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Worked example 6.

4: slab with opening


In many cases, openings are foreseen in concrete slabs (circulation, techniques, ).
The exercise explains the necessary design steps to reinforce the slab locally, around
these openings, with the strip method of Hilleborg.
As an example, we take the 2-way slab already calculated, where an opening has been
added.
Only the supporting strips are calculated in this exercise.

DATA .............................................................................................................. 2
DESIGN CALCULATIONS ................................................................................. 3
Estimation of the slab thickness ....................................................................................... 3
Loads ............................................................................................................................... 3
Characteristic values: ............................................................................................... 3
Design values for ULS (Ultimate Limit State) :............................................................. 3
Supporting strips ............................................................................................................. 4
Flow of loads .................................................................................................................... 5
Sagging moment in strip 1 ............................................................................................... 6
Main bottom reinforcement in strip 1 ............................................................................... 7
Secondary bottom reinforcement in strip 1 ...................................................................... 7
Minimum and maximum reinforcement areas in strip 1 ................................................... 8
Choice of bottom reinforcement in strip 1 ........................................................................ 9
Sagging moment in strip 2 ............................................................................................. 10
Main bottom reinforcement in strip 2 ............................................................................. 11
Secondary bottom reinforcement in strip 2 .................................................................... 11
Minimum and maximum reinforcement areas in strip 2 ................................................. 12
Choice of bottom reinforcement in strip 2 ...................................................................... 13
Verifications for the SLS ................................................................................................. 14
Upper reinforcement ...................................................................................................... 15
Above the long beams ............................................................................................ 15
Above the short beams...................................................... Erreur ! Signet non dfini.
Shear reinforcement in strip 2 ....................................................................................... 16

CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................. 16
Thickness ....................................................................................................................... 16
Bottom reinforcement in strip 2 ..................................................................................... 16
Upper reinforcement in strip 2 ....................................................................................... 16
No shear reinforcement ................................................................................................. 16

Design of concrete structures

Slab with opening - 19th nov. 2014

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DATA

0,9 m

A slab with dimensions 5 m x 6 m is simply supported by beams on the four edges.


Since the ratio of the length to the width of the plate is between 0,5 and 2 and since
the floor is supported on 4 edges, the plate will carry the loads in two directions.
An opening of 0,9 m x 1,6 m is foreseen in the corner.

1,6 m

6m

5m

Material properties and loads:


Concrete:
Steel:
Concrete cover:

C 30/37
S 500
25 mm

Surfacing and covering:


Service load:

Design of concrete structures

250 kg/m2
300 kg/m2

Slab with opening - 19th nov. 2014

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DESIGN CALCULATIONS

Estimation of the slab thickness


We keep the same thickness as for the 2-way slab without opening:
h = 21 cm

Loads
Characteristic values:
Permanent loads:
Self-weight of slab:
Surfacing and covering:
Variable loads:
Service load:

0,21 m x 25 kN/m =
250 kg/m =
Total =
300 kg/m =

5,25 kN/m
2,50 kN/m
7,75 kN/m
3,00 kN/m

Design values for ULS (Ultimate Limit State) :

g = 1,35
q = 1,50

7,75 kN/m x 1,35 = 10,5 kN/m

3 kN/m2 x 1,50 = 4,5 kN/m


gd = 10,5 kN/m
qd = 4,5 kN/m

Design of concrete structures

Slab with opening - 19th nov. 2014

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Supporting strips
Hilleborgs strip method gives a solution to design such a slab.
The principle is the following:
- One imagines supporting strips along the edges of the opening, which will
transfer the loads to the supporting edges
- One determines the flow of loads to these strips
- One calculates these strips as beams.
The geometry of supporting strips can be chosen. Lets take the following choice:
Strip 1 :

Strip 2 :

Span
Width
Direction
Span
Width
Direction

=
=
=
=
=
=

0,5 + 0,9 + 0,1 = 1,5 m


0,5 m
Y (secondary)
5m
1,0 m
X (primary)

3,9m

6m

1m

0,9m

0,5m 1,6 m

5m

The effective depths are:


dx = 210 mm 25 mm 10/2 mm = 180 mm
dy = 180 mm - 10 mm = 170 mm

Design of concrete structures

if the principal rebars have a


diameter of maximum 10 mm

if the secondary rebars have a diameter of


maximum 10 mm

Slab with opening - 19th nov. 2014

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Flow of loads
The loads are divided to go to the nearest edge.
Fixed edges attract more load than simply supported edges.
Between 2 simply supported edges or 2 fixed edges, the load is divided by 45 - 45.
Between 1 simply supported edge and 1 fixed edge, the load is divided by 30 - 60.
Since the slab is continuous over the green strip, this strip is considered as a fixed
support. In front of the opening, there is no more continuity, and the strip become a
simply support.

