WIND POWER EVACUATION

Indonesia Clean Energy Development (ICED) project

Indonesia Wind Sector Impact Assessment
Presented by:

Dr. Balaraman, Ph.D.

Preamble
The amount of wind generation is growing rapidly and wind farms
are growing in size and complexity.
Wind farms are being installed consisting of hundreds of units, with
the wind farm capable of producing hundreds of MW.
The location of a wind farm is selected primarily based on good
wind conditions.
Good wind conditions often coincide with relatively remote parts of the power
system.

Thus the operation of the wind farm and its response to

disturbances or other changing conditions on the power system is
becoming of increasing concern
These concerns will continue to grow in importance as the amount
of wind generation increases.
2

Wind power major integration issues Variability & Relatively Uncertain

Not despatchable as easily as conventional power
plants.
Location specific
Generally faraway from load centers
Capacity credits during system peaks & wind power
absorption during system minimum loads for
generation planning.
Need for grid support for reactive power.
Changed in Grid/Grid operation for reliable wind power
evacuation

Wind Energy Development Indonesia

Implementation of wind energy technology in Indonesia is
around 1.6MW installed capacity.

implementation of wind energy systems is typically seen in
remote area / location or islands, and they are frequently
installed as part of R & D project.

Area along the coastal/shore of northern and southern part
of Java Island, eastern part of Madura island, south and
north Sulawesi island, east Lombok island etc, have seen
some activity for electricity generation from wind. Some of
them for stand alone system and hybrid
4

Wind Energy Development Indonesia

Project activity initiated to develop wind farm of
around 300 MW install capacity for near future at
several sites at

Bantul
Sukabumi
Lebak
South Sulawesi (Jeneponto and Sidrap)
East Nusa Tenggara (Oelbubuk)

Wind Energy Potential in Indonesia

Summary data from conducted activity on wind resources assessment and research that have been
selected for 166 sites (source: Soeripno Martosaputro, (WHyPGen Project) )
Resources
potential

Wind
Speed at
50 m

Wind Power
density, at 50m,
(W/sq.m)

Number of
sites

Provinces

Marginal

3-4

<75

84

Maluku, Papua, Sumba,

Mentawai, Bengkulu, Jambi, East
and West Nusa Tenggara, South
and North Sulawesi North
Sumatera, Central Java, Maluku,
DIY, Lampung, Kalimantan

Fair

4-5

75-150

34

Central and East Java, DIY, Bali,

Bengkulu, East and West Nusa
Tenggara, South and North
Sulawesi

good

>5

>150

35

Banten, DKI, Central and West

Java, DIY, East and West Nusa
Tenggara, South and North
Sulawesi, Maluku
6

Wind farm potential sites

Other Potential Sites in Sulawesi

North Sulawesi
Gorontalo
South Sulawesi
South East Sulawesi

Important considerations for wind

integration studies
i.

Location of Wind Potential vis--vis Load centers in

the state
ii. Diurnal variation of wind generation vis--vis
demand variation
iii. Wind Potential Tapped/Untapped Vis--vis existing
or projected state demand
iv. Peak Wind Generation Season vis--vis System
demand Peak/Minimum during peak wind season
v. Region wise wind potential vis--vis local power
demand

Important considerations for wind

integration studies
v. Diversities in peak wind generation
between WF/regions and possible total
wind power Injection in to the Grid
vi. Other RE variable/uncertain generation like
solar in the wind rich regions/state
vii. Conventional generation in wind regions
viii. Present grid infrastructure in wind region
500kV, 275kV, 150kV etc..

