Analisis Granulometri Sedimen

Acara 4
Tim Asisten
SURVEI DAN PEMETAAN GEOMORFOLOGI

References

References (internet)
International Journal of Sediment Research
Journal of Sedimentary Geology
Libgen.info
http://en.bookfi.org/
Indonesian Journal of Geography
http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net (Natural Hazard)
Journal Earth Surface Processes and Landforms
Journal Landform Analysis
Geomorphology Journal (Elsevier)
Journal of Coastal Research

Why sediment analysis important?

Geomorphological processes
Source (provenant),
Entrainment, transportation

Facies and Depositional

environment

Facies and depositional environments

Grain-size data are used in a variety of other ways (summarized by
Syvitski, 1991 in Boggs, 2006):

1. To interpret coastal stratigraphy and sea-level

fluctuations
2. To trace glacial sediment transport and the cycling of
glacial sediments from land to sea
3. By marine geochemists to understand the fluxes,
cycles, budgets, sources, and sinks of chemical
elements in nature
4. To understand the mass physical (geotechnical)
properties of seafloor sediment, i.e., the degree to
which these sediments are likely to undergo
slumping, sliding, or other deformation

Facies and depositional environments

Facies analysis is the interpretation of strata in terms of
depositional environments (or depositional systems),
commonly based on a wide variety of observations
Facies associations constitute several facies that occur
in combination, and typically represent one depositional
environment (note that very few individual facies are
diagnostic for one specific setting!)
Facies successions (or facies sequences) are facies
associations with a characteristic vertical order
Walthers Law (1894) states that two different facies
found superimposed on one another and not separated by
an unconformity, must have been deposited adjacent to
each other at a given point in time

Taken from McLemore

Facies and depositional environments

Different depositional environments exhibit

different grain size distributions
Glacial sediments

poorly sorted

River sediments

moderately sorted

Beach sediments

well sorted

Folk (1980)

Depositional Environment

Depositional Environment

Depositional Environment
Clastic vs. Carbonate Depositional Systems

Short and Long

Depositional Systems

Taken from Christensen

Depositional Environment

Taken from McLemore

Sediment types
Terrigenous Clastics (TC)
Detrital Particles
Derived from pre-existing rocks
Derived external to the depositional
basin
Transported by surface processes to
the site of deposition
Particulate Residues: quartz,
feldspar, rock fragments, etc
(unaltered rock forming
mineral/rock grains)
Secondary Minerals: minerals
new-formed in the surface
weathering environment: clay
minerals, oxides,
amorphous
silica, etc
Taken from Christensen

Sediment types
Allochemical Particles formed
in situ at the site of deposition;
of chemical/ biochemical origin
Carbonates: ooids, fossil
fragments, pellets, lithoclasts
Glauconite, phosphate :in situ
authigenic/particulate minerals
Biogenic sediments: pelagic tests,
siliceous and calcareous

Taken from Christensen

Sediment types
Orthochemical Components
Chemical Precipitates
Secondary cement
Primary chemical sediments: halite, etc

Organic Particulate Material (detrital

organic matter )
terrestrial and particulate
marine pelagic
95% found in mudrocks and indicative of
low Eh and low current strength

Laminated Castile Formation basinal

evaporites. Dark laminae are calcite
plus organic matter; light laminae
are gypsum (Peter Scholle)

Coal

Taken from Christensen

Sediment types
Pyroclasts
particles fragmented and transported by volcanic
processes
Tephra: tuff deposits
Volcanic mudflows: lahar and volcanic breccia deposits

Tephra

Volcanic
Ash
Taken from Christensen

Sediment analysis

In this part, we only study

clastic sediment
Clastic sediment consists of grains and particles that were
eroded from weathered rocks and then were transported
and deposited in loose, unconsolidated layers at
the Earths surface.(Thompson and Turk,1997)

Grain size
Ukuran Butir merupakan sifat dasar material sedimen yang mempengaruhi
proses transport dan deposisi. Analisis ukuran butir memberikan petunjuk
penting mengenai asal muasal sedimen, sejarah sedimen-transport dan
kondisi pengendapan (Folk and Ward, 1957; Friedman, 1979; Bui et al, 1990)

Grain> 2mm

0,064mm - 2mm

0,004mm 0, 064mm slate <0.004 mm

Sediment analysis
Gravel-Size (Pebbles & Cobbles)
(> 2 mm)

Sediment analysis

Sand
(1/16 - 2 mm)

Sediment analysis

Mud
(< 63mm = < 1/16 mm)

Taken from Christensen

Methods of measuring grain size data

Boggs, 2006

Describing Clastic sediment

Description
Size
Texture
Fabric (kemas)

Analysis
Maturity
Textural
Compositional

Different parents,
different environments,
different paths,
different depositional
processes
sediment characteristics

Taken from Christensen

Describing Clastic sediment

Defining equations for a

sediment with respect
to mineralogy and
geometrical properties.
(After Griffiths 1967,
Pettijohn et al. 1972).