1,6m

60

0,9m

45

45

60

1m

0,57m

0,33m

0,33m 0,5m

60

1,43m

1,05m

1,43m

45

45

1,43m

Design of concrete structures

45

1,94m

1,43m

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Sagging moment in strip 1


Permanent loads:
Section 1 (0,5 m) & 3 (1,4 m) : 7,75 kN/m x 0,5 m = 3,875 kN/m
Section 2 (1,07 m) : 7,75 kN/m x (0,5 + 0,33) m = 6,43 kN/m
Variable loads:
Section 1 (0,5 m) & 3 (1,4 m) : 3 kN/m x 0,5 m = 1,5 kN/m
Section 2 (1,07 m) : 3 kN/m x (0,5 + 0,33) m = 2,49 kN/m

My = 2,22 kNm

Design of concrete structures

Slab with opening - 19th nov. 2014

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Main bottom reinforcement in strip 1

2 220 000 Nmm


0,0102
500 mm. (160 mm) 17 N/mm

= 0,0104

A sy d

and

lim 0,371

= 0,046 = x/d << 0,45

OK
OK

fcd
17
0,0104 160mm 500mm.
65 mm2
fyd
435
Asy = 65 mm

Secondary bottom reinforcement in strip 1


A secondary reinforcement has to be placed in the transversal direction. Its area
should not be smaller than 20% of the main reinforcement.

A sy
b

0,2.

A sx
65 mm
0,2.
26 mm/m
b
0,5 m
Asx / b = 26 mm/m

Design of concrete structures

Slab with opening - 19th nov. 2014

7/16

Minimum and maximum reinforcement areas in strip 1


a. The reinforcement area should be larger than:

A s, min

f
2,9 MPa
0,26. ctm .d 0,26
.160 m m 216 m m /m
fyk
500 MPa

not OK

0,0013. d 0,0013. 160 mm 208 mm/m

not OK

A s, min
b

A s,min. k c k fct,eff.

A ct
(minimum reinforcement to control cracking)
s

Where:

k c 0,4

(see 5.4.2)
(simple bending without axial forces)

k 1
fct,eff. fctm. 2,9 MPa
h
b 105 mm.1000m m 105 000 m m
2
s fyk 500 MPa
Act

As, min
b

0,4 1 2,9 MPa

105 mm
244 mm/m
500 MPa

not OK
Asmin / b = 244 mm/m

This is for the primary direction of strip 1, which is y.


The secondary direction x has to receive 20% of this area : 0,2 . 244 mm/m = 49
mm/m.
Finally, we have to adopt the following areas for strip 1:
Asy / b = 244 mm/m
Asx / b = 49 mm/m

b. The reinforcement area should be smaller (outside lap locations) than:

As, max
b

0,04 h 0,04.210m m 8400 m m /m

OK

Asmax / b = 8.400 mm/m

c. The spacing should be smaller than:


sxmax = 250 mm
symax = 400 mm

Design of concrete structures

Slab with opening - 19th nov. 2014

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Choice of bottom reinforcement in strip 1


The required area in the principal (y) direction is thus 244 mm/m.
The required area in the secondary (x) direction is thus 49 mm/m.

number

spacing

The different possibilities are the following (x=green; y=blue):

20
17
14
13
11
10
9,1
8,3
7,7
7,1
6,7
6,3
5,9
5,6
5,3
5
4,8
4,5
4,3
4,2
4
3,3
2,9
2,5

cm
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
30
35
40

AREA (mm/m)
6
565
471
404
353
314
283
257
236
217
202
188
177
166
157
149
141
135
129
123
118
113
94
81
71

8
1005
838
718
628
559
503
457
419
387
359
335
314
296
279
265
251
239
228
219
209
201
168
144
126

10
1571
1309
1122
982
873
785
714
654
604
561
524
491
462
436
413
393
374
357
341
327
314
262
224
196

12
2262
1885
1616
1414
1257
1131
1028
942
870
808
754
707
665
628
595
565
539
514
492
471
452
377
323
283

Diameter (mm)
16
20
4021
6283
3351
5236
2872
4488
2513
3927
2234
3491
2011
3142
1828
2856
1676
2618
1547
2417
1436
2244
1340
2094
1257
1963
1183
1848
1117
1745
1058
1653
1005
1571
957
1496
914
1428
874
1366
838
1309
804
1257
670
1047
574
898
503
785

For the principal reinforcement:


- Diameter 6 mm every 11 cm (= 257 mm/m)
- Diameter 8 mm every 20 cm (= 251 mm/m)

25
9817
8181
7012
6136
5454
4909
4462
4091
3776
3506
3272
3068
2887
2727
2584
2454
2337
2231
2134
2045
1963
1636
1402
1227

32
16085
13404
11489
10053
8936
8042
7311
6702
6187
5745
5362
5027
4731
4468
4233
4021
3830
3656
3497
3351
3217
2681
2298
2011

40
25133
20944
17952
15708
13963
12566
11424
10472
9666
8976
8378
7854
7392
6981
6614
6283
5984
5712
5464
5236
5027
4189
3590
3142

OK
OK

We choose diameter 8 mm every 20 cm.