Power flow analysis

Power flow analysis - an integral part of system
planning and operation.
The electrical system is modeled by buses with
generators and loads that are interconnected by
branches and transformers.
The steady-state solution of the network determines
the bus voltages from which the active and reactive
power flow in branches can be calculated

11

Understanding power flow problem formulation

Goal of a power flow study-to obtain voltage angle and magnitude
information for each bus in a power system for specified load and
generator real power and voltage conditions.
In power flow problem,
it is assumed that the real power P and reactive power Q at each Load Bus are
known. For this reason, Load Buses are known as PQ Buses.
For Generator Buses, the real power generated PG and the voltage magnitude
|V| is known.
For the Slack Bus, the voltage magnitude |V| and voltage phase are known.
Therefore, for each Load Bus, the voltage magnitude and angle are unknown
and must be solved for; for each Generator Bus, the voltage angle must be
solved for; there are no variables that must be solved for the Slack Bus

12

Modeling Wind Farms for Load Flow Studies

The objective of a load flow calculation is to determine flows on
transmission lines and transformers and voltages on power system
buses.
From the standpoint of the wind farm, these studies are primarily to
determine if the generated power can be transmitted successfully to
the loads or purchasing entity without loading or voltage problems.
The modeling of the ability (or lack of ability) of the wind farm to control
voltage through control of the reactive power output of the units is very
important as well.
Modeling of the wind farm can be considered to have two potential
levels of representation Detailed modeling
Equivalent modeling as seen from the system
13

Modeling Wind Farms for Load Flow Studies

A detailed model of the wind farm representing individual units and the
connections between these units and
the system.
Detailed model would thus consist of,
say, a hundred or more buses and a
similar number of lines.
Very detailed data on the system
connecting
the
wind
turbine/
generators would need to be supplied
by the developer.
These detailed models can be used to
determine voltages and flows within
the wind farm, as well as the injection
into the utility grid.
The model can be used to check/
design voltage control or reactive
power strategies in the wind farm.

14

Modeling Wind Farms for Load Flow Studies

Equivalent modeling
the concern is not on the individual wind turbines but on the aggregate
effect of the entire farm on the power system.
individual generators are lumped into equivalent machines, generally
represented at the collector buses.
Thus size of system representation of the wind farm is reduced to a few
buses and the data requirements are significantly reduced.
This level of modeling is often used in system studies where the effects of
the injection into the system on system flows and voltages are the concern,
and internal wind farm conditions do not need to be determined
Therefore for the large scale wind penetration studies, detailed modeling may
not be required and thus lumped representation in which an equivalent of the
wind farm with PQ bus modeling, would suffice for the evacuation studies

15

Evacuation study scenarios

renewable energy projects like wind are generally located in remote
locations from load centers and may require long transmission lines
to major load centers.
If the local substation loads are low, then the entire wind generation
may have to be transported to the nearest major grid sub-station this ability of the network has to be checked in the evacuation
studies of wind to avoid backing down of wind generation.
Generally, annual system peak loads generally occur in summer
months (may be due to high cooling demand, agriculture and
industrial/commercial loads)- for wind power evacuation studies are
to be analyzed for system peak loads during peak wind generation
period.

16

Evacuation study scenarios

The corresponding minimum load during peak wind
season that may occur in night hours when wind
generations hit the peak is another important
scenario that has to be analyzed.
The network data collection therefore has to include
the wind generation pattern month on month and
local sub-station loads for the corresponding periods
so as to carry out wind power integration studies for
these critical scenarios.
17

Key Tasks Involved

Data collection and quality checking

Portfolio development: determining scenarios to be studied

case for comparisons

Impact of wind power on short term reserves as statistical data analysis

Running capacity resource adequacy analysis to assess capacity value of

wind power

Running production cost simulations to see how wind power impacts the
scheduling & dispatch of conventional generation, and operational costs of
the system

Running transmission network simulations to see that the transmission

network is adequate

Running iterations based on initial results if there is need to change the

generation or transmission portfolio or operational practices

Analyzing the data and presenting the results

and base

Critical scenarios to be analyzed for wind power evacuation

Sl. No.

