox
Spirituality,PatristicandByzantineReview5:1(1986),pp.4860
SabinoChial,GiovanniClimacoeilSinai,SpiritualitOrientale,Bose:Edizioni
Qiqajon,2002
JohnChryssavgis,TheResurrectionoftheBodyAccordingtoSt.JohnoftheLadder,
GreekOrthodoxTheologicalReview30:4(Winter1985),pp.447453

31
idem,TheNotionofDivineErosintheLadderofSt.JohnClimacus,St.Vladimirs
TheologicalQuarterly29:3(1985),pp.191200
idem,SomaSarx:TheBodyandtheFleshAnInsightintoPatristicAnthropology,
Colloquium18(Oct.1985),pp.6166(ISSN05883237)
idem,JohnClimacus:ABiographicalNote:PatristicandByzantineReview4:3
(1985),pp.209218
idem,TheTheologyofTearsinSaintJohnClimacus,Sourozh22(Nov.1985),pp.
3744;23(Feb.1986,pp.3241
idem,TheJesusPrayerintheLadderofSt.JohnClimacus,OstkirchlicheStudien
35:1(1986),pp.3033
idem,TheSourcesofSt.JohnClimacus(c.580649),OstkirchlicheStudien37:1
(1988),pp.313
idem,AscenttoHeaven:TheTheologyoftheHumanPersonAccordingtoSaintjohnof
theLadder,Brookline,Mass.:HolyCross,1989
idem,JohnClimacus:FromtheEgyptianDeserttotheSinaiteMountain,London:
Ashgate,2004
ChrestosGiannaras, .
,Athens,1971(discussionofthebody,erosandapatheia)
idem,ErosdivinetroshumainselonS.JeanClimaque,Contacts21(1969),pp.
190204
Guerric,LapenitencechezSaintJeanClimaqueinMonachismedOrientet
dOccident,AssociationdesAmisdeSnanque,1984,pp.5378
I.Hausherr,LathologiedumonachismechezsaintJeanClimaqueinThologiede
laviemonastique,Paris,1961,pp.385410
G.Hofmann,Derhl.JohannesKlimaxbeiPhotios,OrientaliaChristianaPeriodica
7:34(1941),pp.461479
JeanClaudeLarchet(tr.HanneloreTretter),DieLeiterdesGttlichenAufstiegsvon
JohannesKlimakos,OstkirchlicheStudien49:4(Dec.2000),pp.269313
RichardT.Lawrence,TheThreeFoldStructureofTheLadderofDivineAscent,St.
VladimirsTheologicalQuarterly32:2(1988),pp.101118
JohnMack,AscendingtheHeights:ALaymansGuidetotheLadderofDivineAscent,
BenLomond,CA:ConciliarPress,1999
LazarusMoore(tr.),St.JohnClimacus.TheLadderofDivineAscent,London:Faber
andFaber,1959(theintroductionbyMurielHeppellonpp.1333isstillworthreading)
SergijObiedkov,TheLadderofAscent:Homily,onthe4thSundayofLent,Journal
oftheMoscowPatriarchate3(1984),pp.3334
VincenzoPoggi,SaintJeanClimaqueetSaintIgnacedeLoyola,ProcheOrient
Chrtien32:12(1982),pp.5085
JamesR.Price,ConversionandtheDoctrineofGraceinBernardLonerganandJohn
Climacus,AnglicanTheologicalReview62:4(Oct.1980),pp.338362
JohnE.Rexine,St.JohnClimacus.St.NectariosandtheMostHolyTheotokos,
Diakonia16:1(1981),pp.6760(reviewofthe1979rev.ed.oftheEnglishtranslationof
theLadder)
CalogeroRiggi,GiovanniClimaco.Lascaladelparadiso,CittNuova,1995