For the secondary reinforcement:
- Diameter 6 mm every 40 cm (= 71 mm/m)

OK
X: 8/200
Y: 6/400

Design of concrete structures

Slab with opening - 19th nov. 2014

9/16

Sagging moment in strip 2


Permanent loads:
Section
Section
Section
kN/m
Section
Section
Section

1 (0,1 m) & 8 (4,9 m) : 7,75 kN/m x 1 m = 7,75 kN/m


2 (0,43 m) : 7,75 kN/m x (0,57 + 1 + 0,57) m = 16,58 kN/m
3 (1,53 m) & 4 (2,47 m): 7,75 kN/m x (0,57 + 1 + 1,43 + 1,05) m = 31,39
5 (2,8 m) to 7 (3,47 m) : 7,75 kN/m x (1 + 1,43 + 1,05) m = 26,97 kN/m
6 (3,05 m) : reaction of strip 1 = 1,67 kN
7 (3,47 m) : 7,75 kN/m x (1 + 1,43) m = 18,83 kN/m

Variable loads:
Section
Section
Section
kN/m
Section
Section
Section

1 (0,1 m) & 8 (4,9 m) : 3 kN/m x 1 m = 3 kN/m


2 (0,43 m) : 3 kN/m x (0,57 + 1 + 0,57) m = 6,42 kN/m
3 (1,53 m) & 4 (2,47 m): 3 kN/m x (0,57 + 1 + 1,43 + 1,05) m = 12,15
5 (2,8 m) to 7 (3,47 m) : 3 kN/m x (1 + 1,43 + 1,05) m = 10,44 kN/m
6 (3,05 m) : reaction of strip 1 = 0,64 kN
7 (3,47 m) : 3 kN/m x (1 + 1,43) m = 7,29 kN/m

Mx = 158,86 kNm

Design of concrete structures

Slab with opening - 19th nov. 2014

10/16

Main bottom reinforcement in strip 2


d

158 860 000 Nmm


0,305
1000mm. (175 mm) 17 N/mm

= 0,379

and

= 0,468 = x/d > 0,45

lim 0,371

OK

The condition of ductility is not fulfilled, but this is acceptable because this is very local
and the excess is only 4%.

A sn d

fcd
17
0,379 175mm 1000mm.
2592 mm2
fyd
435
Asx = 2592 mm

Secondary bottom reinforcement in strip 2


A secondary reinforcement has to be placed in the transversal direction. Its area
should not be smaller than 20% of the main reinforcement.

Asy
b

A
2592mm
0,2. sx 0,2.
518 mm/m
b
1m
Asy / b = 518 mm/m

Design of concrete structures

Slab with opening - 19th nov. 2014

11/16

Minimum and maximum reinforcement areas in strip 2


a. The reinforcement area should be larger than:

As, min

f
2,9 MPa
0,26. ctm .d 0,26
.175m m 264 mm/m
fyk
500 MPa

OK

0,0013. d 0,0013. 175 mm 227 mm/m

OK

As, min
b

A s,min. k c k fct,eff.

A ct
(minimum reinforcement to control cracking)
s

Where:

k c 0,4
k 1

(see 5.4.2)
(simple bending without axial forces)

fct,eff. fctm. 2,9 MPa


h
b 105 mm.1000m m 105 000 m m
2
s fyk 500 MPa
Act

As, min
b

0,4 1 2,9 MPa

105 mm
244 mm/m
500 MPa

OK
Asmin / b = 264 mm/m

b. The reinforcement area should be smaller (outside lap locations) than:

As, max
b

0,04 h 0,04.210m m 8400 m m /m

OK

Asmax / b = 8.400 mm/m

c. The spacing should be smaller than:


sxmax = 250 mm
symax = 400 mm

Design of concrete structures

Slab with opening - 19th nov. 2014

12/16

Choice of bottom reinforcement in strip 2


The required area in the principal (x) direction is thus 2592 mm/m.
The required area in the secondary (y) direction is thus 518 mm/m.

number

spacing

The different possibilities are the following (x=green; y=blue):

20
17
14
13
11
10
9,1
8,3
7,7
7,1
6,7
6,3
5,9
5,6
5,3
5
4,8
4,5
4,3
4,2
4
3,3
2,9
2,5

cm
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
30
35
40

AREA (mm/m)
6
565
471
404
353
314
283
257
236
217
202
188
177
166
157
149
141
135
129
123
118
113
94
81
71

8
1005
838
718
628
559
503
457
419
387
359
335
314
296
279
265
251
239
228
219
209
201
168
144
126

