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Introduction
CORPORATE SPACES
DOMESTIC SPACES
CONSUMPTION SPACES
CIVIC SPACES
COMMUNITY SPACES
IN-BETWEEN SPACES
CAPITAL SPACES A DESIGN GUIDE FOR LONDONS PUBLIC SPACES, BARTLETT SCHOOL OF PLANNING, UCL, SPRING TERM 2012
CAPITAL SPACES A DESIGN GUIDE FOR LONDONS PUBLIC SPACES, BARTLETT SCHOOL OF PLANNING, UCL, SPRING TERM 2012
The result, such critiques suggest, is that whilst meeting a certain set of
private objectives for those who are lucky enough to own it (profitable,
value adding, cost effective), or the needs of those who are fortunate
enough to be able to use it (clean, safe, convenient), contemporary
public space often fails to meet the requirements of a wider public
interest (open, equitable, sustainable) and in particular of the diversity
of users that make up society. If this applies to London then the city
has clearly deteriorated since the 1930s, when the Danish architect
Steen Eiler Rasmussen described London as the unique city: On a
summer day when the sun is shining you can walk for hours from one
square to another under fresh green trees and see thousands of little
circular spots cast by the sun on the green leaves. But in the dark
season, the old squares are no less attractive.
Is contemporary public space really that bad? Crudely, that is what
the research aimed to address through a detailed investigation of the
multiple, complex and evolving public spaces that have been designed,
developed, used and managed in London over the last thirty years. The
research concluded that, no it wasnt, but also that greater effort might
be made to set out in a clear and concise manner an appropriate set of
aspirations for Londons public spaces. This provided the stepping off
point for this guide, to establish a new public space design guide for the
multiple complex urban spaces of the city, and in so doing to explore
processes of guidance, incentive and control in design, with London as
our laboratory.
CAPITAL SPACES A DESIGN GUIDE FOR LONDONS PUBLIC SPACES, BARTLETT SCHOOL OF PLANNING, UCL, SPRING TERM 2012
UNDERPINNING RESEARCH
MATTHEW CARMONA
AND FILIPA WUNDERLICH
INTRODUCTION
that in reality the divisions are not anyways so stark as the categories
might suggest. Thus corporate spaces will often contain consumption
opportunities; community spaces, civic elements; etc. The categories
nevertheless reflect the dominant activity in each case and encompass
both new and historic spaces.
IN-BETWEEN SPACES
The types represent the dominant purposes of the city, for work, civil
society, trade, social exchange, and home life, with the final category,
in-between space, representing the residual spaces of the city offering
yet to be realised potential. These types emerged from the underpinning
research as clear categories of new and regenerated space across
London. However, whilst reading the guide it should be borne in mind
CAPITAL SPACES A DESIGN GUIDE FOR LONDONS PUBLIC SPACES, BARTLETT SCHOOL OF PLANNING, UCL, SPRING TERM 2012
CORPORATE SPACES
THE TEAM
CAPITAL SPACES A DESIGN GUIDE FOR LONDONS PUBLIC SPACES, BARTLETT SCHOOL OF PLANNING, UCL, SPRING TERM 2012
CORPORATE SPACES
INTRODUCTION
CAPITAL SPACES A DESIGN GUIDE FOR LONDONS PUBLIC SPACES, BARTLETT SCHOOL OF PLANNING, UCL, SPRING TERM 2012
CORPORATE SPACES
DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS
CORPORATE SPACES
CURRENT BEST PRACTICE - MORE LONDON
CORPORATE SPACES
CURRENT BEST PRACTICE - MORE LONDON
SECURITY:
There are high levels of security and surveillance in More London,
but the balance here is that security guards are viewed as benevolent
keepers of the space. They are not over zealous in the application of
rules and as such, they are friendly, approachable, and knowledgeable
about the surrounding area. This fits well with More Londons general
location and one of the typical user groups tourists. This type of
surveillance should form the basis of best practice in all corporate
spaces.
VEHICULAR ACCESS:
More London is entirely traffic free - this is highly desirable; a service
tunnel obviates the need for delivery vehicles to intrude into the
environment.
MULTI-USE SPACE:
More London offers a true mixed-use development; consumption
space, office space, civic space, hotels, health clubs, and good public
realm open space.
There are clearly defined areas of exclusion, for example, office blocks;
likewise there are areas that are obviously designed as public space.
The blurring of consumption space and office space is well executed
here with office workers and tourists sharing facilities and seating areas.
CAPITAL SPACES A DESIGN GUIDE FOR LONDONS PUBLIC SPACES, BARTLETT SCHOOL OF PLANNING, UCL, SPRING TERM 2012
CONSUMPTION SPACE:
The consumption spaces around More London are broadly situated on
the ground floors of the surrounding office buildings and offer a wide
variety of uses, from simple coffee shops to sophisticated restaurants.
There are opportunities for start-up, independent, and more established
companies to vie for trade next to each other. This brings an eclectic
mix of retail to the scheme and offers the opportunity for the whole area
to be used outside the traditional working hours of 9-5; increasing the
viability and vibrancy of the development.
SOCIAL INCLUSION PROGRAMME:
More London has a dedicated Social Inclusion Programme that seeks
to place local people with skill deficiencies, into sustainable long-term
jobs. This has so far resulted in over 400 local residents securing
training and long-term employment.
Alongside this is a Community Investment Programme that offers
facilities and funding to local interest groups to develop ideas. They
range from a Carers Walk along the river to raise awareness of Young
Carers, to hosting the London Youth Dance Weekend.
These kinds of strategies are win-win for many corporate spaces they
go some way to avoid the notion that corporate spaces are isolated
from their local community, and they offer the opportunity for increased
footfall and consumption.
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CORPORATE SPACES
COMMON PROBLEMS
OMNIPRESENT SECURITY:
Omnipresent security intimidate and portray a feeling of unwelcome
towards visitors of corporate spaces.
They should act as ambassadors of the space and treat users with less
hostility and suspicion.
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CORPORATE SPACES
COMMON PROBLEMS
HOMOGENEITY:
Ironically, corporate spaces which seek to brand themselves frequently
use similar design styles and materials. This can lead to homogeneity.
VISUAL ACCESSIBILITY:
Corporate spaces that are legally open to the public but hidden from
view are redundant.
CAPITAL SPACES A DESIGN GUIDE FOR LONDONS PUBLIC SPACES, BARTLETT SCHOOL OF PLANNING, UCL, SPRING TERM 2012
DISPLACEMENT:
The downward spiral of publicly provided spaces should be mitigated
through appropriate development and management of privately
delivered public realm.
Since displacement of antisocial behaviour from private spaces can
drive disruptive behaviour into public spaces, specific inclusivity
statements must be enforced in corporate spaces to protect the public
realm.
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CORPORATE SPACES
ASPIRATIONS
DIVERSITY OF USERS:
The future of corporate spaces, facilitated by an increase in the
flexibility of the environment, presents potential for a greater diversity in
its users.
DYNAMIC & WELCOMING:
Corporate spaces will gravitate away from traditional stoic squares,
towards dynamic, welcoming environments, which will invite passers-by
to utilize the space.
INTEGRATION:
Movement into the square will feel uninterrupted as design integrates
the space seamlessly into the existing context.
EXEMPLAR PUBLIC SPACE:
The future public corporate square is inclusive and participatory, and
acts as an exemplar to non-corporate public spaces.
SAFETY:
Higher footfall through the square combined with constant use of the
space will bring a sense of safety to its users and occupants, thus
reducing the need for excess security guards patrolling the space.
LINKED SPACES:
Corporate squares will be integrated into the urban fabric, connecting
with a network of streets, parks, and other spaces to strengthen open
space links. This contributes to permeability, legibility and sense of
place.
