FIELDWORK SEGMENT

PRM 2014-16 & FPRM 2014

A Theme Paper/ Faculty Participant Collaborative Research (FPCR)

(Patterns in Intergenerational Mobility in Education and Labor Markets
in Rural India)

Based on Studies in Ambapada Village

Ambapada: Dang : Gujarat
----------------

Submitted by:

Vanya Rai(P35102)

Faculty Guide: In partial fulfillment of the requirements of the FWS

of the
Post Graduate Programme in Rural Management
INSTITUTE OF RURAL MANAGEMENT ANAND
2014

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This acknowledgement is an expression of deep sense of gratitude to all those who helped us
in completing this village report.
I would like to take this opportunity to thank Prof. Vivek Pandey, for his continuous and
valuable support on my endeavor to work on research. I am immensely grateful for his
periodic inputs and guidance from preliminary stage to final submission of research.
I would also like to thank IRMA for providing this opportunity to explore rural life and
providing key insights during the fieldwork segment. It has helped to enhance our
knowledge and aided in practical application of the theoretical and conceptual frameworks.
Last but not the least; I want to extend my thanks to villagers of Ambapada and host
organization DHURVA (BAIF) for providing all possible help to complete my study.

Vanya Rai (P35102)

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Faculty: Professor Vivek Pandey

Participant: Vanya Rai (P35102)

My FPCR topic was Patterns in Intergenerational Mobility in Education and

Labor Markets
in Rural India .It aimed at finding the extent of Intergenerational Mobility in
terms of education and occupation in the village. It was a very unique
project because very little has been done in this field in India.
The entire FPCR revolved around collecting data of different households. The
data to be collected was of the education level, landholdings, skills, primary
and secondary occupations and migrations in the village. This was collected
through structured survey provided by our mentor. The sample was selected
to help us generalize the inference. After collecting the data the task was all
on the analysis. How I analyze the data would help me find the different
factors on which IGM depends.

INFERENCES
a) Educational mobility depends on income of father, education of father
and accessibility and availability of school nearby.
b) Occupational mobility depends on landholdings of father,
c) Less occupational mobility in case of primary occupation while the same
is relatively more in case of secondary occupations.
d) The people are happy with whatever they have and thus IGM is not
visible.

After making these inferences I was to come up with a business plan for a
product according to the conditions prevailing around. I came up with an
idea of marketing products of bamboo. It would not only try to preserve the
traditional art of ramakada but also be a profitable business for me.

TABLE OF CONTENT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ..I
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY.II
List of Abbreviations.IV
List of Figures/TablesV
List of Annexure..VI
1. INTRODUCTION...1
2. OBJECTIVE.1
3. PROCESS FOLLOWED........................................................................................1
3.1 Methodology1
3.2 Sampling Plan..2
4. ABOUT THE VILLAGE2
4.1 Population.2
4.2 Sex Ratio..2
4.3 Average family size.............................................................................................2
4.4 Literacy Rate...3
4.5 School..3
5. DISCUSSIONS OF FINDINGS.4
5.1 Educational Mobility............................................................................................4
5.2 Occupational Mobility6
6. CONCLUSION......6

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

IGM: Inter generational mobility

KM: kilometer
HH: household

List of Figures/Graphs

Figure 1 Sex Ratio

Figure 2 Average Family Size
Figure 3 Father's Education
Figure 4 Elder Son's Education
Figure 5 Education Of First 20 Hhs
Figure 6 Education of Last 20 Hhs
Figure 7 Trend Line for Father-Son Education
Figure 8 Primary Sources of Livelihood
Figure 9 Secondary Means of Livelihood
Table 1. Literacy Rate (Source: Census 2011)
Table 2. School Data (Source: Primary government school Ambapada)
Table 3.Educational matrix
Table 4. Correlation between father and eldest son education
Table 5. Correlation between father and second son
Table 6.Regression result

LIST OF ANNEXURES
Business plan...11

1. INTRODUCTION
Intergenerational mobility (IGM) may sound a very simple term but it is an issue of grave
importance, with a very diverse nature. In layman words it can be visualized as the process by
which the status of the parent is transferred to children and measured in terms of some
correlational index between the different aspects of parental and child socioeconomic state.
How can a laborious and capable individual from backgrounds of shortcomings gain a position
better than his father? Very little information is available regarding this and whatever is stated is
very ambiguous. The study of IGM in education is still in its early phase.
The transmission of economic success across generations remains something of a black
box (Bowles, Ginis and Groves 2005: 3).
The true India lives in its villages. Once we get to live in a village we realize how the
evolution of the city is taking place at such rapid rate than that of the villages. But is it also like
this? The answer is no. There are some fields were such differentiation does not exist. One such
field is IGM. The condition may be worse in villages. This is so because it is already immensely
difficult to break through the boundations of the society and achieve something worthwhile in
villages. It cannot be blamed on the level of skills one has but on the opportunities they get.
I tried to analyze and compare that if people living in the same village, facing similar problems
in terms of surroundings, accessibility to opportunity etc. how can they have different
intergenerational mobility on the basis of fathers occupation income or education.