32
PhilipposSavvopoulos,EkstatischePersonalsBildungszielbeiJohannesKlimakos:
einBeitragzurgriechischorthodoxenPdagogik,FrankfurtamMain:P.Lang,1986
ValentinSventinsky,MonasticismintheWorld,Epiphany5:3(Spr.1985),pp.7483
(reprintfromTheOrthodoxWord18:4[1982])
HierotheosVlachos,Illness,CureandtheTherapistAccordingtoSt.Johnofthe
Ladder,GreekOrthodoxTheologicalReview44:14(Spr.Wint.1999),pp.109130
ConstantineN.Tsirpanlis,TheUnityofMankindandEcclesialKoinoniainEarly
AsceticTheology,PatristicandByzantineReview6:3(1987),pp.173198
WaltherVlker,ScalaParadisi.EineStudiezuJohannesClimacusundzugleicheine
VorstudiezuSymeondemNeuenTheologen,Wiesbaden:F.Steiner,1968
KallistosT.Ware,TheOriginsoftheJesusPrayer:Diadochus,Gaza,SinaiinThe
StudyofSpirituality,NewYork:OxfordUniv.Press,1986,pp.175184
JudithWaring,MonasticReadingintheEleventhandTwelfthCenturiesinWorkand
WorshipattheTheotokosEvergetis10501200,Belfast:BelfastByzantineEnterprises,
1997,pp.400419
JohnWatson,JohnClimacus:TheLadderofDivineAscent:AStudyReview,Coptic
ChurchReview8(Summer1987),pp.3547
SymeontheNewTheologian
C.J.deCatanzaro(tr.),SymeontheNewTheologian.TheDiscourses,Classicsof
WesternSpirituality,NewYork:PaulistPress,1980
PaulJohnMcGuckin(tr./ed.),SymeontheNewTheologian:ThePracticaland
TheologicalChaptersandtheThreeTheologicalDiscourses,CS41,Kalamazoo:
CistercianPublications,1982(repr.1994)
AlexanderGolitizin,St.SymeontheNewTheologian:OntheMysticalLife,vol.1:The
ChurchandtheLastThings;vol.2:OnVirtueandtheChristianLife;vol.3:Life,Times,
Theology,Crestwood,NY:St.VladimirsSeminaryPress(theletteronconfession
translatedinv.3,pp.186203isespeciallyworthreading)
H.J.M.Turner(tr./ed.),TheEpistlesofSt.SymeontheNewTheologian,Oxford:Oxford
Univ.Press,2009
InnocentiosByakatonda,TheRoleofHolyScriptureandtheFathersintheSpiritual
LifeAccordingtoSaintSymeontheNewTheologian,Th.M.thesis,HolyCrossGreek
OrthodoxSchoolofTheology,1999(availablefromtheTheologicalResearchExchange
Networkathttp://www.tren.com;item#0160019)
V.C.Christophorides,
,Thessalonica,1977
BernardFraigneauJulien,LessensspirituelsetlavisiondeDieuselonSymonle
NouveauThologien,ThologieHistorique67,Paris:Beauchesne,1985
HildaGraef,TheSpiritualDirectorintheThoughtofSymeontheNewTheologianin
JosefA.Jungmann(ed.),Kyriakon.FestschriftJohannesQuasten,MunsterWestfalen:
VerlagAschendorff,1970,pp.608614
HannahHunt,JoyBearingGrief:TearsofContritionintheWritingsoftheEarly
SyrianandByzantineFathers,Leiden:Brill,2004(revisionoftheauthorsPh.D.thesis,

