En EnvStand16 Landfill-Design & Operation

Environmental Standards
Landfill Design and Operation
KSA
Presidency of Meteorology and Environment
PME Reference
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia National Environmental Standard
Landfill Design and Operation

Part I Preliminary
1)
KSA refers to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Definitions
authorisation process refers to the determination
of all applications for the development of a new
landfill by the Competent Agency up to the point
where permission is granted for development.
landfill is any facility, other than a ground treatment

facility or a storage pool, where wastes are disposed
of in an environmentally safe manner either by
placing them on the ground or burying them
underground.
bunds are systems which contain waste in an

embankment or secondary container to prevent the
waste from travelling or escaping.
landfill designer refers to the entity involved in

providing the documentation to support the
development of a landfill.
Competent Agency where referenced, refers to

the Presidency of Meteorology and Environment or
its designated representative.
landfill operator refers to the entity involved in the

development of the landfill site.
construction quality assurance plan (CQA)

refers to the construction quality control and quality
assurance documentation to be provided outlining
the successful construction of the landfill and
providing evidence that all design performance
specifications have been met. Construction quality
control and assessment must be performed by a
qualified contractor that is not contracted to, or
working for the construction company, but rather, this
work is done independently of the construction
contract.
disposal means the discharge, deposit, injection,
dumping, spilling, leaking, or placing of any waste
into or on any land or water so that such waste or
any constituent thereof may enter the environment or
be emitted into the air or discharged into any waters,
including ground waters.
generator is a commercial or industrial organisation
which produces or stores trackable waste and
arranges for this waste to be sent for storage,
recycling, treatment or disposal at another location
via an authorised transporter.
GER refers to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabias
General Environmental Regulations 2001.
hazardous waste is a waste with properties that
make it dangerous or capable of having a harmful
effect on human health and the environment.
homogeneous refers to materials which are similar
in terms of their physical content.
inert waste refers to waste which is chemically,
physically and biologically unreactive.
kPa refers to one kilopascal, defined as the
pressure exerted by a 10-g mass resting on a 1-cm2
area. 101.3 kPa = 1 atm. 1,000 pascals = 1
kilopascal.
major landfill refers to a landfill of significant size

which has been developed to provide disposal
capacity for a large local population (>500,000
people).
non-cohesive refers to materials which are
granular in nature and which do not bind together
easily, such as sand and gravel.
parameter shall refer to a chemical, physical or
biological measurement factor as listed within this
and other associated standards.
permanent road is a road which is stabilized and
suitable for use as an access way to a landfill. The
road may be earth stabilized, or may be constructed
of asphalt, concrete, geofabric/geotextile, or other
suitable structural material.
PME refers to the Presidency of Meteorology and
Environment who are designated as the responsible
authority for the protection of the environment and
the development of environmental protection
standards in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
recycling is the separation and collection of wastes
materials for the subsequent transformation or
remanufacture into usable or marketable products or
materials.
risk assessment is the process of identifying and
quantifying a risk and assessing the significance of
that risk in relation to other risks.
storage means all operations intended to keep or
contain wastes and other hazardous, toxic or
radioactive substances for the purpose of treatment,
transportation or disposal.
tanks are stationary devices, as opposed to
portable containers, used to store or treat waste.
Tanks can be open topped or completely enclosed,
and may be constructed of materials including steel,
plastic, fibreglass, and concrete.
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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4) Purpose
transporter means a person engaged in the off-site
transportation of waste by air, rail, highway or water
and is anyone who transports the trackable waste
from its place of production or storage to another
location.
a) The objective of this standard is to establish the

framework which facilitates the:
treatment is any means or technique of altering the

physical, chemical or biological properties of wastes
used to neutralize such wastes; utilize substances or
energy contained therein or released by them; and
transform the hazardous wastes into wastes that are
non-hazardous, less hazardous or safer when
transported, stored, disposed of, prepared for
storage, or reduced in volume.
TSD facility refers to a treatment, storage and/or a
disposal facility.
i)
design of new solid waste landfill facilities

which accept waste of all types from
across the KSA whether a material or
substance is inert, non-hazardous or a
hazardous waste and
ii)
operation of a solid waste landfill to

ensure that the sites are managed in a
manner which will have least possible
impact
upon
the
neighbouring
environment or human health;
and accordingly the Landfill Design and Operations