Wind
generation

System demand

Local demand

Local conventional

Local nonconventional

Peak wind
season

Maximum system demand

during peak wind season

corresponding local
load

Maximum

Maximum

Peak wind
season

Minimum system demand

during peak wind season

corresponding local
load

corresponding
conventional
generation

Minimum

Peak wind
season

Maximum system demand

during peak wind season

local S/S light load in

peak wind generation

Maximum

Maximum

Peak wind
season

Minimum system demand

during peak wind season

local S/S light load in

peak wind generation

corresponding
conventional
generation

Minimum

Off-Peak
wind
season
Off-Peak
wind
season

Maximum system demand

during off-peak wind
season
Minimum system demand
during off-peak wind
season

corresponding local
load

Maximum

Maximum

corresponding local
load

corresponding
conventional
generation

Minimum

19

Sulawesi system analysis

20

Wind Farms Planned in South Sulawesi

2015

Sidrap 70MW

Year
2019

Jeneponto-1 62.5MW
Jeneponto-2 64.5MW

Wind Farm Sites South Sulawesi

Sidrap

Jeneponto

Wind Farm Details

Sl. No.
1

Particulars
Name of the wind farm
project

Details
Sidrap

Jeneponto 1

Jeneponto 2

Capacity of wind farm

70MW

62.5 MW

64.8 MW

Wind generator make &

turbine capacity in MW

Goldwind / 2.5MW
WTG

GE / 2.5MW

GE / 1.62MW

Name of the developer

UPC Renewables

PT Energi Angin Indonesia (Consortium Indo

Wind Power Holdings Pte Ltd, Kencana
Energy, IFC)

PT Energi Angin Mandiri (Consortium

Indo Wind Power Holdings Pte Ltd,
Kencana Energy, IFC)

Sulawesi Selatan, Jeneponto regency,

Bangkala subdistrict

Sulawesi Selatan, Jeneponto regency,

Turatea sub district

Desa Tombo Tombolo

Desa Mangepong

2016

2017/18

600

5
6

Name of the
region/province of the wind Sulawesi Selatan
farm
Name of town/village
Not available
2015 (based on the
initial information
Assumed year of
commissioning of wind farm collected during site
visit of IWE)

Size of the land (hectares)

Not available

600

Current land use

Not available

Corn farming (one crop cycle per year)

Farming

Financial closure Q3 2014, COD 31 March

2016
Location permit (regency), Principle permit
(regency), Principle permit (BKPMD) are
obtained, the environmental and social
impact assessment under the IFC's
performance standards are expected by
February 2014

Financial closure Q3 2014, COD 31

March 2016

S0536'11.77" E11936'14.14"

S0535'00" E11943'00"

10

Assumedcompletion date

Not available

11

Current status of project

Not available

12

Co-ordinates of wind farm

pooling substation

Not available

Location permit (regency), Principle

permit (regency) are obtained

Wind Farm Pooling Substations

Sl. No.

Particulars

Sidrap

Jeneponto 1

Jeneponto 2

MVA Rating

85

72

72

Number of transformers

Voltage level in kV

150/33

150/33

150/33

% Positive sequence impedance on its

own rating

15

15

15

% Zero sequence impedance on its

own rating

15

15

15

Winding configuration

Star grounded/Delta

Star grounded/Delta

Star grounded/Delta

Type of tap changer (On load or Offload)

On-load

On-load

On-load

Total number of taps

21

21

21

10

Nominal tap

11

11

11

11

Minimum tap range in pu

12.5%

12.5%

12.5%

12

Maximum tap range in pu

12.5%

12.5%

12.5%

Existing Power Generation around Sidrap

Conventional generations:
Sengkang combined cycle power plant
2x42.5MW(GT) + 1x50MW(ST) + 2x60MW(GT) +
1x60MW(ST)
Baru 2x50MW thermal power plant
Suppa 6x10.8MW diesel power plant

Existing Transmission System around Sidrap

Substations







Sidrap 150/20 kV substation

Sengkang 150/20 kV
substation
Sopeng 150/20 kV substation
Makale 150/20 kV substation
Pare 150/20 kV substation
Maros 150/20 kV substation

Transmission Lines
 150kV, 19.1km D/C hawk
conductor line from Sidrap
substation to Pare substation.
 150kV, 53.8km D/C hawk
conductor line from Sidrap
substation to Sopeng
substation.
 150kV, 62.33km D/C 2xzebra
conductor line from Sengkang
substation to Sidrap substation.
 150kV, 126.54km D/C 2xzebra
conductor line from Sidrap
substation to Maros substation.
 150kV, 105.48km D/C zebra
conductor line from Sidrap
substation to Makale substation.

