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Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
11/10/2014
MENDELIAN GENETICS
colour
pod shape and colour
flower colour
flower and pot position
stem length
o Didnt look at characters that had 3 or more. Only looked
at 2 ~ phenotype
o Worked with pure breeding, true breeding, when the cell
reproduces it produces IDENTICAL offspring
o Looked at short and tall breeding.
o Looked at seed shape, round vs wrinkle. = P generation or
(parent gen) then the next was F1 gen (first felian
generation) then F2
Translation:
Translating that message, from DNA to mRNA (amino acids)
Language called genetic code language of the 4 bases and then
the language of amino acids.
From bacteria, to universal
There are 20 amino acids (but only 4 in DNA()
How it is read, in triplet code called a codon, non overlapping,
and contain no gaps. In the coding region.
Eg: amino acids, back to mRNA, ggcc etc and the uca is read as
serine.
During translation, the mRNA base in triplets
Must be correct reading frame. (correct groupings)
Correct amino acids are produced for that gene.
There are also codes for start and Stop
Wobble:
The genetic code is redundant, but not ambiguous redundancy
is to do with the same amino acid, being coded by the same aa.
Not ambiguous, every single codon only codes for one amino
acid.
Genetic Code:
o Nearly universal, shared by the simplest bacteria to the
most complex animals
o Transcribed and translated after being transplanted from
one species to another
mRNA: directs amino acids sequence
tRNA: carries correct amino acid
rRNA + proteins = RIBOSOMES which have large and small
subunits, E, P and A sites
E: tRNAs no longer bound to an amino acid exit the ribosome
o Initiation (1)
mRNA binds to a small ribosomal subunit, charged
tRNA (carrying methionine) attaches to the start
codon at the P site on the small subunit
Large site happens.
o Peptide bond (2)
Following on from last, Initiation complex, tRNA
carrying in P site, E site is empty
A new tRNA comes along and bonds to acceptor site
Complimentary to start site.
#2 a peptide bond forms between thyamine and
amino
#3 translocation (mRNA) moves along by one codon
o Termination (3)
o When everything stops, comes along and breaks
everything apart.
Translation, energy requirements:
4 P (phosphate) bonds are needed for the formation of one peptide
bond:
2 P bonds during formation of aminoacyl tRNA
Types of mutation:
DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Explain how advances in recombinant DNA technology have helped
scientists study genomes.
2. Describe the natural function of restriction enzymes and explain
how
Artificial selection
Same species, can have fertile production
Dog breeding
Gene pool would be genetically isolated
Morula: - raspberry (latin)
Cells wad 32
Blastula: bilateral symmetry, built around a tube.
Gastulation
Begins when an indentation forms on blastula
Blastopore: indentation (creating hollow bead of cell)
Protostone:
Deuterostome: A butthole attached to a bunch of cells
At the moment (ectoderm (outer skin) (endoderm (inner)
digestive tract) Mesoderm (repro, etc))
Third layer of tissue,
Sea sponge doesnt have a mouth and anus Radial symmetry
85% genetically similar to mice
Developmental regulatory genes:
Hox genes: They are the planner