33
Leeds,1999)(dealsespeciallywithEphremSyrus,IsaacofNineveh,JohnClimacusand
SymeontheNewTheologian)
idem,PenthosandRepentanceinSt.SymeontheNewTheologianinMauriceWiles,
EdwardYarnoldandP.M.Parvis(eds.),StudiaPatristica,vol.35,Louvain:Peeters,
2001,pp.114120
BasilKrivocheine,IntheLightofChrist:SaintSymeontheNewTheologian(949
1022).LifeSpiritualityDoctrine,tr.AnthonyP.Gythiel,Crestwood,NY:St.Vladimirs
SeminaryPress,1986(seeesp.pp.91101SpiritualDirectionandFatherhood)
JustinSp.Popovic,LesVoiesdelaConnaissancedeDieu:Macairedgypte,Isaacle
Syrien,SymonleNouveauThologien,tr.JeanLouisPalierne,Lausanne:d.Lge
dHomme,1998
H.J.M.Turner,St.SymeontheNewTheologianandSpiritualFatherhood,Byzantina
Neerlandica11,Leiden:E.J.Brill,1990,pp.xvxvi,70ff.(revisionoftheauthorsthesis,
Univ.ofManchester,1985)
KallistosWare,TheSpiritualFatherinSt.JohnClimacusandSymeontheNew
TheologianinElizabethA.Livingstone(ed),StudiaPatristica,vol.18,pt.2,
Kalamazoo,MI:CistercianPublications,1989,pp.299316
PrayerandSpiritualDirectionintheLateByzantinePeriod
JohnChryssavagis,TheCouncilofTrulloandAuthorityinSpiritualDirection,Greek
OrthodoxReview40(1995),pp.115123(discussionofcanon102oftheQuinsext
Synod/SecondTrullanCouncil[691692]anditsrelationtocontemporaryviewsof
ecclesiasticalauthority)
GabrieleWinkler,TheJesusPrayerasaSpiritualPathinGreekandRussian
MonasticisminWilliamSkudlarek,O.S.B.(ed.),TheContinuingQuestforGod:
MonasticSpiritualityinTraditionandTransition,Collegeville,MN:LiturgicalPress,
1982,pp.100113

GregoryPalamas(12961359)TreatiseontheSpiritualLife
DanielM.Rogich(tr./ed.),SaintGregoryPalamas:TreatiseontheSpiritualLife,
Minneapolis:LightandLife,1995
ThomasFitzgerald,St.GregorytheTheologian:ThreePrinciplesofSpiritual
Direction,Sobornist14:1(1992),pp.4452
TheodoreStuditesTestament
TheodoreStudites,TheTestament,tr.NicholasP.Constas,Washington,D.C.:
MonasteryoftheHolyCross,1991(13pp.)

TheoleptosofPhiladelphiaandtheGuidanceofPrincessIreneEulogia
ChoumnainaPalaiologina
AngelaC.Hero,AWomansQuestforSpiritualGuidance:TheCorrespondenceof
PrincessIreneEulogiaChoumnainaPalaiologina,Brookline,Mass.,1986

