1.

A ball is thrown straight up in the air and caught when it comes down. Which graph best shows
the velocity of the ball from the moment it is released until just before it is caught?

(Total 1 mark)

Sri Lankan School

2.

The diagram shows part of the upper surface of an aeroplane wing.

At point A the air flow changes from laminar to turbulent.

Complete the diagram to show the airflow before and after point A.
(Total 2 marks)

3.

One method used to find the viscosity of a liquid is to measure the terminal velocity of a solid
spherical object falling through it.
In such an experiment the following data are provided:
weight of sphere
radius of sphere
volume of sphere
density of liquid

(a)

= 4.8 10 N
3
= 2.5 10 m
8
3
= 6.5 10 m
3
= 1300 kg m

Show that the upthrust is about 8 10

N.

.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(2)

Sri Lankan School

(b)

The terminal velocity is found to be 4.6 10 m s . Use this value to show that
1 1
the viscosity of the liquid is about 2 kg m s .
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(3)

(c)

The students carrying out this experiment wish to repeat it on another day using
the same equipment. State another relevant variable that needs to be controlled
to make this a fair test.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Sri Lankan School

4.

The photograph shows some smoke rising.

At A, the type of fluid flow changes.

Label the type of fluid flow below and above A and describe each of them.
Below
A ..............................................................................................................................
...
...........................................................................................................................................
.....
Above
A ..............................................................................................................................
...
...........................................................................................................................................
.....
(Total 4 marks)

Sri Lankan School

5.

A hot air balloon consists of an envelope containing hot air, with a wicker basket suspended
from it. The balloon flies because the heated air in the envelope is less dense than the
surrounding air.

(a)

The total volume of the hot air balloon is 2830 m . The total weight of the balloon,
including the hot air in the envelope, is 33 100 N. The density of the surrounding
3
air is 1.20 kg m .
(i)

Show that the resultant upward force on the balloon at the moment it is
released is about 200 N.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(3)

Sri Lankan School

(ii)

Calculate the initial upward acceleration of the balloon. The mass of the
balloon is 3370 kg.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
Acceleration = .............................................
(2)

(iii)

The balloon is rising through air of viscosity 1.8 10

1
speed of 2.0 m s .

kg m

s , at a

The effect of viscous drag on the balloon is negligible provided the air
flow around the balloon is laminar.
Justify the statement in bold with the aid of a calculation. You may treat the
whole balloon as a single sphere of radius 8.8 m.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(3)

Sri Lankan School

(b)

Add labelled arrows to the diagram below to show the forces acting on a vertically
ascending balloon.

(2)

(c)

As the balloon rises the density of the surrounding air decreases. Explain why
this density change limits the height to which the balloon will rise.
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
.................................................................................................................................
.....
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

Sri Lankan School

6.

In the game of Poohsticks, sticks are dropped into a river from one side of a bridge to
see which reaches the other side first.

A stick is dropped into the centre of the river at A1 and moves at a steady speed to A2,
winning the game.
Another stick is dropped into the river near its edge at B1, and ends up swirling around
at B2.

(a)

Add to the diagram to show the water flow at A2 and at B2.

(2)

(b)

Name and describe the type of water flow at A2 and at B2.

A2 ............................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
B2 ............................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
(4)
(Total 6 marks)

Sri Lankan School

7.

A science centre houses a display with tall, transparent tubes of different liquids.
Visitors can pump air into the bottom of the tubes to create bubbles that rise to the top
at different steady speeds.
(a)

(i)

Add labelled arrows to the diagram to show the other two forces acting on a
bubble as it rises through a liquid.

(2)

(ii)

With reference to the forces on the bubble, explain why the bubble initially
accelerates and then reaches a steady upwards speed.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(4)

Sri Lankan School

(iii)

Write an expression which relates these forces for a bubble moving at a

steady upwards speed.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)

(b)

If the weight of the air in the bubble is ignored, the steady upwards speed is given
by
v

2 pr 2 g
9

Where is the density of liquid, r is the radius of the sphere and is the
coefficient of viscosity of the liquid.

(i)

Explain why it is reasonable to ignore the weight of the air.