Standard and the codes and chapter headings shall
be recognised and used for those purposes.
unreactive refers to the properties of a waste

where there is no chemical, physical or biological
reaction likely to occur through the landfilling
process.
b) The Standard guides those developing and

operating solid waste landfill sites to:
i)
v/v refers to the volume to volume ratio between

two gaseous materials.
Understand
the
best
requirements with respect
design and operation.
to
practice
landfill
WAC refers to Waste Acceptance Criteria.

ii)
Develop new landfill sites with due regard

to international best practice.
iii)
Understand
the
necessary
site
development requirements for landfill sites
dealing with different waste types.
iv)
Provide for future site closure and after

care requirements on completion of the
landfill operations.
waste handler is a generator, transporter and

receiver of waste who has waste responsibilities.
waste receiver is any person operating a facility to
whom waste is transported for recycling, storage,
treatment or disposal.
waste tracking is the recording of information from
the waste generator about the quantity and type of
waste produced; recording information about who
transported the waste and when; recording
information from the waste receiver about the
quantity and type of waste received; and matching
information about the waste from both the generator
and the receiver.
working plan is the operational plan developed
prior to the acceptance of waste which sets out the
operational methods to be used on site and
demonstrates how environmental and human health
impacts will be managed and controlled.
2)
Citation
a) This document may be cited as the National the
Landfill Design and Operations Standard for KSA.
This standard revises the current General Standards
for the Environment (specifically document number
1409-01 and 1423-01) issued by the Presidency of
Meteorology and Environment (PME).
3)
.
c) The Standard is intended for use as a default

position for landfill design, operation, site closure and
remediation. The Standard applies to all new landfills
pre-development.
However, existing landfill
operators must, as far as practicable, implement the
relevant best practice measures contained within this
Standard.
5)
Scope
a) This Standard sets out the design parameters and
operational requirements through to site closure and
aftercare for solid waste landfill in the Kingdom of
Saudi Arabia.
b) This Standard does not apply to the:
(i)
management of radioactive waste;
(ii)
management of liquid wastes;
(iii)
spreading of sludges, including sewage

sludges and sludges from dredging
operations for the purposes of fertilisation
or land improvement; or
(iv)
remediation of existing landfill sites.
Timescales for implementation

a) The effective date of this standard is 01/05/1433H
corresponds to 24/03/2012G.
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6)
e) This standard enables the issue of regulations and

technical memoranda which are enforceable by the
Competent Agency who hold delegated authority
under the General Environmental Regulations.
Exemptions
a) Specific exemptions may be specified within this
standard at any point where relevant to the Article
that they are common to.
8
7)
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Enforcement Procedures
Powers of Authority
a) Failure to comply with the requirements of these
standards may lead to prosecution by the Competent
Agency and those convicted of such failure may be
subject to fines or periods of imprisonment as laid out
in the General Environmental Regulations.
a) Within the scope of these standards the

Competent Agency may:
i)
prescribe specific requirements at any time

as to other characteristics of landfill design;
ii)
authorise such relaxations or departures

from, the landfill design standard and make
any such authorisation subject to the
prescribed conditions, and to modify or
revoke any such authorisation or condition;
and
iii)
b) It is anticipated that the requirements of this

standard will be enforced nationally with inspections
taking place to verify their implementation at a
regional and local level.
9)
a) Maximum fines that may be imposed for

contravening the applicable standard, breach of
permit and failure to comply with an abatement
notice are set out in the General Environmental
Regulation
authorise a local Concerned Agency to

exercise any power conferred by these
regulations by paragraphs i) - ii) above.
b) The Competent Agency may, for the purposes of

this Standard, appoint persons to act on their behalf
as technical assessors and monitors in relation to the
powers and duties conferred on him by this standard
and/or its subsequent amendments.
.
Penalty fines
10)
Appeals
a) A right of appeal exists for any organisation or
individual who is required to take action as a
consequence of the implementation of the revised
standard.
c) In addition to the responsibilities conferred by

other sections contained within this standard, it shall
be the duty of a relevant party;
i) to give the Competent Agency all such
assistance; and
b) The right of appeal against conviction or sentence