2. OBJECTIVE
The objective of the study was to derive the IGM in Ambapada village. In my report I was
supposed to measure IGM in terms of education and occupation. The aim was to gather
information regarding education and different sources of income in a family.
Then accordingly as per the condition of IGM in our village I was supposed to come up with a
business plan which would increase the existing IGM in our village

3. PROCESS FOLLOWED
3.1 Methodology
Within a very small time span I become a part of the village. People started opening up and
telling me the story of their lives. This was the best time to conduct the survey for collection of
data. As I had to collect data regarding education, income and landholdings I went with the
structured questionnaire. I stuck to the structured survey interview. But I never backed out when
people expressed their views regarding why their sons could not do well.

The survey provide me with the quantitative data whereas the point of view of the villagers gave
me the qualitative aspect of the same. This was not very reliable source as in my village people
were not aware of their age, their exact income, their childrens age or education related
informations. Moreover they were hesitant in providing data regarding land holdings. Thus only
single source of information was not enough. In order to make the data more authentic I used the
method of triangulation. I collected the data of landholdings of the village Ambapada for Waghai
revenue talhati.
The other information regarding households (HHs) like the number of member in the family and
the level of education they have attained was gathered from the Aaganwadi data register. I
crosschecked the data and then worked on the analysis.
3.2 Sampling Method
I used PRA tool called transect walk to go about the village and get an overview of what type of
settlement pattern is followed in the village. This insight helped me to conclude the type of
sampling I wished to carryout. Out of the existing 160 HHS 112 HHS belong to Hindus while
rest had Christian families. Though all were Scheduled Tribes (ST) but the converted Christian
were a strata well defined in the village.
Therefore I decided to perform survey on the sample chosen randomly from both castes. The
sample consisted actual proportionate representation i.e. the village had 70 % Hindus thus 28
surveys out of 40 were done on Hindu HHS and rest 12 on Christian hhs.

4. ABOUT THE VILLAGE

4.1 Population
Ambapada consists of 160 households constituting a total population of 940 members.
Ambapada belongs to one of the few tribal areas of the country with its complete population
belonging to the Scheduled Tribe. Kunbi tribe forms the majority of population followed by
Warli and Bhils.
4.2 Sex Ratio:
Ambapada has a sex ratio of 982 females per 1000 male making up a 49% of female and a 51%
male population. This forms a healthy sex ratio as is normally prevalent among tribal populations
showing no gender discrimination of a male child over a female child. (Fig 1)
4.3 Average Family Size:
In Ambapada all types of families are found ranging from nuclear households containing 2
members to joint families containing upto a total of 13 members. Among the tribal people it has
been observed among the newer generation that as the sons get married they move out of the
family leaving the responsibility of the parents on their younger siblings. (Fig 2)

4.4 Literacy Rate:

Ambapada has a literacy level of 70.18 % as compared to the 70.03% literacy rate of Gujarat.
This is a fair literacy level with the levels being high for female too.

Sex
Literacy rate
Male
77.88%
Female
62.61%
Table 1. Literacy Rate (Source: Census 2011)

High literacy rate for females are due to the provision of scholarship for female in the primary
school. After completion of primary school high drop outs of female is prevalent, limiting their
education to primary education only.

4.5 School
The village has a primary government school. It runs under the Sarva Shiksha Abhyan program
which was pioneered by Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 2000-2001. The school was started in the year
1962, since then it has undergone a lot of changes like construction of a proper school building ,
toilet facilities, provision of books, bags and uniform for the students using the funds received
from the: SSA scheme.The school also provides the students with Mid-Day Meal. The school
began with lower primary and has now expanded upto upper primary standard. The presence of
High schools in 7 km diameter of the village prevents its expansion to a high school. The school
has 7 teachers including the principal and a total strength of 138 students. All the students belong
to the scheduled tribe.
Standard
Male
Female
Total
I
10
7
17
II
5
7
12
III
12
13
25
IV
11
12
23
V
7
10
17
VI
4
8
12
VII
6
7
13
VIII
6
13
19
Total
61
77
138
Table 2. School Data (Source: Primary government school Ambapada)
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5. DISCUSSIONS OF FINDINGS.
5.1 Educational Mobility
SON