Clastic sediment : : Texture

ADALAH SUATU KENAMPAKAN YANG BERHUBUNGAN
DENGAN UKURAN DAN BENTUK BUTIR SERTA
SUSUNANNYA (PETTIJH0N, 1975).
Ukuran butir
(grain zsize)

Tekstur

Kebundaran
(Roundness)

Bentuk (shape)
Pemilahan
(sorting)

Kepipihan
(Sphericity)

Clastic sediment :Texture

Texture- refers to the size, shape, arrangement of the
grains the make up the rock.
Grain size- grain diameter
(boulders, pebbles,
cobbles, sand, silt, or clay).

Shape- is described in
terms of sphericity
Roundness or (angularity)
refers to the sharpness or
smoothness of their
corners.

Taken from Santos

Clastic sediment Classification:Texture

Descriptive Textural Classification
Grain Size
Udden-Wentworth grain size scale.
Udden (1898) modified by
Wentworth (1922)
Because of this wide range of particle
sizes, logarithmic or geometric scales
are more useful for expressing size
than are linear scales.
Phi ( )=-log2 (grain diameter in mm)
naturally occurring groups;
Gravel ~ rock fragments,
Sand ~ individual mineral grains
(particulate residues)
Clay ~ chemical weathering
products (clay minerals, etc.)
Mud ~ particulate residues +/chemical weathering products
Taken from Christensen

Clastic sediment Classification:Texture

Subdivided scale by factor of 2

.0039 mm clay
.0078 mm very fine silt
128 mm = cobbles
256 mm = boulders

Logarithmic (base 2) progression!

= -log2(grain diameter in mm)

As grain size increases, phi size decreases

Taken from Christensen

Clastic sediment : Roundness

Clastic sediment : Sorting

PEMILAHAN/SORTING adalah keseragaman
dari ukuran besar butir menyusun suatu
batuan sedimen, artinya bila bila semakin
seragam ukurannya dan besar butirnya maka
pemilahan semakin baik.
A function of grain origin and transport history
Clast Rounding: surface irregularity
Due to prolonged agitation during transport and
reworking

Clastic sediment : Sorting

Taken from Christensen

Clastic sediment : Sorting

Taken from Christensen

what do shape, size, sorting tell us?

They reflect:
Derivation (what were the original
rocks, parent rocks)
Process and Climate (during
formation, Transport history,
weathering)
Post-depositional factors
(diagenesis/lithification)

How we get the data?

Field measurement
(> 16 mm)
Gravel
direct measurement in
the field
measure all within a
quadrant
meter is used for
pebbles, cobbles

Laboratory analysis
(<16 mm)

Sand
pass through a stack of
sieves with mesh keyed to
weigh contents of each
sieve, get distribution by
wt.
~1.5 kg samples

How we get the data?: Field measurement

Field measurement (>16 mm)

Pengukuran
panjang,
lebar dan tinggi butir
sedimen.
Pengukuran bentuk butir
dilakukan
dengan
membandingkan bentuk
material sedimen sungai
dengan
komparator
kelengkungan batuan.

How we get the data?: Laboratory analysis

Sieve analysis; Dry sample

Carefully pour the

dry sediment sample
into the top sieve
and place the cap
over it

Place the sieve stack in

the mechanical shaker
and shake for 10
minutes.

record the weight of each

sieve with its retained
sediment.

Sediment analysis

Requires
description
(qualitative,
quantitative)

Sediment
analysis

Analysis
(graphical,
statistical)
interpretation

Describing Clastics Grain size graphic analysis

Plots
Histogram of weight percentage of size fractions
Frequency curve
Cumulative frequency curve
When plotted, grain size increases from right to left, fines to right, coarse to left

Graphically represent grain size distribution

mean grain size
standard deviation from a normal distribution (sortingsortasi)
symmetry (skewness-kemencengan)
flatness of curve (kurtosis-keruncingan)

Taken from Christensen

Statistical/Graphic Presentation of Texture: Grain Size/Sorting

Quantitative assessment of the % of different grain

sizes in a clastics

Mean: average particle size

Mode: most abundant class size
Median: 50th percentile
Taken from Christensen

Statistical/Graphic Presentation of Texture: Grain Size/Sorting

Statistical/Graphic Presentation of Texture: Grain Size/Sorting

Conventional phi scale showing grain size increasing to the left and
decreasing to the right

Grading Curves

Why measure grain size?