IMPROVING IMAGE:
The current image of corporations is one that has been under constant
attack by the public. Issues have grown from privatization of space
that interferes with public interaction. One way to combat contested
feelings with corporate entities is to offer a harmonious environment that
dissolves feelings of discomfort and hostility. This can be developed in
the shape of corporate squares.
CITY-WIDE IMAGE:
Spaces can attract a variation of audiences that consist not only of
locals but visitors from other cities. Any visitor to corporate squares
will identify the space as an image of the corporate identity, as well
as the portrayal of the city itself. To ensure that it remains a positive
image, corporate squares can distinguish themselves as inviting and
welcoming ambassadors of the citys world identity.
MAINTENANCE:
As always, the spaces will still be well maintained and will still feature
carefully selected art that can also be educative.
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CORPORATE SPACES
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
1. SAFETY:
Corporate spaces should provide a safe area that has enough capacity
to accommodate the extremes of pedestrian traffic in the morning and
during lunchtime peaks.
Due to the nature of varying work hours of the corporate world,
adequate lighting must be installed to ensure safety of users at all times.
Where CCTVs are deemed necessary, they should be non-intrusive.
If overbearing security is seen to make the square inaccessible to local
users whom it is intended to include, this must be remedied through a
reduction of formal security.
In turn, an increase in natural footfall from users who feel welcome will
offer informal security by providing eyes on the street.
Vehicular traffic through the space must be prohibited to ensure that
users can utilise the space without hindrance.
However, if access is required for delivery or service vehicles, an
allocated time has to be adhered to. This must be during off-peak hours
when users are few.
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DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
2. COMFORT:
Corporate spaces should provide a comfortable area that is welcoming,
inviting and inclusive. Facilities installed must be sufficient for
anticipated demand during peak times.
Microclimate:
I. Landscaping elements must be used to combat unpleasant
microclimates within existing developments.
II. These can either be in the form of shelters from rain or shine, or
greenery which can act as wind or air pollutant buffers.
Seating :
I. Seating must be comfortable and should include backs thus
appearing more inviting for workers and visitors.
II. Seating provided must be made of high quality materials and able to
withstand inclement weather.
I. The space must fit with the context of, and add value to the
immediate surroundings.
II. It must further extrapolate its effects on the wider city, taking into
consideration existing and new developments so that greater space
synergy can be created.
IV. Ideally, they should compliment the existing colour palette and
reinforce the overall identity of the site.
Shelter :
I. Shelter can take different forms, either as a simple, built awning
within or over a space, or even specially designed pavilions that can
host retail provisions.
II. There must be an option for shelter somewhere in a corporate space
when weather infringes on its use. This is to reduce abandonment when
users would otherwise seek indoor options.
III. Well placed shelters can have a dual purpose, they can act as a
focal point and place to meet in unfamiliar surroundings.
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DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
The space should have a definite edge, either using a natural boundary,
or a change in paving material.
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DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
8. CLUTTER-FREE DESIGN
Quality comes from simplicity and durability, therefore corporate spaces
should have little or no advertising (including A Boards) that may
detract from the overall ambience of the space.
The choice of retail outlets will influence the demography of users. Site
specific considerations must be made accordingly.
Too many retail units can encroach on the overall space and decrease
the flexibility of the site.
10. ACCESSIBILITY
Corporate spaces must provide an attractive and inviting entrance into
the space.
Users must be able to see and enter the space without hindrance.
Usage of gates should be kept to an absolute minimum but where
utilised, should not be a barrier to pedestrian thoroughfare.
The space should be distinct, but not exclusive. Views into the space
should be maximised by limiting barriers that impede on sightlines and
access.
When coordinating the type of retail that is available for use, a balance
of amenities needs to be in place.
Vistas can link the square to a main street, increasing the profile of the
square and also providing a suitable culmination to the arterial streets
that come into it.
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CORPORATE SPACES
Case Study: Tower Place East
BEFORE
The existing square is obstructed from view by the surrounding
structures causing low visual accessibility into the space. The main
pedestrian flow also creates a vertical axis across the site, causing the
horizontal to be weaker and thus subservient to the overall fabric. This
results in the space appearing more private than its original intention to
be a public-private space.
AFTER
If the location of the square was closer to the main pedestrian route, the
resulting cluster of public spaces can create the impression of a larger
space even though the actual footprint of the square is smaller. This
benefits the private development as the footprint of their development
can increase at the expense of the public square provided. Relocating
the square also presents the offices with a prominent entrance that
is apt for the development while simultaneously acknowledging the
historical context it is set in.
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CORPORATE SPACES
DESIGN ADVICE
To compliment design
requirements, the following
advice addresses current
poor qualities of corporate
spaces. They can be
taken into consideration in
conjunction with previous
listed requirements.
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DESIGN ADVICE
2. ACCESSIBILITY
Corporate spaces can actively promote pedestrian use.
Corporate spaces have traditionally been closed sites; this can be due to
physical constraints, such as rivers or high walls.
However, breaking these barriers and creating new links is beneficial to
corporate spaces, it generates pedestrian traffic and exemplifies good
neighbourliness.
Reducing barriers further offers the opportunity to provide a choice of
routes to maximise connectivity from outside the site.
Corporate spaces should follow best practice for sustainable modes of
transport and include provisions for cyclists and bicycle storage around
the site.
3. ADAPTABILITY
Corporate spaces predominantly cater to office workers and thus are
mostly used during working hours. Usage of the space outside this time
frame is low but can be maximised by becoming more adaptable for
other functions. This allows the space to be occupied for more than its
intended use.
4. FLEXIBILITY
Corporate spaces should contribute to civic life, even if they choose to
ban certain activities such as begging, campaigning, demonstrating and
unauthorized selling.
Occasional charity events, church or community events or local markets
can provide civic amenities without encouraging antisocial activities.
These uses must be clearly outlined during planning negotiations in an
alternative-use clause.
I. Must dictate range of possible uses and duration/frequency of events.
II. Should be renegotiable so potential uses may respond to demands
Outdoor furniture should be multi-functional and offer the opportunity to
be converted into an extension of the desk for workers who wish to have
a different working environment.
5. BRANDING & SIGNAGE
Historical reference brings a sense of ownership to the public.
Welcoming signage should be used to indicate private development.
Surfaces should be represented by a complementary branded palette of
materials and should ideally reinforce the distinctiveness of the space.
Advertising should be minimised. Informational stands about the site
can decrease confusion over the spaces private and public usage.
Multi-use spaces provide diversity in usage that can enliven the area
and increase occupants both in the days and evenings - ice rinks,
outdoor theatre grounds, screen on the green.
Pop-up retail such as mobile food caravans or markets can help the
local community and provide alternative choices for all users of the
space.
Corporate spaces can also act as an extension of the workplace where
meetings or brainstorming sessions can take place.
Companies in the vicinity can also use the space for social gatherings.
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CORPORATE SPACES
DEVELOPMENT & DELIVERY PROCESS
Negotiations regarding
public access to corporate
spaces must be conducted
at the early stages of the
development process.
COMMUNITY CONSULTATION
Community consultation must be undertaken to contribute to the
objectives of the space.
The design and management of the space should reflect the aspirations
of local stakeholders, whether businesses or individuals.
Input from community consultation must be acknowledged alongside
developer interests to inform objectives.
A mediation process may prove useful where conflicts arise in visions
for the space; the planning authority must ensure the space fulfils its
greatest potential, reconciling the interests of the developer and the
community.
Shared responsibility.
BENEFITS
If well executed, inclusive design will not detract from the spaces
original use, but rather provide benefits for both he corporate owner
and traditional users.
Increased property value.
Improved success of retail use.
DISPLACEMENT
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CORPORATE SPACES
LONG TERM MANAGEMENT
PERIODIC REVIEW:
Periodic review of management and maintenance regimes must be
undertaken.
COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT:
Some level of public or community involvement should be maintained
long-term (as outlined in negotiations of management regimes)
to ensure that the space adapts appropriately to meet its original
intentions.
