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Tutorial
Using
Builder
&
IMEX
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................... 2
CREATING A BLACK OIL MODEL USING BUILDER ......................................................................... 4
Starting CMG Launcher
Opening BUILDER
Creating the Simulation Grid (structural data)
Assigning Porosity & Permeability to the Model
Creating PVT Data
Creating Relative Permeability Data
Creating Initial Conditions
4
4
4
8
9
11
13
18
19
20
26
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42
43
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: New IMEX dataset with contour maps open .................................................................................................. 4
Figure 2: Contour Map with Orthogonal Corner Point Grid ........................................................................................... 5
Figure 3: General Property Specification Spreadsheet ................................................................................................. 5
Figure 4: Specifying a Geological Map for a Property ................................................................................................... 6
Figure 5: 3D View of Reservoir after Property Specification ......................................................................................... 7
Figure 6: Removing the Contour Map from the Display ................................................................................................ 7
Figure 7: Property Specification Spreadsheet with Grid Top, Thickness & Porosity Specified..................................... 8
Figure 8: Components Tab in the Tree View ................................................................................................................ 9
Figure 9: Creating a Quick Model .................................................................................................................................. 9
Figure 10: Parameters for Quick Blackoil Model ......................................................................................................... 10
Figure 11: IMEX PVT Table with Values Generated using the Quick Black Oil Model ..............................................11
Figure 12: Plots for RockType 1 .................................................................................................................................. 12
Figure 13: Initial Conditions interface .......................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 14: Trajectory Properties Window Step 1 of 3.................................................................................................. 14
Figure 15: Trajectory Properties Window Step 2 of 3.................................................................................................. 15
Figure 16: Trajectory Perforations Window ................................................................................................................. 16
Figure 17: Trajectory Perforations Window after Read in Perforation File .................................................................. 16
Figure 18: Step #2 of the Production Data Wizard ...................................................................................................... 17
Figure 19: Assigning identifiers to each column .......................................................................................................... 18
Figure 20: Average Production/Injection Data Plot ..................................................................................................... 19
Figure 21: Well Events Window................................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 22: Window for Copying/Deleting Well Events ................................................................................................. 21
Figure 23: Well Completion Data(PERF) interface ...................................................................................................... 22
Figure 24: Adding perforations to well ......................................................................................................................... 23
Figure 25: Changing frequency of writing and items in the result file .......................................................................... 23
Figure 26: Simulation Log File (when runs immediately) ........................................................................................... 24
Figure 27: Plot of Simulation Data versus Historical Data .......................................................................................... 25
Figure 28: Selecting a well to add property versus depth plot .................................................................................... 26
Figure 29: Importing well logs ...................................................................................................................................... 27
Figure 30: Selecting parameter for PLT(rates) plots ................................................................................................... 27
Figure 31: Rate versus distance plot ........................................................................................................................... 28
Figure 32: Well Events Window with Updated BHP Constraint .................................................................................. 29
Figure 33: Well Events Window with ALTER 0 Constraint .......................................................................................... 30
Figure 34: Plot of Simulation Data versus Historical Data with Future Prediction ......................................................31
Figure 35: Setting up trigger ........................................................................................................................................ 32
Figure 36: Creating the parent group .......................................................................................................................... 33
Figure 37: Creating the group for injectors .................................................................................................................. 33
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REQUIRED FILES
PERFS_Meter.perf
Porosflt.bna
production-history.prd
Thickflt.bna
TO10FLT.bna
TRAJ_Meter.wdb
Tutorial.wlg
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Opening BUILDER
1. Open Builder by double clicking on the appropriate icon in the Launcher.
2. Choose:
3. Click OK twice.
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5. Maximize the screens for a better view by clicking on the window maximize button.
6. Click on the arrow next to the Reservoir (on the left menu bar) and select Create Grid.
7. Select "Orthogonal Corner Point" and specify a 25 (I-direction) x 35 (J-direction) x 4 (K-direction) grid.
8. Enter 25*110 in the I direction box (meaning all 25 columns in the I-direction will be 110 meters in length).
9. Enter 35*125 in the J-direction box (meaning all 35 rows in the J-direction will be 125 meters in length).
10. Click OK.
11. Hold down Shift key and hold down left mouse button to move (pan) grid.
12. Hold down Ctrl key and hold down left mouse button to rotate grid.
15. Click on the Specify Property button (top middle of screen) to open the General Property Specification
spreadsheet as shown below.
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16. Select the box for layer 1 under the property column labeled Grid Top. Right click in this box and select
the Geological Map option as the data source.
17. Click the Values in file1 button, then Browse and select the top-of-structure map file called TO10FLT.bna
("Map Type Atlas Boundary format (.bna)" should already be selected from previous actions).