34
idem,TheLifeandLettersofTheoleptosofPhiladelphia,BrooklineMass.:Hellenic
CollegePress,1994
NicolasCabasilas
MarieHlneCongourdeau(ed./tr.),NicolasCabasilas.LavieenChrist,SC355;361,
Paris:ditionsduCerf,2009
SpiritualDirectioninthePostByzantineEasternOrthodoxChurch
SergeBolshakoff,WisdomfortheJourney:ConversationswithSpiritualFathersofthe
ChristianEast,NewYork:AlbaHouse,2001
TitoColliander,WayoftheAscetics:TheAncientTraditionofDisciplineandInner
Growth,Crestwood,NY:St.VladimirsSeminaryPress,1982(repr.1994)
ArchimandriteEmilianos,TheRoleoftheSpiritualFatherinanOrthodox
Monastery,Sourozh27(1987),pp.2123
PaulEvdokimov,AgesoftheSpiritualLife,tr.MichaelPlekonandAlexisVinogradov,
Crestwood,NY:St.VladimirsSeminaryPress,1998
JosephPeterGillis,SpiritualGuidanceintheOrthodoxTradition,M.Div.thesis,St.
VladimirsOrthodoxTheologicalSeminary,1983(61pp.,availablefrom
http://www.tren.com;#0150090)
MurielHeppell,TheRoleoftheSpiritualFatherinOrthodoxMonasticismin
MonasticStudies,Bangor,Wales:HeadstartHistory,1991,pp.2329
AbbotHerman,SpiritualFatherhoodtoaRootlessGeneration,EpiphanyJournal
15:23(1995),pp.1930
JosephHomick,SpiritualFatherhoodinEasternMonasticisminBonifaceLuykxand
AndriyChirovsky(eds.),FollowingtheStarfromtheEast:EssaysinHonourof
ArchimandriteBonifaceLuykx,Ottawa:MetropolitanAndreySheptyskyInstituteof
EasternChristianStudies,1992
I.M.Kontsevich,TheAcquisitionoftheHolySpiritinAncientRussia,Platina,CA:St.
HermanofAlaskaBrotherhood,1988
MaxymLysack,TheAsceticandSacramentalDimensionsoftheSpiritualLifeinthe
TheologicalReflectionofFatherAlexanderSchmemann,MetropolitanHierotheosof
NafpaktosandPaulEvdokimov,Th.M.thesis,HolyCrossOrthodoxSchoolof
Theology,2000(availablefromhttp://www.tren.com;#0160025)
IrinaPaert,SpiritualElders:CharismaandTraditioninRussianOrthodoxy,DeKalb:
NorthernIllinoisUniv.Press,2010
NicholasStebbing,BearersoftheSpirit:SpiritualFatherhoodintheRomanian
OrthodoxTradition,CS201,Kalamazoo:CistercianPublications,2003
SadekRaphael,ChristIsRisen,TrulyHeIsRisen:LetterofSpiritualDirection,
CopticChurchReview11(1990),pp.37
Fr.Theophanes(Constantine),ThePsychologicalBasisofMentalPrayerintheHeart,
MountAthos:TimiosProdromos,2006(3vols.:v.1TheOrthodoxDoctrineofthe
Person;v.2TheEvagrianAsceticalSystem;v.3TheHesychianSobriety)(alsoavailable
onlineathttp://timiosprodromos.blogspot.com)

35
KallistosWare,TheSpiritualFatherinOrthodoxChristianity,CrossCurrents24
(SummerFall1974),pp.296313
idem,FathersintheSpirit,Epiphany9(1989),pp.68

GreekOrthodoxAttemptstoEstablishtheRelationBetweenTraditionalPractices
ofSpiritualDirectionandContemporaryPsychotherapy
Ioan(Ioannes)Kornarakes,PastoralPsychologyandInnerConflict,tr.Esther
Williams,Brookline,Mass.:HolyCrossOrthodoxPress,1991(translationof
hisEncheiridionPoimantikesPsychologias)
HierotheosVlachos,OrthodoxPsychotherapy:TheScienceoftheFathers,tr.Esther
Williams,[Levadeia,Greece]:BirthoftheTheotokosMonastery,1994(repr.1995)
(psychotherapy,healingandspiritualdirection)
J.StephenMuse,ACaseConferenceModelforClergyContinuingEducationin
Counseling,ConfessionandSpiritualDirectioninJohnT.Chirban(ed.),Sicknessor
Sin:SpiritualDiscernmentandDifferentialDiagnosis,Brookline,Mass.:HolyCross
OrthodoxPress,2001