ADAPTABILITY:
Squares must be adaptable from their original intentions.
This will also help mitigate issues that arise post-implementation such
as displacement of anti-social behaviour into nearby areas.
BALANCE OF INTERESTS:
A balancing of interests private and public is needed.
Tenants (both corporate and retail) tend to have greater influence over
the management scheme as they directly fund it.
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CORPORATE SPACES
REFERENCES
www.inhabitat.com
http://ventnorblog.com/topic/island-wide/west-wight/freshwater/page/4/
www.corbis.com
http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Europe/Spain/Aragon/Huesca/Huesca/
photo387779.htm
http://housology.com
www.archiexpo.com
Eastbelfastdiary.blogspot.com
http://image.made-in-china.com/2f0j00SvQtVqZsEUkn/Granite-FloorWall-Tiles.jpg
www.kingscross.co.uk
http://www.dezeen.com/2008/03/06/pottersfields-park-pavilions-bydsdha/
http://www.photolizer.com/images.php?design=Furniture/Bench
http://www.stanhopeplc.com
http://sociourbanmorphology.blogspot.co.uk/2010/06/interstitial-spacepaley-park.html
http://www.flickr.com/photos/28213183@N05/2632880037/sizes/o/in/
photostream/
http://www.rent-an-officespace.co.uk/office-space/birmingham-brindleyplace/
http://www.uofmhealth.org/News/1680um-hospitals-roll-out-segwaytransporters
http://www.dezeen.com/2011/05/17/pormetxeta-square-by-mtmarquitectos/
http://lawrencebikeproject.wikispaces.com/
www.Urbanscreen.com
http://workawesome.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/GoogleDublin-1.jpg
http://www.highresolutiontextures.com/hi-res-textures-of-concrete-clayand-slate
http://amazingtextures.com/textures/img-wood-04-1239.htm
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DOMESTIC SPACES
THE TEAM
Antonios Pallerakis
Angad Gadgil
Shangting Liang
Hugh De Weijer
Jacob Sims-Fielding
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DOMESTIC SPACES
USING THIS GUIDANCE:
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DOMESTIC SPACES
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The majority of these have lost some or all of their residential function in
terms of land use but their position in the fine urban grain, away from
primary movement corridors and high-footfall commercial uses, has
enabled them to maintain a residential character.
Although often not used by residents living in the square, they continue
to serve a number of important functions.
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DOMESTIC SPACES
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MIXED-USE RESIDENTIAL:
Development policy at a regional and borough level has emphasised
the importance such developments incorporating a mix of uses in
order to prevent zoning and to provide active streets at ground floor
level.
It is in mixed-use developments where the needs of residents and
visitors must be most carefully balanced.
Just as in modern residential developments, residents access to
private outdoor space is primarily limited to small balconies and
terraces.
Whilst capatalising on the vibrancy that a sensitive mix of uses can
provide, domestic squares in this context should still seek to provide
an environment capable of offering a level of intimacy and providing
spaces for a range of activities.
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DOMESTIC SPACES
MAINTAINING A BALANCE:
The changing location and form of residential developments has
created new demands and pressures on often very limited space.
COMMON PROBLEMS:
The most common problem facing domestic squares is the failure to
achieve this balance. The pressure of commercial uses are perhaps the
most obvious.
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DOMESTIC SPACES
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DOMESTIC SPACES
UNDERSTANDING CONTEXT
Their position within the urban fabric, away from primary pedestrian
and vehicular routes, means that domestic squares in traditional
residential settings often have a natural degree of intimacy.
Although situated away from heavy traffic, traditional domestic squares
are often integrated into secondary road networks, with minor roads and
paths running between houses on the perimeter and the central square.
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DOMESTIC SPACES
Parking spaces for cars and bicycles can be used to provide a greater
distance between the road and the public space.
This should be limited to larger squares, to a maximum of 50% of the
perimeter area and should not be located close to primary entrances
These spaces should not encroach on either road of path space
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DOMESTIC SPACES
Parked cars and bicycles and dense low level shrubs in combination
with trees and fencing will provide a much greater degree of isolation,
both visually and aurally. These combinations may be considered
around areas where more intimate and peaceful environments are
desired and where a greater degree of separation from road noise and
activity is required. An absence of passive surveillance from perimeter
buildings and activity may mean that the safety of these areas will
need to be considered and other measures incorporated. Guidance on
safety within domestic squares is detailed later within this document
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DOMESTIC SPACES
INTIMACY: MODERN RESIDENTIAL
The height and form of the buildings can be used to encapsulate the
square within, separating it from the main urban fabric. The massing
of the buildings is fundamental in defining the level of intimacy
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PRESERVING INTIMACY:
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Changes in level or the introduction of water can also aid the transition
between private, semi-private and public space as well as adding
variety and interest to the space as a whole.
The use of open or opaque fencing in combination with medium
density low level planting can define boundaries and provide visual
separation without completely removing them from the space as a
whole
Mature trees should be planted strategically to limit overlooking and
create a degree of intimacy within the square.
Trees also provide a level of texture and visual interest when viewed
from above.
The creation of positive views onto the square from all levels is an
important consideration.
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DOMESTIC SPACES
INTIMACY: MIXED-USE RESIDENTIAL
The level of activity within the square may also compromise the level of
intimacy residents experience in the limited private outdoor space they
do have access to.
The use of planters and trees allows for the introduction of vegetation
into hard landscaping.
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DOMESTIC SPACES
Sociability: Traditional Residential
The primary pedestrian routes within the square will be defined by the
pathways between entrances
This can create a gradient of intimacy and sociability dependent on
proximity to these routes, with the more social areas closer to the
higher footfall
These routes should be used to define a range of different spaces
within the square for different activities or with different characters
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Both primary and secondary routes are valuable spaces for passive
and active social interaction and should offer plenty of comfortable
seating suitable for use in all seasons.
Seating along secondary routes and in perimeter areas offers a greater
degree of intimacy and benches should be placed in small clusters or
single units with a significant distance between them.
Larger clusters or rows of seating allows for greater concentrations of
activity and a more sociable character along primary routes.
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Formal play spaces should offer soft surfacing suitable for use in all
seasons
Even within these defined spaces there is significant scope for creating
spaces which provide not only a more sensory and imaginative
experience, but that can be interpreted in different ways by a much
wider spectrum of age ranges.
accessible to all and can stimulate use of spaces throughout the day
Play does not have to be limited to physical exercise
The introduction of art and sculpture can create a visually playful
landscape, create a distinctive character
MAINTAINING SOCIABILITY
Whilst their position away from primary pedestrian and vehicular roots
provides a degree of natural intimacy, it also leaves some such squares
prone to the negative impacts of inactivity
The introduction of small, sympathetic commercial activities can help
to stimulate use throughout the day
Where squares are situated within walking distance of work places
and schools, coffee carts and caf huts can provide such a function
without compromising the character or primary function of the space
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DOMESTIC SPACES
Sociability: MODERN Residential
Wider, open breaks in the built form can provide strategic views,
suggesting the character of uses within.
Whilst the use of gating within the public realm is now widely
discouraged within the majority of design guidance literature, it is
important to acknowledge the need for its consideration within certain
contexts.
Where domestic squares are in direct proximity to a concentration of
residential uses, and in particular in centrally located areas, gating
between the hours of 7pm 7am may be considered.
The strategic location of entrances will allow natural pathways through
the site to divide the space with greater levels of sociability being
created along these lines of activity.
Areas for more social activity should be concentrated towards the
central areas within the square to maintain the intimacy of residential
uses at a ground floor level.
In addition to the positioning and type of entrances and the
interventions discussed within the intimacy section, the location of
clusters of seating and flexible hard or soft landscaping within this
central area will help to facilitate this.
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DOMESTIC SPACES
Sociability: MIXED-USE Residential
Lower footfall uses such as offices, health clubs and nurseries should
be located around secondary movement corridors allowing for a
level of intimacy to be preserved whilst continuing to accommodate
commercial activity.