........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(2)

(ii)

Explain what happens to the speeds of the observed bubbles if the

temperature of the liquid increases.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(2)

Sri Lankan School

10

(iii)

It is possible to create a small bubble followed by a larger bubble.

Use the expression to explain why the larger bubble catches up with the
smaller one.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

8.

A ball bearing is dropped through a liquid and its terminal velocity measured. The
experiment is repeated at a different temperature.
Which row could correctly describe this second experiment?
Temperature

Viscosity

Terminal velocity

lower

greater

faster

lower

greater

slower

higher

greater

slower

higher

smaller

slower
(Total 1 mark)

Sri Lankan School

11

9.

When a ball moves through air, the airflow is laminar around the front of the ball and
turbulent behind it.
(a)

State what is meant by

laminar flow
.................................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
turbulent flow
.................................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
(2)

(b)

The diagram shows a ball for which the airflow becomes turbulent beyond points
A and B. Add to the diagram to show the airflow around the ball. The ball is
moving to the left.

(2)

Sri Lankan School

12

(c)

It is suggested that dimples on a golf ball decrease the area over which there is
turbulent flow so it is only produced beyond points C and D.

Explain how decreasing the area over which there is turbulent flow would increase the
range of a golf ball.
.................................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

10.

The diagram shows a submarine and one of the forces acting on it. The submarine
moves at a constant depth and speed in the direction shown.

(a)

Add labelled arrows to show the other three forces on the submarine.
(2)

Sri Lankan School

13

(b)

State two equations that show the relationship between the forces acting on the
submarine.
.................................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
(2)

(c)

The submarine has a volume of 7100 m .

7
Show that the weight of the submarine is about 7 10 N.
Density of sea water = 1030 kg m

.................................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
(2)

(d)

The submarine can control its depth by changing its weight. This is done by
adjusting the amount of water held in ballast tanks.
As the submarine dives to greater depths the increased pressure of the
surrounding water produces a compressive strain.
(i)

Explain what is meant by compressive strain.

........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)

Sri Lankan School

14

(ii)

This decreases the volume of the submarine. Explain the action that should
be taken to maintain a constant depth as the volume of the submarine is
decreased.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(2)

(iii)

The submarine is made from steel. Suggest why a material, such as

fibreglass, which has a much smaller Young modulus than steel would be
unsuitable at greater depths.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

11.

The velocity of a ball bearing falling from rest through syrup .......... with distance fallen
A

decreases linearly from zero

increases from zero to a maximum

increases linearly from zero

stays constant at a non-zero value

(Total 1 mark)

Sri Lankan School

15

12.

A skydiver accelerates towards the ground at 9.81 m s2 at the instant that he leaves the
aeroplane.
(a)

Explain why his acceleration will decrease as he continues to fall.

.................................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
(2)

(b)

The skydiver opens his parachute. Explain why he reaches a terminal velocity
shortly afterwards.
.................................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
(2)

Sri Lankan School

16

(c)

The velocity at which he then hits the ground is similar to that achieved when
falling freely from a height of 3 m. Calculate this velocity.

Velocity = ................................
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Sri Lankan School

17

13.

A sign at a railway station advises passengers to keep back from the platform edge.
This is because passing trains may cause turbulence.

Explain what is meant by turbulent flow, and suggest why it is dangerous for
passengers to stand near the edge of the platform.
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(Total 3 marks)

14.

A raindrop has a radius of 0.70 mm. It is falling at terminal velocity through air.
(a)

Show that the mass of the raindrop is approximately 1 10

3
Density of water = 1000 kg m .

kg.

.................................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
(2)

Sri Lankan School

18

(b)

Ignoring any upthrust on the raindrop, calculate its terminal velocity.

4
1 1
Viscosity of air = 8.90 10 kg m s .

Terminal velocity = ..................................................

(2)
(Total 4 marks)

15.

A childs birthday balloon is filled with helium to make it rise. A ribbon is tied to it, holding a
small plastic mass designed to prevent the balloon from floating away.