Existing Power Generation around Jeneponto

Conventional generations:
Jeneponto - 2x125MW thermal power plant
Tallasa 115MW MFO power plant
Sungguminasa 25MW MFO power plant

Existing Transmission System around Jeneponto

Substations
 Jeneponto 150/20 kV substation
 Bulukumba 150/20 kV
substation
 Tallasa 150/20 kV substation
 Sinjai 150/20 kV substation
 Sungguminasa 150/20 kV
substation

Transmission Lines
 150kV, 46.35km D/C hawk
conductor line from Jeneponto
substation to Bulukumba
substation.
 150kV, 24.5km D/Chawk
conductor line from Jeneponto
substation to Punagaya Tip.
 150kV, 19.1km D/C 2xzebra
conductor line from Punagaya
Tip to Tallasa substation.
 150kV, 63.87km S/C hawk
conductor line from Bulukumba
substation to Sinjai substation.
 150kV, 137.2km S/C hawk
conductor line from Bulukumba
substation to Bone substation.

Transmission Line Parameters

Positive sequence
Sl. No.

Conductor type

Voltage in
kV

Zero sequence

R
(ohm / km/ckt)

X
(ohm /
km/ckt)

B/2
(mho /
km/ckt)

R
(ohm /
km/ckt)

X
(ohm /
km/ckt)

B/2
(mho /
km/ckt)

Thermal
rating in
MVA/ckt

ACSR Hawk 120a

70

0.23602

0.43327

9.42E-07

0.268

1.272

4.87E-07

48.5

ACSR Hawk 120b 30kV

30

0.29899

0.42587

1.11E-06

0.268

1.272

1.11E-06

20.78

ACSR Hawk 240a

150

0.118

0.424

1.50E-06

0.268

1.272

7.30E-07

155.88

ACSR_Hawk_240b

150

0.118

0.424

1.50E-06

0.268

1.272

7.30E-07

155.88

ACSR_Hawk_240c

150

0.118

0.424

1.50E-06

0.268

1.272

7.30E-07

155.88

ACSR Hawk 240d

150

0.1183

0.424

1.50E-06

0.268

1.272

7.30E-07

155.88

ACSR Hawk 240e

150

0.1183

0.424

1.50E-06

0.268

1.272

7.30E-07

155.88

ACSR Hawk 240f

150

0.119

0.424

1.50E-06

0.268

1.272

7.30E-07

155.88

ACSR Hawk 240g

150

0.0897

0.3222

1.50E-06

0.268

1.272

7.30E-07

155.88

10

ACSR Hawk 240h

150

0.236

0.4333

1.50E-06

0.268

1.272

7.30E-07

155.88

11

ACSR Zebra 430a

150

0.067

0.4026

1.50E-06

0.268

1.272

7.30E-07

207.84

12

ACSR 2xZebra 430b

150

0.0397

0.272

3.00E-06

0.268

1.272

9.11E-07

415.68

150

0.059

0.2807

2.09E-06

0.3207

1.197

1.27E-06

311.76

0.0397

0.2952

2.00E-06

0.2688

1.141

9.11E-07

762.1

15

ACSR 2xHawk 24 sq.

mm
2xZebra 430sq.mm
275kV
XLPE 400sq. mm

150

0.0619

0.1414

2.12E-05

0.1547

0.3535

1.90E-05

137.69

16

XLPE Cu325 sq.mm

70

0.0781

0.132

3.14E-05

0.1953

0.33

2.83E-05

56.98

13
14

275

Managing variability and uncertainty

Wind power is variable and relatively unpredictable by nature
To know the power output at 10minute intervals with certainty is
a challenge.
WPPs are treated as must-run in some of the utility grid codes
due to the absence of fuel input unless grid security is at stake.
Grid shall be designed to absorb wind generation by backing
down conventional generating sources
Compensate for loss of wind energy by ramping up other
generation sources.
In South Sulawesi, at present spinning reserves are available
through reservoir hydropower plant which is attractive from an
operational perspective, as it can be ramped up or down.