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DOMESTIC SPACES
This guidance has already touched upon the ways in which the
passive management of movement and the strategic placement of
uses can begin to create different environments within a single space.
The creation of these spaces within spaces is a key component of all
domestic squares, but plays a particularly significant role in mixed-use
developments.
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DOMESTIC SPACES
Low level railings, and soft flooring materials can provide a safe and
comfortable environment for young children.
The use of surface materials needs to take into consideration the full
range of potential users
Uneven materials such as cobblestones can be prohibitive for
wheelchair and buggy users and the elderly
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DOMESTIC SPACES
Comfort: Sense of Ownership
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DOMESTIC SPACES
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CONSUMPTION SPACES
THE TEAM
Daniel Gallgher
Shumin Gao
Ruonan Liu
Vincent Perrault
Deniz Unsal
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INTRODUCTION
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CONSUMPTION SPACES
WHAT ARE CONSUMPTION SPACES?
Consumption places are public open spaces, part of the public realm
where consumption activities are predominant.
These places differ from the traditional high street or the usual street
markets by being pedestrian (closed to vehicular traffic) spaces. This
category of spaces does not include the indoor covered private places
of consumption such as shopping malls or supermarkets. They can be
both publicly or privately owned and managed.
There is a long UK tradition of marketplaces, which have evolved,
historically with the growth of London into specialized markets providing
the whole city with all the foods, goods and services needed. This
tradition has also been influenced by other marketplaces models such
as the Italian Galleria, the Persian Bazar or the Arab Souk.
Since the industrial revolution and over the 20th century retail and
wholesale have been increasingly separated and the retail activities
have progressively been concentrated in larger and larger stores.
Todays consumption places often combine a mix of fixed retail and
mobile temporary stalls. They are by essence places where people
meet and exchange and should be not be designed to only focus on the
maximisation of trade.
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SHOP UNITS
Shop Units host retail activities of all kinds. The entrance generates the
physical interface with the outdoor. The facia, the shop window, the
canopy, the stall riser, the pilaster and the sign contribute to the visual
interface and directly influence the sense of enclosure and activity of
consumption places.
STALLS
Stalls are mobile retail units, which tend to gather in a much smaller
space (than the shop unit) service, storage and goods display areas.
They are a historic form of exhibiting goods and create a more
interpersonal relationship between the stall vendor and the consumer.
The level of homogeneity of displays and the overall layout of a group of
stalls form a modular space of various combinations.
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Spatial Configuration of Consumption Places
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Identified good practices and common problems
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Aspirations for consumption places
VIBRANCY
Consumption places are by essence spaces where people meet,
walk through, have a break, seat or stand. These activities contribute
significantly to impulse the vibrancy that designers and planners strive
for. Although the monetary exchanges have become increasingly
dematerialized over the past decades, consumption places remain the
primary physical location of money transfers and wealth generation.
SAFETY
Because of these value transfers, these places require a particular
attention to permit the safety of the exchanges.
As they usually host a diversity of people form various backgrounds,
possible user conflicts may occur and should be avoided.
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COMFORT
Consumption places should provide a certain level of comfort such
as protection from the elements (rain, wind). Due to the high level of
frequency of use they should be maintained at high level to keep the
site free of litter and debris.
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Aspirations for consumption places
ADAPTABILITY
The closures of shop units or stalls deactivate the places where they are
predominant. A reasonable continuity of activity should be preserved to
and avoid long periods of closure (either definitive or temporary).
DIVERSITY
The richness of consumption places derives from the diversity of
goods and products offered which is intricately related with the
diversity of retail types and the blend (balance) between franchise and
independent venues.
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INCLUSIVENESS
Although it is obviously not possible to meet everybodys needs in
one place, consumption places should not be designed for a narrow
range of users according to their purchasing power, age, or physical
capabilities. These places should not loose their historical function of a
social meeting and exchange place.
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Design requirements and advices
Relationship between
Requirement and Advice
Requirements = Foundational elements
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STALLS:
can sell a variety of products ranging from artisanal clothing and craft
goods, products for tourists as well as food and produce items. These
can be formally incorporated as part of the space or temporal to create
more specialised markets that are used on a seasonal, monthly, or
weekly frequency.
SHOPPING UNITS:
varying the size of the units can attract locally owned small businesses
to larger more franchise venues. By providing a range of businesses,
the consumption space is better able to serve the public.
FOOD COMMERCE:
ranging from cafs to restaurants, bars and pubs - food has a very
historic connection to consumption spaces. This allows for consumption
spaces to serve the public at a variety of times throughout the day as
well as allowing for local produce and items to be sold to residential
populations.
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CONSUMPTION SPACES
Advising
ising Consumption Spaces to provide a level of flexibility in the
public
blic realm for non-consumption oriented activities helps make the
space
ce more inclusive to the public, allows for the space to provide a
greater
ater range of functions, and increases the overall target audience for
vendors
dors and stores while also better serving the public.
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Active Store Frontages - Requirements
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Active Store Frontages - Advice
Creating a transitionary zone between the retail venues and the public
realm helps increase the active frontage while also providing a level of
shelter from the elements and increases the connection to the private
realm. Incorporating transitionary zones into consumption spaces can
also create a higher level of aesthetic appeal and provide a break from
the monotony of a continuous row of store frontages.
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Enclosure - Requirements
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Enclosure - Advice
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CONSUMPTION SPACES
Circulation - Requirements
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Circulation - Advice
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Accessibility & Connectivity - Requirements
ACCESSIBILITY - REQUIREMENTS
Consumption spaces are pedestrian spaces and part of the public
realm. Connections and proximity to public transportation is vital to
ensure that the space has the potential to be utilised by the urban
population Locating consumption spaces within in a 5-10 minute
walking distance radius from the public transport network ensures the
urban connectivity to the site.
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Planning and delivering consumption places
The London Plan 2011 tackles the issues of retail mainly in its
policies 2.15, 4.7, 4.8 and 4.9. In addition to the previous mentioned
documents, it underlines the need for preservation of small shops and
refers to the possibility (when relevant) to promote affordable shopping
units.
Ward members
dedicated to the design and functioning of the retail areas should also
incorporate representatives of local residents. The difficulty relies for
new development on the fact that future occupiers are not known at the
pre-application stage and therefore not heard. In this case, the study of
similar places and businesses should be conducted.
WHAT SHOULD BE DISCUSSED?
The discussions should deal with the following items:
The physical features of the public realm (scale, dimensions, materials,
shape, furniture, lightings, circulation patterns)
The physical features and typologies of tenure of the shopping units
and stalls (components of the shop frontage, visual identity charter, size
of the units)
Mixture of small and large units and the opportunities and conditions for
affordable units
The maintenance and operations: opening hours, provision of utilities
(water, energy, waste collection), selection process of new stall tenders,
service areas and delivery lorries routes.
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CONSUMPTION SPACES
Long-term management
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CONSUMPTION SPACES
REFERENCES
Case studies
Websites
http://www.coventgardentrust.org.uk/
http://www.dukeofyorksquare.com/
Coin Street Community Builders
http://www.coinstreet.org/developments/gabrielswharf.html
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CIVIC SPACES
THE TEAM
Staurt Outhred
Agnes Hagan
Ian Gracie
Gayatri Hegde
Zhi Liu
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CIVIC SPACES
DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS
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DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS
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DISTINGUISHING CHARACTERISTICS
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CIVIC SPACES
BEST PRACTICE
LEGIBLE
SYMBOLIC
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BEST PRACTICE
FREEDOM OF SPEECH
HIGHLY ACCESSIBLE
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CIVIC SPACES
COMMON PROBLEMS
INACCESSIBLE
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ILLEGIBLE
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COMMON PROBLEMS
IMPERMEABLE
ISOLATED
PARLIAMENT SQUARE:
The location of this site is a prime one as it is situated amongst some of
the most recognised buildings in London. Therefore the actual location
of Parliament Square is very accessible with a number of nearby
tube stations, however, it is a patch of grass in the middle of a large
roundabout with no crossings thus making it very inaccessible. Another
common problem found here is the issue of management and control.