1. Grain size is important to determining the strength of currents that

transported the sediment. Therefore, we need a precise
measurement of size to quantitatively interpret paleohydraulic
conditions.
2. Sorting reflects the ability of the transport mechanism to segregate
grains by size.
3. Skewness reflects the ability of the transport mechanism to
selectively remove coarse or fine grain sizes.
4. It appears that grain size distributions have very specific
interpretations in terms of how the sediment moved while it was
in transport.
5. We need basic descriptors of sediment size to allow us to
communicate with others.
6. Grain size and various properties of its distribution are important
in determining a sediment's porosity and permeability.

Statistical/Graphic Presentation of Texture; Granulometry

Taken from Christensen

Graphic Methods (Folk & Ward, 1957)

Statistical/Graphic Presentation of Texture; Granulometry

Statistical/Graphic Presentation of Texture; Granulometry

Schematic illustration of the various types of skewness. Note that dashed

lines indicate the symmetrical distribution for comparison with fine and
coarse skewed frequency curves. M is mean, Md is median and Mo is
mode.After Friedman and Sanders (1978)

Statistical/Graphic Presentation of Texture; Granulometry

Skewness and Kurtosis

Statistical/Graphic Presentation of Texture; Granulometry

2. Gradistat 4.0
Dibuat oleh Dave Thornley dan John Jack dari Postgraduate
Research Institute for Sedimentology di University of Reading,
UK.
Program ini dikembangkan dengan Ms. Excel dengan output
tabel dan grafik untuk memudahkan dalam uji statistik dan
analisis ukuran butir.
Uji Statistik Gradistat meliputi nilai mean, modus, median,
standar deviasi, skewness, kurtosis dan range
Hasil perhitungan Statistik menggunakan Gradistat meliputi
distribusi ukuran butir, tekstur, sortasi butir.

Describing Clastics Grain size graphic analysis

Weight of
Beaker
with sand
(grams)

Screen
Opening
(phi)

-1
0
1
2
3
4
5

Weight of
Weight of Cumulative
beaker
Weight
Sand
Weight
empty
Percent
(grams)
(grams)
(grams)

Cumulative
Weight
Percent

5.27

2.32

2.95

2.95

8.83

8.83

7.27

2.32

4.95

7.9

14.81

23.64

15.66

2.3

13.36

21.26

39.98

63.61

11.86

2.31

9.55

30.81

28.58

92.19

4.44

2.31

2.13

32.94

6.37

98.56

2.78

2.32

0.46

33.4

1.38

99.94

2.31

2.29

0.02

33.42

0.06

100

Example: Sediment data

Describing Clastics Grain size graphic analysis

Histogram

Cumulative frequency curve

on an arithmetic scale

16
100
14
90
12
80
10

70

60

50

40

30
20

0
-1

10
0
-1

Hjulstrm diagram

The Hjulstrm diagram showing the water velocity at which entrainment and deposition
occur for particles of a given size in well-sorted sediments. Source: Adapted from
Hjulstrm (1935)

Relative bed stability (RBS)

Keterangan :
Vc = Kecepatan kritis
Vb = Kecepatan dasar aliran sungai

Nilai kecepatan kritis (Vc) dapat

diperoleh menggunakan rumus berikut:
dengan d merupakan rata-rata ukuran
partikel (mm). Sedangkan nilai kecepatan
dasar aliran sungai (Vb) dapat dihitung
menggunakan rumus :

dengan V merupakan kecepatan rata-rata

aliran sungai (m/s).

Nilai yang diperoleh dari perhitungan

kemudian dianalisis menggunakan kurva
hjulstrom sebagai dasar penentuan
proses dominan yang terjadi pada
segmen sungai yang dikaji.