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(from the toolbar) to rotate the display by holding down the left
mouse button and using the cursor to move the model. Hold down the "Ctrl key" with the "left mouse button"
and move the mouse toward the bottom of the screen to zoom in or move the mouse to the top of the screen to
zoom out. If a mouse has a scroll wheel, this can also be used to zoom in and out by scrolling the wheel forward
(zoom out) or backward (zoom in)
24. To remove the contour map from the display, click the "right mouse button" while the cursor is anywhere
in the display area. Select "Properties" from the displayed menu (bottom of list), "Maps" from the tree
view; and (finally) uncheck the "Contours Lines" and "Faults" boxes. Press "OK".
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Figure 7: Property Specification Spreadsheet with Grid Top, Thickness & Porosity Specified
27. Select "Permeability I" from the list on the panel and enter the following:
Layer 1
50
Layer 2
250
Layer 3
500
Layer 4
100
28. Select "Permeability J" and right click in the Whole Grid box. Select "EQUALSI" then OK.
29. Do the same with "Permeability K" and select "EQUALSI". In the first box select * and then enter a value
of "0.1" in the second field (this applies a Kv/Kh ratio of 0.1). Press the OK button.
30. Press the OK button on the Block/Corner Value Calculation window. This window can also be accessed
by clicking on the Calculate Property button at the top.
31. Double click on "Rock Compressibility" in the tree view menu and input "2E-5" in the rock
compressibility(CPOR) box, "20,000 kPa" in the reference pressure box (PRPOR) and click OK. Units
will be applied automatically; you should now have the green check mark for Reservoir section.
32. This would be a good point to save the data set you are working on. Click File then Save As. Save file as
"Tutorial.dat".
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3. Enter "70" (deg C implied) in the "Reservoir Temperature" box. Generate data up to maximum pressure of
"35,000 kPa". For "Bubble Point Pressure Calculation", select the "Value Provided" option and enter a
value of "6,500 kPa". For the "Oil Density at STC", select "Stock tank oil gravity (API)" as the type of gravity
value to use and enter a value of "35" in data entry window. Change the "Gas Density box at STC" to display
"Gas Gravity(Air=1)" and type ".65" in the data entry window.
4. In the "Reference Pressure for Water properties" box, enter a value of "20,000 kPa" and leave the rest
of the options at their default values and Click OK.
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Figure 11: IMEX PVT Table with Values Generated using the Quick Black Oil Model
6. Close the PVT Table window.
7. The Component section should have a green check mark now.
button and
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Enter the following parameters for the analytical relative permeability curves generation.
SWCON
0.2
SWCRIT
0.2
SOIRW
0.4
SORW
0.4
SOIRG
0.2
SORG
0.2
SGCON
0.05
SGCRIT
0.05
KROCW
0.8
KRWIRO
0.3
KRGCL
0.3
KROGCG
0.8
All Exponents
2.0
4. Press Apply and then OK. Press OK again to get out of the Rock Types window. A graph containing the
relative permeability curves will appear.
5. The Rock Fluid section should have a green check mark. Save the file at this time.
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7. You should now be back in the main Builder window with all tabs showing a green checkmark in the tree
view, except for the "Wells & Recurrent" tab.
8. At this point it is advisable to save the data again by selecting File from the top menu and Save.
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10. Press the Tools button at the bottom of the screen, and select Copy events using filter. This will open a
new window. In the Wells tab, check on Well 9 and then go to the Dates tab. Check the date 1991-01-01
and press the Search & Add button. The window should look like this:
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11. Click OK and the same constraint information created for Well 7 will now be copied to Well 9. If a message
pops up requesting to change the well type for Well 9, say Yes. Press OK to close the Well Events
window.
12. Make sure that the View Type is set to "IK-2D X-Sec" (located in the upper left hand corner of the main
Builder window).
13. Even though we defined Well 7 as an injector, provided constraint information and defined the trajectory
path, perforations need to be defined along the trajectory path.(Note: There is no perforation information for
Well 7 in PERFS_Meter.perf file.)
14. On main Builder menu, select Wells > Well Completions (PERF) In the drop down menu select Well 7.
Click on
button and select "Completion Add New" as shown. Click OK to create a new date at
1991-01-01.
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Figure 25: Changing frequency of writing and items in the result file
17. Please save the file one more time!!!
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button and select the first simulation date which is 1991-01-01. Press OK.
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7. To plot raw simulation data, check the Turn off accumulation of values with depth check box. Click OK.
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8. You can see the following plots are created for the Oil and water rates, also another one for the Gas rate.
Save the session file.
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11. Click on the Wells & Recurrent section in the tree view again. Expand the Well items in the tree view and
double click on Well 1.
12. Change the date to 1991-09-01, check the Auto-apply check box, and click on the Constraints tab.
13. Check the Constraint definition box, then change OPERATE, BHP, MIN to 15,000 kPa
14. The panel that is displayed should look similar to:
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Figure 34: Plot of Simulation Data versus Historical Data with Future Prediction
32. Repeat the same procedure as above except this time plot the Water Cut SC variable. Save the session
and exit.
Using the Trigger Option to control the Injection based on Sector Pressure
We have a limitation on our compressor which cant lift the oil if the average reservoir pressure falls below 24000 kPa.