It is a civic space designated for freedom of speech for the public
however it has been closed off for months at a time when things have
gotten out of hand.
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CIVIC SPACES
Vision:
SYMBOLIC
Reflect the history and character of the community.
Bring the community together and act as a center.
ADAPTABLE
Flexible to changing time and various seasonal uses.
INCLUSIVE
People from all walks of life should be able to relate to and enjoy using
the space.
ACCESSIBLE
Encourage movement to and/or through the space.
Pedestrian friendly
PUBLIC
For the people and by the people.
People are aware the area is public and for their use.
HIGH QUALITY
Design, materials, art work and finishes contribute to a consistent and
legible urban environment.
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CIVIC SPACES
Measuring quality
Achieving high quality design outcomes Using these six guiding principles we can
ensure future design interventions, or new
civic spaces achieve an excellent design
standard.
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CIVIC SPACES
REQUIREMENTS
The space must aim to be relatable and be used at various times by
people who enjoy using it.
ADVICE
It is advisable that there should be a fair amount of facilities so that
users can stay and enjoy the space.
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ADVICE
Locating the civic space close to other activity centers in the city
ensures that the space is also used during non-peak times
Signage could be used at street level to make the space more
accessible.
Advertising the space for upcoming events would attract people from
both the local and city level.
REQUIREMENTS
The space must be paved and pedestrianised, to allow ease of
movement, but not necessarily the space around civic areas.
The space must connect with various bicycle networks, walkways, bus
routes and tube stops to make it easily accessible.
Visual access; the space must have clear lines of sight from multiple
points to make the area more legible to attract users.
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CIVIC SPACES
ADVICE
The space should be such that it invites informal congregation as well
as formal so that the space can become a key meeting point through
everyday social interaction.
Design of the space should accentuate vistas and sight lines to key
building facades and civic features.
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ADVICE
The landscape should not be rigid, and have enough open space in
order to manipulate its use for different civic events and purposes.
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REQUIREMENTS
It must provide a location for public celebrations of events or
demonstrations.
ADVICE
Design should attempt to amplify or enhance civic building facades,
statues or public art on the site.
Comfort and safety of the users by use of passive and active methods.
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ADVICE
The design of the furniture could be forms of public art but comfort
must be paramount to any design.
Landscape areas and water features can add life to a civic space,
the seasonal nature of this element adds vitality to the space and
transforms it.
REQUIREMENTS
The pavement is significant and requires to be well designed with
quality materials that relate to the setting of the place and reflect the
character of the space.
Street furniture should be made for comfort to encourage all day use.
Uncomfortable seating will prevent local people from staying.
The materials must be high grade which are easy to maintain and
clean. A clean space indicates its importance to local authorities and
people alike.
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POTENTIAL METHODS:
Design competitions
Expert design input can help spark ideas for the future design of civic spaces. Genuine
public involvement in this early phase is essential to ensure community priorities are
embedded in the design.
Stakeholder workshops
Community workshops
Commissioned designs
This should be an iterative process; develop an idea, review, modify, review again, etc.
POTENTIAL METHODS:
Design charettes
Academic & expert panels / crits.
Expert and academic reviews can provide essential guidance to ensure the design
achieves an excellent standard. Most importantly, community engagement should
define this process for civic space design, allowing as much feedback from the London
community as possible.
Following a clear, open and deliberate process will ensure the final design of civic
spaces is appropriate, high quality, and spaces Londoners can be proud of.
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Management; Ownership
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CIVIC SPACES
Management; Maintenance
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CIVIC SPACES
Management; Operation
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COMMUNITY SPACES
THE TEAM
Tuo Ding
Jonathan Finch
Ameen Hachemi
Jing Fu
Maria Mustieles Crespo
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COMMUNITY SPACES
FRAMEWORK AND REVIEW
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COMMUNITY SPACES
INTRODUCTION
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COMMUNITY SPACES
USING THIS GUIDANCE Raising the standards
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COMMUNITY SPACES
UNDERSTANDING COMMUNITY SPACE
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COMMUNITY SPACES
UNDERSTANDING COMMUNITY SPACE
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COMMUNITY SPACES
COMMON PROBLEMS-TWO SETS OF PROBLEMS
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UNATTRACTIVE SPACE:
HIDDEN LOCATION:
People need to see the space and understand how to get there.
SENSE OF INSECURITY:
Lack of natural surveillance and appropriate lighting tend to create
crime opportunities and antisocial behaviour.
WEAK ACCESSIBILITY:
This can create a discriminative space for members of the community.
LACK OF CHARACTER:
The community will no feel attached to the space and may not want to
use it.
POOR MAINTENANCE
Maintained spaces are fundamental to attract people.
OVER REGULATION:
Well-being and security in community spaces should rise from the
activities held in the place and its users and not through excessive
surveillance or the prohibition of activities.
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COMMUNITY SPACES
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS/PRINCIPLES
COMMUNITY AS A CLIENT
COMMUNITY AS A CLIENT
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COMMUNITY SPACES
FLEXIBLE & ROBUST SPACE
FLEXIBLE SPACES
It is evident through history that communities are transient in nature
and evolve over time. Therefore, the social values and needs of
communities also evolve with them. Community spaces must remain
flexible to accommodate changing needs by not being fixed in
function. Incorporating the transient natures of communities will
increase the life-span of spaces and must be delivered through a
collaborative design process and innovative management partnerships
post-development
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SAFE & COMFORTABLE
SAFE PLACES
For people to be encouraged to spend time in spaces they must be safe
and comfortable. However, target hardening measures such as visible
security should be kept to a minimum as they decrease a sense of
freedom and ownership that is important to community spaces. Places
should primarily be policed by natural surveillance from the activity
within the space and overlooking from adjacent buildings. This should
be considered when designing internal circulation by ensuring there a
no barriers to movement or screening of areas that could encourage
antisocial behaviour, and the orientation of the space in relation to
its context allowing views into and out of the space. Encouraging
interactions and community cohesion can also create a sense of
security in public spaces. Feeling safe is crucial to the life of the
spaces, particularly for children to be able to play unaccompanied or for
the adult to enjoy without fear of becoming a victim of crime.
COMFORTABLE PLACES
To encourage people to spend time in the spaces and the associated
positive externalities, they must be comfortable for users in all stages
of their life. Therefore, spaces must offer respite from the busyness of
urban life through providing suitable seating in appropriate positions
in well-defined spaces. Again, understanding of these requirements
will come from early engagement with the community. Specific advice
on these design elements and seating design are explained in further
detail.
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COMMUNITY SPACES
DISTINCTIVE SPACE
If places lack character and identity then people will not be encouraged
to use them with detriment to the spaces and the surrounding
communities. Community spaces should be special and distinctive
offering opportunities to make a psychological connection and a
sense of place. The spaces provide fantastic opportunities to enhance
connections between physical space and the social elements of
communities themselves by providing a platform to make historical
references through public art, the design of street furniture or social
events, such as urban markets.
People experience spaces through their emotions and senses, not just
physically. Evoking a positive emotional response to a space is critical
in building a sense of place and fostering psychological connections
between communities and their spaces. Each sense experienced
by visitors can create a distinct memory of that space, causing them
to make a psychological connection. The mix of specific styles of
decoration, smells or the sound of a certain language being spoken will
make spaces distinct in character.
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These elements can be functional and fun, whilst holding value to both
young and old populations. They provide character to these spaces that
allow personal connections to be made and contribute to the placemaking process, but also provide focal points for social interaction
between individuals. However, it is important to note that the positioning
of such features must be considered as not to impair free movement
through these spaces, as discussed in Urban Furniture and Seating.