P la s tic m a s s

(a)

Add labelled arrows to the diagram of the balloon to show the forces acting on
the balloon.
(2)

Sri Lankan School

19

(b)

The balloon is approximately a sphere, of diameter 30 cm. Show that the upthrust
on the balloon is about 0.2 N.
The density of the surrounding air r = 1.30 kg m

.................................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
(3)

(c)

The ribbon is cut and the balloon begins to rise slowly.

(i)

Sketch a diagram to show the airflow around the balloon as it rises.

(1)

(ii)

What is the name of this type of airflow?

........................................................................................................................
...
(1)

(d)

A student suggests that if the balloon reaches terminal velocity, its motion could
be described by the relationship

4 3
r g
mg + 6r = 3
where = viscosity of air, m = mass of the balloon, r = radius of the balloon and v
= the terminal velocity reached.

Sri Lankan School

20

(i)

Write the above relationship as a word equation.

........................................................................................................................
...
(1)

(ii)

The balloon has a total weight of 0.17 N. Use the equation given above to
calculate the corresponding value for the terminal velocity of the balloon.
Viscosity of air = 1.8 10

Nsm

........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
Terminal velocity = .........................................................
(3)

(iii)

Suggest a reason why the balloon is not likely to reach this calculated
velocity.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)
(Total 12 marks)

16.

Volcanoes vary considerably in the strength of their eruptions. A major factor in

determining the severity of the eruption is the viscosity of the magma material. Magma
with a high viscosity acts as a plug in the volcano allowing very high pressures to build
up. When the volcano finally erupts it is very explosive. Once magma is out of the
volcano it is called lava.
(a)

How would the flow of high viscosity lava differ from that of lava with a low
viscosity?
.................................................................................................................................
....

Sri Lankan School

21

(1)

Sri Lankan School

22

(b)

What would need to be measured to make a simple comparison between the

viscosities of two lava flows?
.................................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
(1)

(c)

When the lava is exposed to the atmosphere it cools rapidly. What effect would
you expect this cooling to have on the lavas viscosity?
.................................................................................................................................
....
(1)

(d)

When lava is fast flowing, changes to its viscosity disrupt the flow, making it no
longer laminar. Use labelled diagrams to show the difference between laminar
and turbulent flow.

.................................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
.................................................................................................................................
....
(3)

Sri Lankan School

23

(e)

Different types of lava have different viscosities. The least viscous type has a
2
3
viscosity of about 1 10 Ns m whereas a silica-rich lava has a viscosity of 1
2
8
10 Ns m .
What type of scale would be used to display these values on a graph?
.................................................................................................................................
....
(1)
(Total 7 marks)

17.

When going downhill, ski jumpers reach speeds of up to 30 m s1 in order to jump great
distances. As they move through the air, their body and ski position determines how far they
jump.
(a)

(i)

Use one word to describe the type of airflow that the ski jumper is trying to
achieve in mid-air.
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)

(ii)

The diagram shows a ski jumper in mid-air. Sketch the airflow pattern.

(2)

(iii)

Suggest one way in which the ski jumpers equipment is designed to produce
the maximum possible speed.
........................................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(1)

Sri Lankan School

24

(b)

Below is a list of material properties. Select one that is desirable and one that is
undesirable for material from which the jumpers skis are made. Explain your
choices.
Elastic
(i)

Tough

Plastic

Desirable
property: ..........................................................................................
Reason: ..........................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...

(ii)

Undesirable
property: .......................................................................................
Reason: ..........................................................................................................
...
........................................................................................................................
...
(4)
(Total 8 marks)

18.

The diagram shows a sky diver.

Sketch the airflow around the sky diver on the diagram.

(1)

Sri Lankan School

25

Sri Lankan School

26

Add three labelled arrows to the diagram to identify the forces acting on the sky diver.
(2)

What is the relationship between these forces when the sky diver is falling with terminal
velocity?
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(1)

For some falling objects it is possible to use Stokes law to help estimate the terminal
velocity. State why this would not be appropriate for this sky diver.
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(1)

Show that the upthrust force is about 4 N.

3

Volume of sky diver = 0.35 m .