Therefore we are going to start the injector wells to support the pressure when pressure falls below 24000 kPa. We are
going to use the Trigger feature to start the Injector wells (Well 7 and Well 9) when the average reservoir pressure drops
below 24000 kPa.
1. Open "Tutorial_pred.dat" model using the Builder 2011.10
2. Click File in the main Builder menu and select Save As. Name this file "Tutorial_trigger.dat".
3. Click on the Wells & Recurrent section in the tree view and double-click on the Triggers.
4. Change the date to 1991-01-01 and write the Trigger Name: Pressure_Control
5. Select Sector under Apply On dropdown menu.
6. Select PAVE: Pore volume Weighted Pressure under When dropdown menu and define the trigger value
less than < 24,000 kPa.
7. Type the following inside Actions box:
OPEN 'Well 7'
OPEN 'Well 9'
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4. In the Well & Recurrent tree view, expand the Groups, and double click on the Ginj, to open the Group
Events dialog window. Then click on the Attach Wells..., to open the Well-Group Attachment dialog,
Select Well 7 and Well 9 and click OK.
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6. The Hydraulically Fractured Well wizard should appear. Click on the Non-Darcy Option tab at the top of
the wizard. Select General Correlation as the Non-Darcy Flow Option. Enter the following values for each
phase:
Alpha:
1.485e9
N1:
1.021
N2:
Forch_max:
10,000
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Orientation: I -axis
Permeability: 60000 mD
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13. You can zoom in to see the refinement for the fracture and how the Permeability and Forchheimer
Equation Beta Correction properties have been modified for the grid blocks corresponding to the fracture.
14. Notice in "Figure 46" that hydraulically fracturing the reservoir resulted in only a slight increase in oil
production. Why do you think this is the case?
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Figure 45: Permeabilty and Forchheimer Beta correction in hydraulically fractured well
Since the original reservoir had quite high permeability, hydraulically fracturing a well will not lead to a
substantial increase in production.
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Adding an Aquifer
The next thing we want to do is add an aquifer, and compare the simulation runs with and without an aquifer to see
the difference it makes.
1. Drag and drop "Tutorial_hm.dat" onto the Builder icon.
2. Once in Builder go to the Reservoir and select Create/Edit Aquifers.
(Alternatively, you can just click on the Create/Edit Aquifers button
3. Select the first listed type Bottom aquifer, and Click OK.
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4. Select Modelling Method Carter-Tracey (infinite). Leave all other items as the default.
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Further Analysis
When you view the ternary plot for "Tutorial_pred.irf" in Results 3D it seems that there is quite a bit of oil left in the
southern anticline at the end of this simulation, especially in layer K = 2. As part of our reservoir plan we would like
to put in a horizontal well on 1/1/1992 to access this remaining oil.
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9. Right click on this well and select Validate to display any error or warning messages. The message should
indicate that there are no valid perforations. Click Ok to close the window.
10. Click the + sign next to W11 and double click on 1991-12-01 PERF.In the Well Completion Data (PERF)
panel that appears, select the Perforations tab.
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W11
3,000
3,000
3,100
3,100
Left double click on well W11 to see that there is one date associated with it 1991-12-01. If there is also the
simulation start date 1991-01-01 then select this date in the tree view, right mouse click and select "Delete".
This will remove this unwanted date.
16. Calculating the Horizontal Well Skin Factor, click on the Wells & Recurrent, then expand the wells in
the tree view, also expand Well-11 and double click on the 1991-12-01 PERF, to open Well Completion
Data(PERF) window, and finally Click on the Calculate option in the skin row. Calculate Horizontal Well
Skin Factor window will open (see fig. 32) accept all default values and click OK, in the Select Model
Wells make sure Well-11 is selected and click OK as you can see the skin value in the Well Completion
Data for the Well-11 is changed from zero to approximately seven.
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17. Well 11 is now fully defined. We save the dataset as "Tutorial_PredHz.dat", and exit.
Now run in IMEX the dataset and compare it with tutorial_pred.dat. Look at the oil saturation at the end of
the simulation in Results 3D and the Field oil production rate in Results Graph. Note the increased
production when the horizontal well opens. Also, oil left in the southern anticline decreased when viewed in
Results 3D.
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Extra Exercises
Who gets more oil????
Now we are going to apply what we have learned in this class. You should implement everything you have learned
in order to get a history match and perform predictions to produce as much oil as you can at an economic rate.
STEPS:
1. Get a History match until 1991-09-01, in order to do that you might consider using:
a. Aquifer
b. Volume Modifiers
c.
Property modifications
2. After you get a "decent" history match you should create a restart file, so you can start doing predictions
3. Run your predictions up to 2005-09-01, and save the file as Predict_your_name.dat, so we can compare
the results.
4. In order to run your predictions, consider:
a. Drilling new wells
b. Inject water
c.
inject gas
GOOD LUCK !!
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