Flow/Grain Interaction: Particle Entrainment and Transport

Forces acting on particles during fluid flow

Inertial forces, FI, resisting grain
movement

FI = gravity + friction + electrostatics

Mobility Forces, Fm, inducing grain
movement

Fm= fluid drag force + Bernoulli force

buoyancy

www.geology.wmich.edu

Critical Threshold for Particle Entrainment

Fm

> Fi

Hjulstrom Diagram
Empirical relationship between grain size (quartz grains) and current velocity
(standard temperature, clear water)
Defines critical flow velocity threshold for entrainment

As grain size increases

entrainment velocity
increases (sand size and >
particles)
For clay size particles
electrostatics requires
increased flow velocity for
entrainment
(gray area is experimental
variation)

www.geology.wmich.edu

Relationships for a specific flow depth, ~ 1meter*

53
*F=Ma

Transport Modes and Particle Entrainment

Suspension Saltation - Traction
With a grain at rest, as flow velocity increases

Fm

> Fi ; initiates particle motion

Grain Suspension (for small particle sizes, fine silt; <0.01mm)

When Fm > Fi
U (flow velocity) >>> VS (settling velocity)

Constant grain Suspension at relatively low U (flow velocity)

Wash load Transport Mode

www.geology.wmich.edu

Transport Modes and Particle Entrainment

With a grain at rest, as flow velocity increases

Fm

> Fi ; initiates particle motion

Grain Saltation : for larger grains (sand size and larger)

When Fm > Fi

U > VS but through time/space U < VS

Intermittent Suspension
Bedload Transport Mode

www.geology.wmich.edu

Transport Modes and Particle Entrainment

With a grain at rest, as flow velocity increases

Fm

< Fi , but fluid drag causes grain rolling

Grain Traction : for large grains (typically pebble size and larger)
Normal surface (water) currents have too low a U for grain entrainment
Bedload Transport Mode

www.geology.wmich.edu

Step by step Graphical Method (Manual)

Cumulative frequency curve
on an arithmetic scale
100
90
80
70
60
50

Perhitungan statistik sediment

secara manual dilakukan
dengan membuat kurva
frekuensi kumulatif. Satuan
ukuran butir yang digunakan
adalah phi ()

40
30
20
10
0
-1

Step by step Graphical Method (Manual)

Cumulative frequency curve
on an arithmetic scale
100
90
80
70
60

Plot nilai phi pada nilai

kumulatif tertentu sesuai
rumus untuk perhitungan.
Misal akan menhitung Mean,
maka nilai phi yang dicari pada
16, 50, dan 84. Plot pada
grafik dan tarik ke axis, baca
nilai phi pada nilai kumulatif
tersebut. Gunakan KERTAS
MILIMETER BLOK untuk
menggambar kurva frekuensi
kumulatif.

50
40
30
20
10
0
-1

16 = -0,5
50 = 0,3
84 = 1,7

Cara ini juga digunakan untuk

menghitung parameter statistik
yang lain.

Step by step using GRADISTAT (Digital)

3
Klik Calculate
statistics untuk
memperoleh nilai
statistik dari
Sampel

Masukkan berat (dalam bentuk

persentase) dari tiap ukuran
butir kedalam tabel

1
Rubah nilai dari ukuran butir pada Gradistat
sesuai dengan ukuran butir yang kita miliki

Step by step using GRADISTAT (Digital)

Ringkasan nilai statistik dapat dilihat pada tab Sample Statistics

Metode perhitungan yang digunakan adalah Folk and Ward Method

dan Method of Moments

Hasil Praktikum
(Manual and Digital (GRADISTAT)
1. Histogram of weight percentage of size
fractions and frequency curve
2. Cumulative frequency curve
3. Mean grain size
4. Standard deviation from a normal distribution
(sorting)
5. Symmetry (skewness)
6. Flatness of curve (kurtosis)
7. Mean plot on the Hjulstrm diagram to know
the water velocity at which entrainment and
deposition occur for particles of a given size

Guideline Bahasan dan Hasil Praktikum

1. Bagaimana karakteristik ukuran butir rata-rata (mean),
sortasi (sorting), kemencengan (skewness), dan
keruncingan (kurtosis) ukuran butir sedimen Anda?
Bagaimana kaitannya dengan karakteristik
geomorfologi yang membentuk sedimen tersebut?
1. Sortasi-mekanismen transportasi sedimen?
2. Kemencengan (Skewness) kemampuan
mekanisme aliran secara selektif dalam
memisahkan partikel halus atau kasar?
3. Keruncingan (kurtosis)- distribusi ukuran butir
2. Seberapa besar kecepatan aliran yang dibutuhkan
berdasarkan data sedimen Anda untuk terjadinya
erosi, transportasi dan deposisi? Lihat Hjulstrm
diagram.

Terima kasih atas kesabarannya