Illiterate

FATHER
Illiterate
2
Primary
2
Table 3.Educational matrix

Primary

Secondary

Senior
Secondary

13
19

0
2

0
2

Education of father plays a key role in making opportunities for the son to get education. As all
this data is not very conclusive yet we can depict things from it. When the father is illiterate the
son never got past the primary school but in case where the father was literate sons studied more
and got to be in secondary and senior secondary classes as well.
Around 63 % of the population of fathers was illiterate but only 10% of the sons are illiterate
(fig. 3&4)

Analysis (fig. 5&6)

For easy interpretation I plotted the years of education of father, elder son and the second son on
the compound bar chart. The cases where there is no bar depicting second sons education are the
HHs where only one son was born. Since my village was a tribal village most father had no
education. In all cases the elder son has studied more than or at least at par with his father. On the
contrary the second son has less probability of getting education as much as the elder son. When
inquired people (fathers) said that they had no reason for letting their second son study as it did
not work wonders for the first child.

CORRELATION BETWEEN THE FATHER AND ELDER SON EDUCATION

FATHER'S YRS OF EDUCATION
FATHER'S
YRS
OF 1
EDUCATION
SON(ELDER)
YRS
OF 0.333149807
EDUCATION
Table 4. Correlation between father and eldest son education

SON(ELDER) YRS OF EDUCAT

Analysis
The data was fed in the excel and the data analysis tool of correlation was applied on it thus what
we came up with was a positive correlation factor of 0.333.What does it depicts? It features the
fact that the two variables fathers education being the independent variable while sons
education being the dependent variable are directly proportional. If the father studied more the
son studied more, if the father studied less the son studied less. This is pretty obvious and a
4

general phenomenon. If the father has studied he may know the value education holds. But the
same could not be concluded in case of Ambapada. It was a tribal village with most elderly
having very little or no education .Even after education they were still working in the fields of
their fore fathers and had seen not much change in their standard of living. Thus for them
education was not a tool of change. This correlation shows weak positive correlation therefore
strong IGM. Less correlated the father son education will be more IGM will be seen.
FATHER'S YRS OF EDUCATION
FATHER'S YRS OF 1
EDUCATION
SON(2ND) YRS OF 0.460198235
EDUCATION
Table 5. Correlation between father and second son

SON(2ND)
EDUCATION

YRS

OF

Analysis
The correlation factor between the son second in the birth order comes out to be 0.4601.This is
positive thus the education of father and son (be it second) is directly proportional. On the other
hand if we compare it with the previous correlation between the eldest son and father we see a
striking difference. It was 0.46 which is more than the correlation coefficient between father and
eldest son. The more the coefficient tend to move towards 1 the more perfect the correlation is
and thus less IGM prevails. This can be put off to the fact that when the villagers see no profit
coming out of the expense on initial education of elder son.
Analysis (FIG.7)
How to connect the education of elder son with the education level of his father. It can be done
by using regression and thus coming up with an equation. In the Fig 7. The education of son is
plotted against the education of father. Father years of education is the independent variable thus
on x axis and son education level is on y axis depicting dependent variable.

Regression
Total
Intercept
X Variable 1
Table 6.Regression result

1
39
Coefficients
4.273605743
0.465764771

The equation resulting from the regression analysis Y=0.465 X + 4.27. Thus even if the father is
illiterate the predicted years of schooling is 4 years. If son gets educated below this it is not good
enough. From the graph we can interpret that out of 40, 14 observations are below expected
level.
5.2 Occupational Mobility
5

Occupational mobility is when a father working in a certain occupation manage to get job for his
son. If this change in job results in lower income generation the mobility is downward in nature
where as if it results in increase in income acquired it is upward mobility. An upward mobility is
required as it will help people to go for different jobs and thus not depend on one source of
income as always.
FIG 8
As per pesa act each hh got a piece of land of fathers mostly earn their bread by farming.
Farming may be only for satisfying the needs but it was more than enough. But the chart depict
that in contrast to 33 fathers working as farmers only 25 children took it as primary occupation.
Though as per the sample taken this is not a big mobilization in terms of primary occupation
FIG 9
As we can see not many fathers have had secondary occupation. This is not the same in case of
sons. The sons have had many secondary means of livelihood as source of additional income.
The sons even seem to be working in factories .These provide them with a regular source of
income.