For the principal


- Diameter
- Diameter
- Diameter

10
1571
1309
1122
982
873
785
714
654
604
561
524
491
462
436
413
393
374
357
341
327
314
262
224
196

12
2262
1885
1616
1414
1257
1131
1028
942
870
808
754
707
665
628
595
565
539
514
492
471
452
377
323
283

Diameter (mm)
16
20
4021
6283
3351
5236
2872
4488
2513
3927
2234
3491
2011
3142
1828
2856
1676
2618
1547
2417
1436
2244
1340
2094
1257
1963
1183
1848
1117
1745
1058
1653
1005
1571
957
1496
914
1428
874
1366
838
1309
804
1257
670
1047
574
898
503
785

reinforcement:
16 mm every 7 cm (= 2872 mm/m)
20 mm every 12 cm (= 2618 mm/m)
25 mm every 18 cm (= 2727 mm/m)

25
9817
8181
7012
6136
5454
4909
4462
4091
3776
3506
3272
3068
2887
2727
2584
2454
2337
2231
2134
2045
1963
1636
1402
1227

32
16085
13404
11489
10053
8936
8042
7311
6702
6187
5745
5362
5027
4731
4468
4233
4021
3830
3656
3497
3351
3217
2681
2298
2011

40
25133
20944
17952
15708
13963
12566
11424
10472
9666
8976
8378
7854
7392
6981
6614
6283
5984
5712
5464
5236
5027
4189
3590
3142

very close bars


OK
OK

We choose diameter 20 mm every 12 cm.


For the secondary reinforcement:
- Diameter 6 mm every 5 cm (= 565 mm/m)
- Diameter 8 mm every 9 cm (= 559 mm/m)
- Diameter 10 mm every 15 cm (= 524 mm/m)
- Diameter 12 mm every 21 cm (= 539 mm/m)
- Diameter 16 mm every 35 cm (= 574 mm/m)

very close bars


close bars
OK
OK
outspread bars

We choose diameter 10 mm every 15 cm.


X: 20/120
Y: 10/150

Design of concrete structures

Slab with opening - 19th nov. 2014

13/16

Remarks:
The reinforcement area can be reduced to 50% near the supports (1 bar of 2).
We have respected the assumptions that were made for the calculation of the effective
depth dx and dy:
- Diameter of the principal rebars (x) smaller or equal to 20 mm
- Diameter of the secondary rebars (y) smaller or equal to 10 mm

Verifications for the SLS


We wont proceed to the 3 SLS verifications, this would be too long for this session.

Design of concrete structures

Slab with opening - 19th nov. 2014

14/16

Upper reinforcement
Above the long beams
Primary:
Due to accidental hogging moments, a top reinforcement has to be provided above the
supports. Its area should not be smaller than 25% of the main required bottom
reinforcement.
AsX
A
0,25. sx 0,25.2592mm/m 648 mm/m
b
b

AsX / b = 648 mm/m


This area has to be provided on a length of 0,2 . 5 m = 1 m from the supporting
edges.
Secondary:
A repartition reinforcement has to be placed in the perpendicular direction (thus
parallel to the long beams). Its area should not be smaller than 20% of the main
reinforcement.

AsY
A
0,20. sX 0,2.648 mm/m 130 mm/m
b
b
AsY / b = 130 mm/m
The spacing should be smaller than:

min [2,5.h ; 400mm] = 400mm for the principal reinforcement (X)

min [3.h ; 450mm] = 450mm for the secondary reinforcement (Y)


sXmax = 400 mm
sYmax = 450 mm

Choice of upper reinforcement above the long beams:


diameter 10 mm every 12 cm (654 mm/m) for the principal direction
diameter 8 mm every 35 cm (144 mm/m) for the secondary direction
X: 10/120
Y: 8/350

Design of concrete structures

Slab with opening - 19th nov. 2014

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Shear reinforcement in strip 2


To be complete, we have to check if a shear reinforcement is needed, that is to say,
that:
vEd 1,25.vRd,c

Where

vEd 111,52kN

vRd,c 0,12. k . 100. . fck 1/3 0,15. cp . d


With

k 2

0,5 . 2618mm
0,0075
175 mm.1000mm

Thus

vRd,c 0,12. 2 . 100. 0,0075. 301/3 0,15. 0 . 175 mm 118 kN/m


We see that the slab does not need any shear reinforcement.

CONCLUSIONS
Thickness
h = 21 cm

Bottom reinforcement in strip 2


X: 20/120
Y: 10/150
in the middle of the span, and
X: 20/240
Y: 10/300
at the ends of the span

Upper reinforcement in strip 2


X: 10/120
Y: 8/350
at the ends of the span, on a length of 1 m.

No shear reinforcement

Design of concrete structures

Slab with opening - 19th nov. 2014

16/16

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