36

ResearchandWritinginTheologicalStudies:
SomeGeneralGuidelines
TheChurchtodayhasanunprecedentedneedforChristianleaderswhocan
clearlyandaccuratelypresentthefaith.Livinginaculturethatisaggressivelysecular,
materialisticandinclinedtotrivializereligiousclaims,wemustbeabletoarticulateand
defendthecentralclaimsoftheChristianfaithinapersuasivemanner.Inthecourseof
ourministries,wewillneedbothtocarefullyexaminecontroversialissueswithinthe
ChurchandtoaddressthecompetingclaimsmadebygroupsoutsidetheChurch.
Theologicalwritingmustbecarefullystructuredandcriticalinnature;apaper
thatmerelysummarizestheauthorsargumentorparaphrasestheauthorsownwordsis
notacceptableandwillnotreceiveapassinggrade.Theprocessofresearchingand
writingatheologicalpapercanbebrokendownintothefollowingsteps:
BeforeWriting:CriticalReadingoftheAssignedTextandNoteTaking
Startreadingtheassignedtext(s)fourweeksbeforetheassignmentisdue.Whilereading
thetext,takecarefulnotes,beingsureto
identifythemostimportantissue(s)atstakeinthereading,theparticularposition
theauthorisconcernedtorejectandthespecificthesistheauthoristryingto
defend,e.g.
InhisCommentaryonGalatians,Lutherfocusedontheissueofjustificationby
faith.LutherrejectedthemedievalCatholicviewthatonecouldbereconciledto
Godonlywhensomuchgracehadbeeninfusedintoonessoulthatonemerited
thefavorofGod.DrawingonargumentsadvancedbyPaulinRomansand
Galatians,Lutherarguedthatwhileonewasstillasinner,Godfavorablyaccepted
himandjustifiedhim.
investigateandcarefullydefinethekeytermsusedbytheauthor,e.g.
Byjustification,LuthermeanstheactbywhichGodmovesapersonfromthe
stateofsin(injustice)tothestateofgrace(justice).
indicatebrieflywhytheauthorfeelsthatthisissueisimportantandisconcerned
todefendthespecificthesisthatheorsheisadvancing,e.g.
Indiscussingtheissueofjustificationbyfaith,Lutherfeltthatthefreedomofthe
believerwasatstake.HebelievedthatthemedievalCatholicunderstandingof
justificationleftthebelieverconstantlyinfearastowhetherheorshehad
attainedsufficientmeritthroughgoodworks.This,Lutherbelieved,undermined
thebelieversconfidencethatheorshehadbeenliberatedfromtheterrorsofsin,
deathandtheDevilandleftthebelieversubjecttomanipulationbyunscrupulous
ecclesiasticalauthorities.
outlinetheprincipalargumentsbywhichtheauthortriestosupporthisorher
thesis,e.g.
Insupportofhisthesis,Lutheradvancedthreemajorarguments.{Thenone
wouldpresentandexplainthesethreearguments.)
notetherelativestrengthsandweaknessesofeachoftheprincipalarguments
advancedbytheauthor,e.g.,

37

LutherschallengewasimportantbecauseitcausedtheChurchtoreexamine
PaulsclaimthatinjustificationthehumanagentdoesnotworkbuttrustsGod
whojustifiesthewicked,hisfaithbeingcreditedasrighteousness(Rom.4:5
[NIV]).Atthesametime,bymakingasharpdistinctionbetweenjustificationand
sanctification,Lutherlefthimselfopentothecriticismthathehadfailedto
appreciatethecentralityofgoodworksinJesusteachingandtheconnection
madebyJesusbetweengoodworks,judgmentandacceptanceinpassagessuchas
Mt.25.
Asyouread,jotdownanyquestionsyoumayhaveabouttheauthorsarguments
(noneedtosupplyanswerstothesequestionsjustyet).Youwillfindthese
questionstobeveryhelpfulwhenyouwritethepaper.
Ifyouarereadingworksbymorethanoneauthoronaparticulartopic,write
downthespecificpointsonwhichtheauthorsstudiedagreeordisagree;these
pointscanbetabulatedunderdifferentheadings.Whydotheauthorsdisagree?
Dotheauthorsagreeaboutwhatthefundamentalproblemis?Ifso,whydothey
offerdifferentsolutions?Ordotheirdifferentresponsesreflectthefactthatthey
definetheprobleminadifferentwayandarethereforeproposingsolutionsto
quitedifferentquestions?
Carefullynotedownthebibliographicinformation(author,work,pagenumber)
ofanymaterialthatyouintendtoquoteordiscusswithinyourpaper.This
bibliographicinformationmustappearinthefootnotestoyourpaper.