6. CONCLUSION
There exist a number of factors on which IGM depends. Identifying all and then analyzing the
effects of each on IGM in terms of education and occupation is not feasible. But still what is
possible is to identify what really effects the IGM and then work accordingly to increase it.as per
Malcolm said, Success arises out the steady accumulation of advantages. When and where you
were born, what your parents did for living can make a significant differences in how well you
do in the world
In context of my village there was not very high IGM. This can be blamed on many reasons.
Low level of achievement after education could be one such reason. The fathers who might have
got to see how the little education they had could not be of any help to them so they do not waste
much time providing education to their offsprings. The biggest hurdle in path of IGM is the
mindset of the people. They are happy and satisfied with whatever they have. Once we can
identify the target the process of making people want to do better than their father will be an easy
task.

Sex Ratio

female; 49%

Male; 51%

Average family size

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
2

Figure 1 SEX RATIO

Figure 2 AVERAGE FAMILY SIZE

10

12

13

ILLITERATE; 38%

PRIMARY; 63%

Figure 3 FATHER'S EDUCATION

SENIOR SECONDARY;
2; 5%
ILLITERATE;
4; 10%
SECONDARY; 3; 8%

PRIMARY; 31; 78%

Figure 4 ELDER SON'S EDUCATION

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

10

FATHER'S YRS OF EDUCATION

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

SON(ELDER) YRS OF EDUCATION

SON(2ND) YRS OF EDUCATION

Figure 5 EDUCATION OF FIRST 20 HHS

14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

10

father

11

12

son elder

Figure 6 EDUCATION OF LAST 20 HHS

13

14

15

son(2nd)

16

17

18

19

20

21

14
12
10
8
son education

Predicted Y

2
0
0

father education

Figure7 TREND LINE FOR FATHER-SON EDUCATION

35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0

AGRICULTURE

BAMBOO ARTISAN
Father

FACTORY

DRIVER

Son

Figure 8 PRIMARY SOURCES OF LIVELIHOOD

25
20
15
10
5
0

AGRICULTURE

LABOR

DAIRY
FATHER

SON

10

BAMBOO

BLANK

Figure 9 SECONDARY MEANS OF LIVELIHOOD

BUSINESS PLAN (Co-operative Association of Bamboo and Warli Artisans of Dang)
Executive Summary
Business Plan for Tribal Artifacts
Bamboo is one of the easiest available raw materials for artifacts in the forest. The Bamboo
clumps are used for an extended diversified range of products ranging from domestic
households products to industrial applications. Bamboo is the poor mans green gold.
I did a socio-economic survey on bamboo weaver community in Dang district of southern
Gujarat. They are socially deprived and trapped in vicious circle of money lenders. Their
livelihood is totally dependent on agriculture but due to hilly terrain and scarcity of water
in summer they are forced to migrate to earn their livelihood which heavily affects their family
and the education of their children. By implementation of this project they will be able to find
the alternate livelihood option locally which will improve their social and economical
conditions.
The project aims at promoting Bamboo weavers and their tribal arts as an alternative livelihood
option for rural people. For this I aim on:
Organization and capacity building of bamboo weavers:
The bamboo weaver community in Dang district represents a highly unorganized sector and
only make artifacts to comply with the demand of bamboo traders. They supply their
products at a very cheap rate.
Skill improvement of bamboo artisans:
They inherit the talent, but due to absence of proper guidance and training, they are unable to
even think about the different aspect of craft making. In this process, they can be encouraged to
make the value addition in their famous Warli Painting Art.
Promotion of identified bamboo species and bamboo plantation for shoot production:
Decentralized production of Bamboo artifacts:
Marketing cooperative for proper supply chain management and promotional strategies:
One major problem that weaver community faces is the unawareness of the price of their
crafts and market linkages. The target group can be stratified on the basis of class, culture and
ethos. A marketing cooperative will be formed to justify the notion that the art belongs to the
tribes and the profit must be returned to them.
The Market Opportunity
Global exports of bamboo products reached USD 5-billion in 2011.The estimated projections are
that it will reach approximately USD 20-billion in 2017 (INBAR, 2011). The major importers
11