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INCLUSIVE SPACE
It is with this background that community spaces can play a large role
in facilitating outings for this group of people. If community spaces
are accessible and welcoming to them, this could be the first step in
breaking down the often psychological barriers to leaving the house
and engaging with the mosaic of people who make up the community.
So they will have same opportunities to contribute their communities
and also feel that they are as useful as others. This is the reason why
community spaces should be the most accessible space of all.
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COMMUNITY SPACES
FOREWORD FOR DESIGN ADVICE
TERMS TO KNOW
The following terms were derived after undertaking our study and are
used in the Design Advice chapter.
USER ZONES:
This document often refers to user zones in community spaces. User
zones are areas of community spaces that are undivided physically but
tend to be regularly used by a certain group in the community. This
may include mothers and children near the play area or youths playing
football on a lawn.
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DEEP AREAS:
Areas deep in community spaces are those that tend not to be near
direct paths or entrances. They are the areas used by people who wish
to spend time in the space and make use of the activities and amenities
it has to offer.
THE EDGE EFFECT
Popular zones for staying are found along the facades in a space or
in the transitional zone between one space and the next, where it is
possible to view both spaces at the same time.
When ones back is protected, others can approach only frontally,
making it easy to keep watch and to react, for example, by means of
a forbidding facial expression in the event of undesired invasion of
personal territory.
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INTERACTIONS VS HUMAN SENSES
Familiarity with human senses the way they function and the areas
in which they function is an important prerequisite for designing
and dimensioning all forms of community spaces. Edward T. Hall
gives a description of the most important senses and their functions
in connection with human contacts and with experiencing the outside
world. According to Hall, two categories of the sensory apparatus
can be defined: The distance receptors eyes, ears, nose and the
immediate receptors skin, membranes, and muscles.
In the present context: the community space, the distance receptors
are of particular importance. Sense of touch which is from immediate
receptors is also important.
In community spaces people must feel relaxed and at peace. They
should feel that they have the freedom to pursue whichever activities
appeal to them. Different activities will have an effect on different
senses and therefore some people will be more sensitive to certain
activities than others. These activities and their consequences should
not conflict with the comfort and relaxation of other groups in the
community. Specifically in community spaces, the private realm can be
in close proximity to these public spaces meaning certain activities done
in the privacy of ones home may disturb those in the neighbouring
community space and vice versa. Loud noises, visual pollution and
unsavoury smells are examples of how one persons complete freedom
may interfere with anothers enjoyment. These interferences can be
designed out through the creation of user zones as explained on the
following side.
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INTERACTIONS VS HUMAN SENSES
Tabard Gardens has some diverse user zones. Some of these zones
can affect others. For example, the childrens playground is can be
noisy and needs adequate lighting at night time. This means it wont
be welcomed by residents whos homes are close by. Also, connections
can be made through visual interactions from one part of a space or the
surrounding area to another.
USER ZONES IN SPACES
The study highlighted different areas of the space being used by distinct
groups of people. Although the different users had different needs,
there was no conflict of interest. The youth often used the football court
to play their community football matches. Dog owners knew each other
well and would often cross paths. In addition, wild animals such as
foxes were comfortable in the space. This reflects the ideal space that
Tabard Gardens is for the use of a diverse community.
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CASE STUDY
SOLUTION
CAR-FREE DESIGN
Car-free area, using green space instead of asphalt road for example,
give a safety space for children to play, for neighbours to chit chat, for
people to access the community space easily. However, car-parking
facilities for residents or visitors are also needed. Whats more, the
distance between parking lot and houses should not be over 200m.
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CASE STUDY
- A big screen was located in the corner of the sqaure which served
both local people and outsiders.
ADVICE FOR INTERANL TRAFFIC SYSTEM
It can be difficult to install a large car-free area in a place where cars
are heavily used. However, heavy vehicle circulation within intimate
community neighbourhoods should be avoided. The solution to this
is to redirect traffic from outside to a more direct route reserving inner
roads solely for local residents use. This minimises vehicle circulation
within community areas.
- Marble stairs were put in place replacing the old, natural routes
previously used by visitors. This change transformed the whole site
into a stage which created more opportunities for people to stay and
interact in the space.
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DESIGN ADVICE
ENTRANCES DESIGN
The position of entrances can influence where people meet, where they
spend time and what they do in a space. It is therefore important to
decide where entrances will be in relation to different zones in a space
and their intended uses. In community spaces interaction is vital and
so, through encouraging movement through spaces that increases
opportunities for chance interactions it is hoped that familiarity will
increase and a sense of community will be strengthened. This also
increases the safety of spaces through natural surveillance and building
trust between users.
TABARD GARDEN:
Entrances may not lead to all user zones.
PECKHAM SQUARE:
A very notable entrance.
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DESIGN ADVICE
PATHS DESIGN
Paths in public spaces can be categorised into two general types:
desire lines on which people may pass quickly through space and
the second is a path which serves the internal circulation within the
space or provides a more leisurely route through. These two typologies
should be catered for in larger scale spaces whilst in the more intimate
spaces the second is essential. Following the ethos of interaction and
integration in community spaces, paths should provide routes that
increase opportunities for different people from the community to
interact. In larger scale spaces paths may not be necessary and people
will move across the space freely.
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DESIGN ADVICE
BOUNDARIES DESIGN
Boundaries are used for organising spaces and marking between
public and private ownership. Boundaries can be soft in nature or
more formal/solid. In the context of community spaces, the later can
be reductive to interactions and the overall attractiveness of the space
to the public. Soft boundaries may include trees, bushes, low visuallypermeable fences and are more gentle in nature. Hard boundaries
such as solid fences and walls are discouraged due to their divisive
nature whereas soft boundaries can gently define spaces. Due to the
purpose of community spaces of increasing interaction, barriers should
generally be minimal.
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DESIGN ADVICE
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SEATING DESIGN
Seating is essential in providing comfortable experience for users,
allowing them to stay for prolonged periods of time in the space;
increasing opportunities for interaction and natural surveillance.
Elderly or disabled users may find comfortable and accessible seating
necessary in order for a space to be inviting. In order to be inclusive
of the whole community seating must cater for all groups within the
community. Seating may be simple and comfortable or may intrigue
and add character the visitors through ornamental designs.
SHELTER DESIGN
Shading or shelter is necessary to allow users of a space to comfortably
spend prolonged periods of time in community spaces. Shading refers
to any element which guards users from rain, sun or wind. It is likely
that when diverse users of the same community face the same problem
(heavy rain for example) they will gather under shelters; increasing
opportunities for social integration. Also, more vulnerable visitors such
as the elderly may no longer be able to use a space if it does not offer
shelter from the elements.
- Seating should be diverse in both the users they are designed for and
their aesthetic feel.
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DESIGN ADVICE
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PARKING DESIGN
Parking for cyclists is essential in catering for the broadest range of
community members and encouraging sustainable transport in the City.
Cycle parking can create space for interaction between cyclists who
may not be visiting the space for the same reason and would therefore
be less likely to meet. Having a central parking space can increase this
interaction and also cause users to walk through parts of the space they
may normally ignore.
- Cycle parking should be located in a cluster.
- Parking should preferably be to the edge of the space near the
entrance/exit.
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DESIGN ADVICE
MATERIAL SELECTION
Materials used in public spaces can influence how comfortable a
space is for its users and how they relate to it. In community spaces
where the aim is to cater for the diverse community materials should
allow all visitors to be comfortable. Materials can also aid the character
of a place through innovative landscape design. However, it is
important to consider the maintenance issues of spaces in the design
process particularly if spaces are to be management/maintained by
communities themselves. The use of robust materials will reduce the
long-term financial burden on those responsible for their maintenance.
- A significant proportion of seating and paths should use materials that
aid the elderly, young children and handicapped users to comfortably
and safely visit the space.