DevelopingaThesisStatement:StructuringtheFirstParagraphofYourPaper
Whileyouweretakingnotesontheassignedtext,younotedthattheauthorhada
specificthesiswhichheorshewastryingtodefend.Theauthorstatedthisthesisatthe
beginningofhisorherworkandthenofferedaseriesofargumentsinsupportofthat
thesis.
Whenyouanalyzetheauthorswork,youalsowillneedtodevelopaspecific
thesisofyourownwhichyouwishtodefendandthenofferanorderlysequenceof
argumentsinsupportofthatthesis.Yourthesisstatementshouldconsistofasingle
sentenceandnormallywillbethefirstsentenceofthefirstparagraphofyourpaper.The
thesisstatementwillreflectyourconsideredjudgmentaboutthethesisandarguments
advancedbytheauthor(s)whoseworksyouarereading.Yourthesisstatementshouldnot
betoobroadinscope;makesurethatitissufficientlynarrowandwelldefinedthatitcan
effectivelybedefendedwithinthelimitsofashortessay.Afterthethesisstatement,you
shouldaddthreeorfoursentenceswhich
(a) brieflyindicatewhythetopicunderdiscussionisimportantandshouldbe
ofinteresttothereaderand
(b) conciselysummarizethemajorargumentsyouwilladvanceinthepaper,
showinghowyouwillorganizethediscussionandindicatingthe
conclusionyouwilldraw.
Afteryouhavefinishedwritingthefirstparagraph,rereadtheinstructionsforthe
assignmenttomakesureyouareclearaboutwhatpreciselyisbeingrequired.Verifythat

38
thewayyouhavesetupthepaperinthefirstparagraph(thesisstatementandoutlineof
arguments)answersthequestion(s)setbytheinstructorintheassignment.

BuildingtheArgument:OrganizingtheBodyofthePaper
Thinkcarefullyaboutwhatargumentscouldbegiveninsupportofthethesis
statementyouaretryingtodefend,jottingthemdownonapieceofpaper.Nowrearrange
thesearguments,puttingtheminanorderlysequence:
(a) Placefirsttheargumentsthataremostimportantandmostlikelytobebroadly
acceptedbyreadersofdiversebackgrounds;
(b) Movefromageneralstatementofthelimitationsoftheauthorspositionto
showthespecificdifficultiesactuallyarisingfromthepositionheorshehas
embraced.Besuretoprovidethoroughandaccuratedocumentation,quoting
andcloselyanalyzingkeypassagesfromtheauthorswork(s)andcitingthe
relevantbibliographicalinformation(author,work,pagenumber)infootnotes;
(c) Doesoneargumentdependuponanother?Ifso,putthelatterfirst.
Ifyouareanalyzingtheworksofmorethanoneauthor,besuretocarefullycompareand
contrastalternativepointsofview,notingsimilaritiesanddifferencesinhowthevarious
authorsunderstandtheproblemandworktowardasolution.
Conclusion
Inthefinalparagraph,brieflysummarizethemajorargumentsadvancedinthe
paperandconcludebyreiteratingthethesisstatementwhichyoudefendedinthepaper.
EditingandProofReading
Readyourpaperoutloudtoyourselfandrewriteanysentenceswhicharetoo
long,areconfusingorsoundawkward.
Checkcarefullyforerrorsinspellingandgrammarandeliminatethesebefore
submittingyourpaper.IfEnglishisnotyourfirstlanguage,useyourword
processingprogramsspellcheckandgrammartocheckforerrorsandthenaska
nativespeakerofEnglishtoreadyouressay.
Rememberthatallpaperssubmittedforthiscoursemustobeytheconventionsof
formalwrittenprose,e.g.oneshouldnotusecontractions,colloquialexpressions,
firstpersondiscourse,emotionalappeals,rhetoricalquestions,adhominem
arguments,unfairgeneralizationsoramelodramaticstyleofpresentation.