Assumptions in the System Study

System Parameters
Sidrap WPP to be commissioned in 2015
Jeneponto-1 and Jeneponto-2 WPP to be
commissioned in 2016 and 2017 respectively
Study is carried out for 2015 and 2019 conditions

Assumptions in the System Study

Transmission network details
Interconnection of Sulteng system (central) with South
Sulawesi i.e., through interconnection of 275kV Poso
Hydroelectric transmission with Palopo is considered for
the year 2015
Transmission system for 2015 network condition has been
modeled based on the comments provided by PLN on
data report & RUPTL 2012-21 report.
Transmission system for 2019 network condition has been
modeled based on the RUPTL 2012-21 report except
Sulsel Baru 2 power plant.

Assumptions in the System Study

System demand and load model
System demand for the year 2015 & 2019 included in
RUPTL document are used in the study
Loads are modeled as constant power type i.e.,
demand would be independent of voltage variation.

Assumptions in the System Study

Wind Farm Sites
For the steady state analysis, simple modeling of
wind farm sites is considered and for the impact
analysis, wind farm collector system on 33kV voltage
level is not modeled. Power is injected at 1 pf
Sidrap WPP Sidrap PLN S/S 150kV line is
assumed to be 15km
100% capacity factor is considered for maximum
wind generation

Assumptions in the System Study

Load Generation Balance
Hydro machines are scheduled to accommodate the
variations in wind generation
Minimum system demand scenario (2019), 1 unit of
thermal generator from Jeneponto expansion,
Punagaya & Sulsel power plants are kept off

Assumptions in the System Study

Load Flow Analysis
N-1 contingency refers to transmission line outage.
Generation & transformer outage is not considered in
the study.
Steady state analysis has been examined by
considering the loadability and voltage profile limits
as per the Sulawesi grid code.
10% voltage profile limits for various bus voltage are
considered as indicated in Sulawesi grid code.

Load Generation Balance Scenario WPP Profile

0:00:00
0:30:00
1:00:00
1:30:00
2:00:00
2:30:00
3:00:00
3:30:00
4:00:00
4:30:00
5:00:00
5:30:00
6:00:00
6:30:00
7:00:00
7:30:00
8:00:00
8:30:00
9:00:00
9:30:00
10:00:00
10:30:00
11:00:00
11:30:00
12:00:00
12:30:00
13:00:00
13:30:00
14:00:00
14:30:00
15:00:00
15:30:00
16:00:00
16:30:00
17:00:00
17:30:00
18:00:00
18:30:00
19:00:00
19:30:00
20:00:00
20:30:00
21:00:00
21:30:00
22:00:00
22:30:00
23:00:00
23:30:00

Wind generation

Typical wind generation variation over a day projection

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

Time in hour

38

Load Generation Balance Scenario Max. Load

Profile

Load profile of Sulselrabar for the year 2012 & 2013

Load Generation Balance Scenario Load Duration Curve

Load duration curve of Sulselrabar for the year 2012
800

600
500
400
300
200
100
0

1
211
421
631
841
1051
1261
1471
1681
1891
2101
2311
2521
2731
2941
3151
3361
3571
3781
3991
4201
4411
4621
4831
5041
5251
5461
5671
5881
6091
6301
6511
6721
6931
7141
7351
7561
7771
7981
8191
8401
8611

Load in MW

700

Various instants of the year

Load duration curve of Sulselrabar for the year 2012

System demand variation during a typical day of maximum wind

generation

41

Fuel Mix

Fuel Mix for 2012 Condition

Fuel Mix for 2013 Condition

MiPower Load Flow Models and Scenarios

Stage-1: Year 2015 Sulawesi transmission system,
with total 70MW wind farm capacity (with Sidrap site)
Stage-2: Year 2019 Sulawesi transmission system,
with total 197.3MW wind farm capacity(all three sites)