3
3
Density of surrounding air = 1.2 kg m (i.e. 1 m of air has a mass of 1.20 kg).
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(3)

Sri Lankan School

27

Comment on the size of this force and its effect on the sky divers terminal velocity.
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(2)

The sky diver slows her descent by opening her parachute. Give one word which
describes the airflow after the parachute has opened.
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

19.

After wine has been fermenting it contains many small particles. These particles are
allowed to settle so that they can be separated from the liquid.
Add labelled arrows to this diagram showing the other two forces on a particle falling
downwards within the wine.

U p th ru s t

(2)

Sri Lankan School

28

U 43 r 3 w g
The upthrust can be calculated using the expression
where rw is the
density of wine and r is the radius of the falling particle.

Explain how the above expression for upthrust is derived.

...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(2)

Write down the equation relating the three forces acting on the particle when it reaches
terminal velocity.
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(1)

Show that the terminal velocity v of a particle of density s is given by the following
expression:
v

2r 2 g ( s w )
9

where is the viscosity of the wine.

...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(2)

Sri Lankan School

29

Explain how you would expect the velocity of this particle to change if the temperature
of the wine was increased.
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(2)

Stokess law is valid only provided the flow is laminar. Using a diagram, explain what is meant
by the term laminar flow.

...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

Sri Lankan School

30

20.

A Galilean thermometer consists of a column of liquid containing glass weights which

can be regarded as spheres. The spheres drop one by one as the temperature rises.

26

24

22

20

18

The diagram below represents one of these spheres, falling through the liquid with
increasing speed at a certain temperature. Add labelled arrows to the diagram to show
the forces on this sphere.

(3)

Sri Lankan School

31

How do these forces compare in size?

...........................................................................................................................................
....
The radius of a sphere is 1.20 10

m. Calculate its volume.

...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
Volume = ................................................
(1)

Calculate the mass of liquid displaced by this sphere when the density of the liquid is
3
1020 kg m .
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
Mass = ....................................................
(1)

Show that the upthrust on the sphere is about 0.07 N.

...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(2)

Sri Lankan School

32

Another sphere is of the same radius but with a weight of 0.069 N. Explain where you
would expect to find this sphere.
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(2)

What two properties of the liquid would affect the spheres terminal velocity?
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(2)
(Total 12 marks)

21.

Do not try this at home!

The website urban myths claims that a man in California tied a number of balloons filled
with helium to his chair in the garden, with a view to gently hovering above the neighbourhood.
The moment he cut the anchoring cord he shot upwards to a height of about 4000 m. Several
hours later he was rescued by a helicopter after being spotted by an airline pilot.
If the combined mass of the man and the chair was 70 kg, calculate their weight.
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
Weight = ..............................................................
(1)

Sri Lankan School

33

What is meant by the term upthrust?

...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(2)

Show that the upthrust in newtons from the balloons is about 13V where V is the total
volume of the balloons in cubic metres.
3

The density of air is 1.29 kg m .

...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(2)

Write down an expression, in terms of V, for the weight of the helium in the balloons.
3
The density of helium is 0.18 kg m .
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(1)

Sri Lankan School

34

Calculate the total volume of the balloons required just to lift the man and his chair from
the ground. Assume the weight of the balloon fabric is negligible.
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(3)

Explain why any viscous drag force can be ignored in the previous calculation.
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

Sri Lankan School

35

22.

A student throws a ball downwards from a high bridge. Its velocity changes with time as
shown in the graph.

40
V e lo c ity / m s1
30

20

10

T im e / s

Take measurements from the graph during the first 2 seconds of the fall to calculate the
gradient of the straight line.
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(2)

Hence deduce the equation which relates the velocity of the ball to time for the first 2
seconds of the fall.
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(2)

Sri Lankan School

36

The ball has a mass of 0.25 kg. Calculate its weight.

...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(1)

A student suggests that the ball reaches terminal velocity when the viscous drag,
equals the weight of the ball. Use a suitable value from the graph and the data below to
show that this statement is not valid.
Radius of ball = 0.040 m
Viscosity of air = 1.71 105 N s mg2
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(3)

Sri Lankan School

37

Another student suggests that there is an extra drag, force due to turbulence. Complete
the diagram below to show turbulent flow around the falling ball.