are European Union (29%), USA (18%) and Japan (10%). So there is a very big unexplored
market for bamboo and its associated products. In India approx. 85 units manufacture/processes
a clutch of bamboo products, generating Rs 500 Cr in annual revenue and providing
employment for 1-1.5 lacs people. Still it is unexplored and untapped market. It is completely
unorganized sector in India. It has huge potential. But for that someone has to organize factor of
production and also should provide proper market linkage. It is also called future timber so rate
of growth and future prospects of this plant is very high. But utilization of bamboo is useless
without value addition.
Product and services:
My organization is ready to serve to the ardent desire of the diversified consumers. I a m
giving platform to all the beautiful and unparalleled creativity that the weaver and artisans of
India have been serving for centuries. I will provide a variety range of decor, home utility and
warli paintings embodied on craft for different segments. I will also provide customize items for
premium and medium segments. In which we will ask customers taste and requirements and
provide the best of quality products. I will ensure that the crafts available are of the best quality
in terms of finishing, execution, design and appearances. I will also ensure a safe and early
delivery of products to customers doorstep.
Market:
Indian craft market is approximately as big as $ 100mn. The market is expanding
rapidly. Initially I am targeting Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan due to geographical
advantage. In this I am targeting big cities for my distribution channel and after sale services for
customers. So basically I am opening 12 distribution network across these states for better
supply chain management. In this I focus on big hotels and restaurants for my products. So for
first year I am targeting at least 10 such business houses. Along with this I am focused on
online marketing of my product. By this way I am targeting all classes and geographical area
within and outside Indian continent.
I divide my core target group in three segments:
1.Teen age Generation: They are the most generous customers and ready to buy
attractive and unique products. They prefer products which are different and look simple yet
beautiful. So in this segment we rigorously promote customized items too.
2. Middle age group: In this segment we basically will focus on quality and finishing. As
they prefer to invest for those products which are value for money. So we will provide
nicely finished goods with the least possible price.
3. Corporate / business groups: We will also market our products for various businesses and
hotels. In this we offer a wide variety of decor items in traditional as well as modern style.
Core Members profile:
1. Himanshu Agarwal (Institute of Rural Management Anand)
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Work Ex: Software engineer in TCS (2.5 years)

2. Diptesh Vikram (Institute of Rural Management Anand)
Work Ex: Senior Project Engineer in Adani Power Limited (37 months)
3. Raj Agrawal (Institute of Rural Management Anand)
4. Vanya Rai (Institute of Rural Management Anand)

Competitive advantage
1. Customized designs
2. No firm offering warli designs on bamboo artifacts.
3. No broker organization: sales through own cooperative.
4. 100% authentic tribal art.
5. Selling through e-commerce and own outlets.

Barriers to entry
1. Fragmented industry.
2. Industry is not investment intensive.
3. Imports getting easier.

I came to know through my field work research that there is no other organization or cooperative in the western part of India (typically in Gujarat, Maharashtra and Rajasthan) for the
upliftment of the tribal art. Therefore, CABWAD initial stage work will include to make the
marketing clusters in Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra for creating the awareness for tribal
art. The primary objectives of the CABWAD over the next year are-Obtain commercial financing of Rs 40, 00,000 to cover startup costs and the other
initial operating expenses;
-Create awareness of tribal arts by networking with hotels and restaurant of tourist
spots, conducting seminars and workshops at marketing clusters.
- Generate a net profit of 10 lakhs in the first year of operations by a strong networking
13

with corporate houses and keeping overhead costs to a minimum.

FINANCIAL STATEMENT
Projected Income Statement CABWAD
Year 1

Year 2

Year 3

1,20,00,000
1,20,00,000

1,50,00,000
1,50,00,000

1,70,00,000
1,70,00,000

Cost of goods sold*

Gross profit
Expenses
Sales staff
Crew cost
Rent
Utilities
Advertising & promotion
Office supplies
Miscellaneous
Total expenses

40,00,000
80,00,000

55,00,000
95,00,000

65,00,000
1,05,00,000

10,08,000
18,00,000
11,52,000
1,44,000
15,00,000
9000
150000
5763000

1108800
18,00,000
11,52,000
1,44,000
20,00,000
9000
200000
6413800

12,196,80
19,80,000
12,67,200
1,44,000
25,00,000
9000
200000
7319880

Operating profit

22,37,000

3086200

3180120

Distributed profit to artisans*

Depreciation
Net profit

10,00,000
10,000
12,36,000

10,00,000
10,000
20,76,200

10,00,000
10,000
21,70,120

Revenue (In Rupees)

Commercial sales
Total revenue

Break Even analysis:

Liabilities (In Rupees)
Interest@10%p.a. for 3 years
Net Accumulated profit over 3 years

40,00,000
13,24,000
5482320

Breakeven will occur at the end of 3 years

Funding requirements:
To bear the expenses of machinery, tools, marketing, rent and wages, a sum of Rs 400000 is
required which will be supported by commercial banks with the help of Small Industries
Development Organization (SIDO), an RBI wing.

14

REFERENCES
1) Intergenerational mobility of labour outcomes by Nicholas herault (Melbourne Institute)
2) Making it in India by Anirudh Krishna
3) http://freakonomics.com/2012/01/19/is-higher-income-inequality-associated-with-lowerintergenerational-mobility/
4) http://www.springer.com/economics/labor/book/978-81-322-1129-7

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