Inter Province Network Connections in 2015

Inter Province Network Connections in 2019

Cases Considered for Load Flow Analysis

Demand scenario

Description

Maximum system demand during

the month of December in MW

Minimum system demand during the

months of January & February in
MW

Average system demand throughout the year in MW

Year
2015

1300

607

870

Year
2019

2266

1029

1560

Time
period in
a day

Wind generation

18:00 hrs
to 21.00
hrs

Maximum wind generation - 100%

3:00hrs
to
5:00hrs

Maximum wind generation -100%

9:00 hrs
to 11:00
hrs

Maximum wind generation - 100%

Minimum wind generation - 3%

Average wind generation - 29%
Minimum wind generation - 1%
Average wind generation - 77%

Minimum wind generation - 3%

Average wind generation -39%

Demand Profile
Sl. No.

Province name

2015 network condition - demand

2019 network condition - demand

Minimum
(MW)
384

Maximum
(MW)
1303

Minimum
(MW)
547

South Sulawesi

Maximum
(MW)
914

West Sulawesi

54

23

35

91

38

58

Central Sulawesi

150

63

96

274

115

175

Southeast Sulawesi

217

91

139

Sub-Total*

1119

470

716

1885

792

1206

39

16

25

39

16

25

Big industrial loads in South

Sulawesi
1
Tonasa

Average
(MW)
585

Average
(MW)
834

Barwaja

Bosowa

32

13

20

32

13

20

Keera LNG Plant

105

105

105

105

105

105

200

100

200

181

137

154

381

237

354

1300

607

870

2266

1029

1560

5
B
Total (A+B)

Banteang smelter
plant
Sub-total*

Generation Schedule 2015 Condition

Fuel Mix for 2015 Condition

Generation Schedule 2019 Condition

Fuel Mix for 2019 Condition

Load Flow Study List of Cases

Results of Load Flow Study Stage 1 (2015)

Results of Load Flow Study Stage 2 (2019)

Inference- Load Flow Study (2015)

With Sidrap 70MW wind integration in 2015 system voltages and line
loadings are within acceptable limits
The system voltages and loading are acceptable during N-1 contingency
scenario
In 2015 maximum wind penetration is 5.4% during maximum demand
condition and 11.5% during minimum demand condition
Import of power from Central Sulawesi to South Sulawesi reduces from
76MW in Scenario -2 (minimum wind generation & maximum demand) to
32MW in Scenario-1 (maximum wind generation & system demand).
To have the load generation balance during varying wind generation from
maximum to minimum, reserve capacity is accommodated through
2x63MW Bakaru & 3x65MW Poso hydro generations

Inference- Load Flow Study (2019)

With Jeneponto wind farms integrated in 2019 the system voltages & line loadinggs are
within acceptable limits
The system voltages and loading are acceptable during N-1 contingency scenario
In 2019 maximum wind penetration is 8.7% during maximum demand condition and
19.1% during minimum demand condition
Import of power from Central Sulawesi to South Sulawesi reduces from 112MW in
Scenario -2 (minimum wind generation & maximum demand) to 78MW in Scenario-1
(maximum wind generation & system demand). Also import of power from West Sulawesi
to South Sulawesi reduces from 316MW in Scenario -2 to 220MW in Scenario-1
To have the load generation balance during varying wind generation from maximum to
minimum, reserve capacity is accommodated through 2x63MW Bakaru, 3x65MW Poso,
3x150MW Karama, 2x55MW Bontobatu, 2x45MW Malea hydro generations

Discussions ???

57

For further information please contact:

Office Address of ICED-USAID
(Indonesia Clean Energy Development United States Agency for International Development)
ICED-USAID Jakarta Office: Tifa Building, 5th Floor, Jl. Kuningan Barat No. 26 Jakarta 12710;
Phone/Facsimile: +62 21 52964445/ 52964446
ICED-USAID Medan Office: Jl. Tengku Daud No. 7A Medan 20152;
Phone/Facsimile: +62 61 4519675/ 4519058
Contact Person:

Dr. Pramod Jain.

President, Innovative Wind Energy, Inc.
pramod@i-windenergy.com

Dr. Balaraman K.
CGM, PRDC.
balaraman@rdcinfotech.com

58