(2)
(Total 10 marks)

23.

Speed cyclists need to reach very high speeds when competing.

What word describes the preferred airflow around the body of a speed cyclist?
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(1)

Sri Lankan School

38

Draw the possible airflow above and behind the body of a speed cyclist

(i) in racing position

(ii) when sitting upright.

(2)

What is the advantage to speed cyclists of travelling very close together as shown in
the photograph?
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(1)

Would plastic or elastic better describe the material of the bodysuit worn by a speed
cyclist?
...........................................................................................................................................
....
Explain your choice.
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(2)

Sri Lankan School

39

Would brittle or tough better describe the material of the helmet worn by a speed
cyclist?
...........................................................................................................................................
....
Explain your choice.
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(2)

Explain why such a helmet is designed to deform in a crash.

...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
(1)
(Total 9 marks)

Sri Lankan School

40

24.

A one-person spherical submarine called Explorer is used for underwater exploration.

EXPLORER SPHERICAL SUBMARINE
Diameter: 1.60 m
Mass of empty submarine: 2000 kg
Maximum mass of contents including water in buoyancy tanks: 110 kg
BUOYANCY
Buoyancy tanks can be flooded with sea water and emptied by
compressed air.
VIEWING
Thick acrylic viewports provide visibility.
Young modulus of acrylic is 3.0 109 Pa.
Use the information given above to answer the questions below.
Calculate the weight of the submarine when carrying maximum load.
...........................................................................................................................................
....
...........................................................................................................................................
....
Weight = ........................................................
(1)

The submarine is at rest just above the seabed.

(i)

State the magnitude of the upthrust on the submarine.

.................................................................................................................................
...

(ii)

Give a reason for your answer.

.................................................................................................................................
...
.................................................................................................................................
...
(2)

The weight of the submarine is adjusted so that it rises with a constant velocity of 0.5 m
s1.
(i)

How would this change in weight of the submarine be achieved?

Sri Lankan School

41

.................................................................................................................................
...
.................................................................................................................................
...

Sri Lankan School

42

(ii)

Calculate the viscous force on the submarine using Stokes Law. Viscosity of
water = 1.2 103 kg m1 s1.
.................................................................................................................................
...
.................................................................................................................................
...
.................................................................................................................................
...
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Viscous drag force = ..............................................

(iii)

The actual viscous drag force will be much greater. Suggest why.
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(4)

At the operating depth, the pressure of water causes a stress on the viewports of 1.1
106 Pa.
Calculate the strain which would result from this stress.
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)

25.

Some people think that all raindrops fall at the same speed; others think that their
speed depends on their size.
Calculate the speed of a raindrop after it has fallen freely from rest for 0.2 s.
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Speed = .
(1)

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The raindrop falls for longer than 0.2 s. Explain why its acceleration does not remain
uniform for the whole of its fall.
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(2)

Show that the mass of a 0.5 mm diameter spherical raindrop is less than 1 107 kg.
1.0 m3 of water has a mass of 1.0 103 kg
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(2)

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Calculate the raindrops terminal velocity. Assume that the upthrust from the air is negligible.
Explain your working clearly.
Viscosity of air = 1.8 105 kg m1 s1.
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Terminal velocity =
(3)

Sketch a graph to show how the raindrops velocity increases from rest to terminal velocity.
Add a scale to the velocity axis.

V e lo c ity

T im e
(3)

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Explain how the terminal velocity would be different for a larger raindrop.
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(1)
(Total 12 marks)

26.

The process of turbulence was described in verse by the British meteorologist,

Lewis F. Richardson:
Big whorls have little whorls,
Which feed on their velocity,
And little whorls have lesser whorls,
And so on to viscosity.
Suggest what the author means by the word whorl.

(1)

Draw diagrams in the boxes below to show laminar and turbulent flow.
Describe these flow patterns.
Laminar flow

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Description:

(2)

Turbulent flow

Description:

(2)

Turbulence can be used to reduce the rate of flow of a fluid.

Explain this statement in terms of energy transfers.

(2)
(Total 7 marks)

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