- The use of high quality and robust materials will reduce the financial
implications of long-term management and should be considered in
the design process.
LIGHTING DESIGN
Lighting is essential to community spaces and allows a diverse range of
users to take advantage of spaces for extended hours while feeling safe.
This is important to accommodate all members of local communities as
individuals have different schedules ie. shift workers. Light can make
certain areas of a space more attractive, drawing people to gather there.
Lighting may even guide people to take a certain route through a space.
Although the main factor which will aid security is activity and peoples
presence, good lighting is also vital.
- Areas surrounding attractions may have less lighting to draw attention
to community based activities which will be lit up creating a contrast in
lighting.
- Favoured routes through a space may be lit up to encourage their use.
- Lighting and coloured lights may be used for decoration or to mark a
certain event which relates to the community thus adding to character
and a sense of belonging.
- Lights on the boundaries of space may draw in new users to a space.
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DELIVERY PROCESS
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ENGAGEMENT EXERCISES
A structured approach to consultation is an important to achieve
representative opinions. The production of an Engagement Plan (EP)
will help the developer locate all formal and informal groups operating
in the community eg. resident associations, local business groups,
volunteer groups, sports clubs, faith groups, youth groups etc - any
history of consultation on similar project in the local area will provide an
excellent starting point.
Once the community members have been identified, the plan should
stage the involvement of the different groups by establishing what
information is sort and the suitable mechanisms to obtain it. It may
be useful to contact first the most active groups in a community, such
as residents associations, which already work well together. Yet, it is
important to make a real effort to include people from hard to reach
groups, like teenagers, working parents or older residents as these are
most likely to be the core users of community spaces.
II) GOVERNANCE
As emphasised consistently, the collective community are the principal
actors in successful delivery, coupled with the land owner. Therefore,
the land owner must occupy an important and communicative role
during the process to foster positive relationships between all actors
which may involve local authority departments, the police and fire
services, local politicians, and others.
The EP should address who, how and when the different actors should
be involved. Define the roles of and establish positive rules to enhance
the constructive relationship between the actors.
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LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT
iii) Community entirely owns and manages the space transfer from
local authority.
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ENGAGEMENT AND MANAGEMENT
space was created and opened by Poet Laureate Andrew Motion, who
lives locally.
Today, the square is a focal point for the community, with colourful wall
murals and childrens art hung from railings, and spaces for games
and public entertainment. The square recently won a much-coveted
government Green Flag for excellence in the urban environment.
Lisa Pontecorvo said: Originally, it was a typical Georgian square and
contained one of the first public gardens in London, which opened in
1888. But in 1963 everything was removed as part of slum clearance
and it remained semi-derelict and wild for 30 years.
Designers, who stand for the benefit of community members, design
the colourful wall for young people.
The new square is managed by the FREDS. Sometimes, they cooperate
with local police stations to improve the quality of other open space
nearby.
Our message is that residents can beat the developer. We were lucky
with our designer and with council planning. Everyone was committed
to the idea that nothing but the best would do. If we hadnt have acted
when we did we would have lost the square.
Lisa Pontecorvo- secretary of FREDS
For 30 years, the square lay semi-derelict and under-used until
residents decided to take action. In 1999, thanks to a 300,000
charitable grant and support from Islington Council, a new public open
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IN-BETWEEN SPACES
THE TEAM
Pinelopi Mamoura
Elizabeth MacCarthy
Krystof Mrnka
Jerome Raymond
Jiaxuan Zhang
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INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION:
Not bound by any strict defining functions or physical attributes, inbetween spaces are the residual elements of the city, which evolve out
of an ever-changing urban fabric. [1] [2]. Reclaimed, or presenting
un-tapped potential, in-between spaces present flexible environments,
which offer potential locations for diverse and unexpected activities and
future developments.
In-between spaces, which lack a strong identity, are underutilised and
are poorly integrated into their surrounding environments are often
forgotten and as a result can fall into disrepair. By performing detailed
site analysis and devising a clear vision and intervention framework,
these often forgotten in-between spaces can be trans- formed into
positive, even essential, parts of the urban fabric.
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MAKING THE CASE
In-between spaces are those spaces, existing within the urban fabric of
every city, which have been shaped through both time and space.
These spaces arise as by-products of urban development, as
buildings and other structures fill the urban landscape, leaving behind
unintentional, leftover spaces. In-between spaces have no set of
definitive physical or functional attributes, but rather vary from space
to space. Some in-between spaces may be defined by the boundaries
of their surrounding environments, while others are classified as inbetween by the lack of integration between their internal function and
that of their surroundings.
GOOD
BAD
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ESTABLISHING THE VISION
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REALISING THE POTENTIAL
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IN-BETWEEN SPACES
IDENTITY
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IDENTITY
2nd case The in-between space uses some particular features of the
surrounding environment to promote an individual identity. In this case,
the space enhance its identity depending on an identifiable element
existing in the surrounding environment.
3rd case The space promotes an identity that is distinctive from the
surrounding environment. In this case, the in-between space can be
created or altered to be a separate and introverted space.
1st case The in-between space promotes the identity of its environment.
The in-between space in this particular case is well integrated within
its environment, with limited boundaries and barriers. The in-between
space in this context serves to complement the defined and planned
developments, bringing an added feature while maintaining the overall
sense of place of the area.
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PRACTICE
Cultural meaning.
Shape/dimension
[9c] The specific dimensions, ratios and other physical features (level
of enclosure, human scale, etc) can greatly effect and differentiate a
space.
Design elements
[9b] Urban furniture, architecture and landscape elements as well as
distinctive landmarks and materials can increase the sense of character
of a space. Both the design elements of the surrounding environment
and the design elements within the space itself can encourage the
sense of identity.
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PRACTICE
Language [9d]
There are cases in which peoples perception of a place is reflected
in the way they refer to the space, either in written or spoken form.
The language becomes a window into peoples perception of an
environment. For example, the reclamation of Court of Somerset
House from a parking lot to a major event space has affected the way
the space and surroundings are perceived. Somerset House, officially
referring to the building enclosing the space is now used by some to
refer primarily to the Court.
Key questions
How to create or enhance the appropriate
identity?
In order to answer this question, some subquestions regarding the key elements must
be explored
Are there conflicts between your vision and the current identity of the
environment and in-between space?
How/which key elements can be exploited to achieve the vision and
enhance the desired identity?
How can the surrounding environment be used, and does the space
complement, define or ignore the adjacent developments?
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PRESCRIPTIONS
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DESTINATIONS
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DESTINATIONS
PRESCRIPTIONS
Preventing banal and removing unwanted activities
A diversity of land uses, both varied and providing varying uses over
time (days, week, seasons, ect.)
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FLEXIBILITY
DEFINITION
In-between spaces are by nature flexible by nature. This refers not only
to their ability to adapt to the changing conditions of the surroundings
in both form and function, but also refers to the inherent potential they
hold for unexpected uses.
Flexibility is a unique characteristic of in-between space. Different
from other types of space, which may obtain a certain uses and stable
forms, in-between spaces have the potential to change and provide the
space for unexpected activities and special events .
TYPES OF FLEXIBILITY
Long-term:[14a] Long term flexibility is reflected through the evolution
of the built environment over the years. As the city evolves and trends
change, spaces and their surrounding might be altered, either through
small interventions or major redevelopments. Long-term flexibility
measures the ability of the in-between space to undergo and adapt to
those changes.
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FLEXIBILITY
KEY ELEMENTS:
SHORT TERM:
ACTIVITIES:
Diverse activities attract diverse types of users, therefore can enhance
the multi-functionality of the space. A place can accommodate diverse
activities either simultaneously or through time.
DIVERSITY OF USERS
Different users will have different requirements. However certain spaces
and activities can serve to satisfy different groups.
DESIGN ELEMENTS:
Urban furniture and other elements within the space can be designed
in such a way, where they can be used and altered to serve different
functions.
EVENTS:
With a high flexibility, In-between space might provide a great
opportunity to host special events. They might be used to complement
events held in public spaces and attract a variety of users.
LONG TERM
FUNCTIONAL:
In terms of reflecting the changing developments and attracting new
opportunities, in-between spaces have the ability to adapt to changing
land-uses. The lack of definite attachment to a specific function leaves
such an opportunity. A leisure space can change to a commercial
space if the surrounding development encourages such developments.
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FLEXIBILITY
PHYSICAL FORM
Being defined by surrounding developments, the long-term evolution
of in-between spaces is connected to the evolution of the adjacent built
environment. Once must consider such features when intervening in an
in-between space, leaving the possibility that boundaries defining the
space might change. [19]
OPENNESS:
Preventing the development of barriers or permanent structures within
the internal environment of the in-between space allows for the space to
be easily changed and adapted to the current demands on the space.
[20]
KEY QUESTIONS:
HOW TO ACHIEVE FLEXIBILITY?
SHORT TERM
Does the space accommodate multiple users and functions?
What will be the appropriate activities and developments to encourage
flexibility?
PRESCRIPTIONS
For space well-positioned for vibrant activities, create 24-hour spaces
with different activities through out the day which complement each
other as well as the surrounding environments.
Keep the space flexible by including movable furniture or nonpermanent structure, leaving the space open to major events and
special occasions.
LONG TERM
How can the operation process feed the changing demand on time?
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USERS
In line with the vision for the space, the goal of the interventions in
this section is to establish the number and type of desired users and
interventions to help them access the space. A two way process,
the interaction between user and in-between spaces, requires a
strong consideration of not only the type of users but also the level of
accessibility, connectivity and permeability.
In-between spaces are places of transition between more planned
environment where unexpected activities occur. Therefore, promoting
the access and use of the space by unexpected users is key to creating
open, vibrant, polyvalent and successful environment.
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USERS
TYPES OF USERS
Intended users are those at whom the place is planned and designed
for. In-between spaces, failing to live up to their potential, might lack
such target users or fail to be accessible, leaving in some cases the
spaces underused.
Unexpected users are additional people, which use the space beyond
intended users. Public space offers an opportunity for different
segments of society to interact and participate in city life. In-between
spaces can replicate and complement such function and provide
spaces for less common uses not provided by more planned and
sometimes more sanitized public environments. Opening the space for
unexpected users (and activities) increase the polyvalence of space and
future utility.
Unwelcomed users are those whom can disturb the smooth functioning
of the place and push away other users. While in-between spaces
can be designed with a particular audience in mind. It is important
to consider that certain segments of society might use the space in
a detrimental way to other users, and lead to the dilapidation of the
space. Creating a space intended towards a variety of intended users
and open to unexpected users helps create an eye on the street effect
limiting, complementing more physical interventions.
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USERS
KEY ELEMENTS:
The ability to enter and move around in-between spaces has a large
effect on the type and number of users. Connectivity, accessibility and
permeability are the key elements to consider.
Connectivity refers to the level of convenience to reach a specific
location in the cityFactors include the location in the city, as well as the
proximity to public transport stations and amount and the variety of
means of transport. It also refers to how portions of the internal space
connect with one another in addition to its immediate surrounding
environment.
CULTURAL INFLUENCES
An important factor to consider, reflecting back to the identity of space
is the cultural and personal attachment users form with the space.
Especially important to consider are religious and cultural buildings,
signs or other additions to the space. For example a church might bring
forth a particular strong attachment to a certain type of user while not
necessarily enhancing the space for other types.
CONNECTIVITY
ACCESSIBILITY
WALKABILITY
CULTURAL
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Key Questions:
The most useful source of information are the users themselves.
Questions regarding the perceived level of safety, comfort, legibility,
permeability, quality of management, and aspects concerning other
users should be answered through direct observations and interviews.
Those questions should be asked not only for users within the inbetween spaces, but also in and around more planned environments.
How many users utilize the space?
What is the current capacity of the space?
What is the optimal number of users according to the vision for the
space?
Who is the typical user? According to the plan and history of the
space, are they the intended, unexpected or unwanted?
How can the targeted user group be attracted to the space?
Should the place aim to attract a variety of users, or rather focus on a
specific group?
PRESCRIPTIONS:
Ensure the place clearly communicates its purpose and meaning to
passers-by. Either by advertising its presence to attract as many people
as possible or retain a certain anonymity and sense of privacy through
limited signalisation.
The presence of users (intended or otherwise) can be controlled by
managing access and projecting a sense of control. Visual security
measures can serve to complement and even replace restrictive
barriers or other physical measures.
making a place more inclusive might require the removal of barriers.
An in-be- tween space might serve to differentiate itself from more
planned environments by being more inclusive but less secure.
If a place aims to attract a certain group of users to create a
specialized space, low levels of accessibility and permeability might be
a positive.
It is important to provide the appropriate facilities and interventions
for users groups. Beyond installations in the site, interventions in the
surroundings might be necessary to increase accessibility. Elderly
people might benefit fro benches, ramps and easy to navigate streets
in the adjacent urban environment.
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MANAGEMENT
TYPES OF MANAGEMENT
PUBLIC SECTOR
Public spaces that are publicly managed come under the jurisdiction of
the local authority. The local government is thereby responsible for the
management, maintenance and funding of the- se spaces.
PRIVATE SECTOR
Private sector management of public spaces most often comes in the
form of Not for Profit Organisations (NPOs), though other private entities
may manage spaces as well. In addition to the physical management of
the space itself, the NPO (or other) also becomes financially responsible
for the space, relying largely on donations for funding.
COMMUNITY/VOLUNTEER SECTOR
In some cases, community or volunteer groups assume the
management of a space. These spaces are most often publicly
owned and therefore draw funding from the local authority, though
the community or a group/organization of volunteers undertakes
maintenance of the space.
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MANAGEMENT
MAINTENANCE
Maintenance refers to the overall care of the physical elements of a
space. The perceived quality of an in-between space and ultimately
the way the space is used is inextricably linked to the maintenance of
the space. A clean and well-groomed environment with little rubbish
or vandalism and good-quality facilities and street furniture is likely
to present a positive image and a sense of safety, and thus attract
users. Good maintenance of a space can also discourage anti-social
or criminal activities that tend to manifest themselves in derelict or
damaged spaces.
As in-between spaces are constantly evolving in space and time, it is
important for maintenance schemes to be flexible in order to respond to
changes in season, users, and spatial, cultural and political context.
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MANAGEMENT
FUNDING
Sources of funding are interlinked with the management scheme in
place. Some forms of management offer more financial opportunities
than others and should be carefully considered when developing a
management scheme for in-between spaces. Local authorities with a
wide range of financial obligations in other areas (health care, schools,
etc) may not have the funding available to adequately manage public
spaces and therefore alternative management schemes may be
preferable.
KEY QUESTIONS
What form of management is best suited for the purpose, con- text and
constraints of the space?
Who currently owns and manages the space?
Does the maintenance scheme for the space meet the current
requirements of the space?
Is the space prone to vandalism or criminal and antisocial activities?
PRESCRIPTIONS
EVALUATE
In-between spaces are constantly evolving in response to their
environments. Management and maintenance must there- fore respond
to the constantly changing requirements of space. Frequent evaluations
of space ensure that the scheme in place is still appropriate and allow
for changes to be made to better suit the space. It can also identify any
problems within the current management scheme or what areas require
further attention.
CAPITAL SPACES A DESIGN GUIDE FOR LONDONS PUBLIC SPACES, BARTLETT SCHOOL OF PLANNING, UCL, SPRING TERM 2012
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IN-BETWEEN SPACES
CONCLUSIONS
CAPITAL SPACES A DESIGN GUIDE FOR LONDONS PUBLIC SPACES, BARTLETT SCHOOL OF PLANNING, UCL, SPRING TERM 2012
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