is available through the appropriate judicial system as
set out in the General Environmental Regulations.
ii) to provide the Competent Agency with all

such information, as that may reasonably be
required for the purpose of carrying out an
investigation
c) All appeals should be fully supported with a

documented case containing as a minimum, the
information required under the appeals process of
the General Environmental Regulations.
d) The Competent Agency or appointed individual for

the purpose of land fill design regulation may:
i) Enter any premises for the purpose of
carrying out any investigation.
ii) carry out such inspections, measurements
and tests on premises entered, articles or
records found on any such premises, and take
away such samples of waste or articles, as may
be considered appropriate for the purpose of
enabling such investigation; or
iii) at any reasonable time require any relevant
party to supply him with copies of, or of extracts
from, any records kept for the purpose of
demonstrating compliance with the landfill
design standards.
11)
Periodic review
a) There may be some requirement at a future date to
adjust the standards included to recognise specific
local conditions.
b) As a minimum, the Competent Agency shall
undertake a periodic review of this standard every 5
years.
c) Where new information suggests that adjustments
are required to this standard, all changes will be
subject to the appropriate consultation and will be
notified to facilities by the Competent Agency.
Appropriate implementation time will be allowed.
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Article II Landfill Classification

a) The classification of landfills is based upon the
type of wastes which they are permitted to accept
through their gates.
There are more stringent
requirements placed upon wastes which have the
potential to cause harm to human health or the
environment.
1)
b) As a minimum requirement the Environmental

Assessment should include the items outlined in
Appendix 2.
2)
a) Careful consideration must be given to the

location of sensitive receptors down wind/ down
gradient of any newly proposed landfill to ensure
adequate protection of the environment and human
health. The actual
Landfill Types
a) Three landfill types have been identified (see the
Waste Acceptance Criteria Standard and the Training
and Assessment of Technical Competence of
Operators Standard) which require different levels of
detailed design depending upon their potential to
impact on human health or the wider environment.
These are:
i)
Class 1 Landfills - Hazardous Landfills

which may only accept Hazardous wastes
which satisfy site specific acceptance
criteria;
ii)
Class 2 Landfills - Non-Hazardous

Landfills which may accept any wastes
which are considered to be nonHazardous including municipal waste,
commercial waste, stable non-reactive
hazardous wastes, inert wastes and
others
as
demonstrated
through
appropriate
investigation
and
risk
assessment; and
iii)
b) When locating a landfill site consideration must

be given to the:
i)
distance from the site boundary to

sensitive receptors such as recreation
areas,
residential
properties
and
associated community establishments
(schools, hospitals, etc) (>250 metres),
coastal water resources (>100 metres)
and agricultural areas (>100 metres),
pipelines and highways (>30 metres),
aviation runways (3.3 km);
ii)
presence of groundwater, surface water,

coastal water or nature conservation
zones;
iii)
geological and hydrogeological conditions

underlying the site; and
iv)
other undetermined local factors which

could be impacted by a proposed landfill
site and which will be identified at the local
level
during
the
Environmental
Assessment.
Class 3 Landfills - Inert Landfills which

may only accept waste which is known to
be inert (that is, physically, chemically or
biologically unreactive).
Article III General Provisions
3)
a) The following outlines the requirements with

respect to the design of all landfills including specific
requirements for cell design, landfill liners, leachate
management, landfill gas management, construction
quality assurance (CQA) of the design parameters,
litter and pest/vermin control, closure and aftercare.
b) These provisions are generic for all landfills.
Where risk assessments and investigations identify
that a lesser standard is required for example, for
inert waste landfills, then this justification will be
taken into account during the Authorisation Process.
The minimum information required for authorisation
purposes is outlined in Appendix 1.
1)
Site Location
Environmental Assessment
a) An Environmental Assessment will be required
prior to the development of a landfill site for both
Class 1 and Class 2 landfills. This will be necessary
to gain a thorough understanding of the environment
where the landfill is to be sited in order to design the
landfill to minimise impacts on the environment.
Site Specific Design Considerations

a) All new landfill sites must be designed with the
desire for the least possible local impact and where
possible they must blend in with the local
surroundings.
b) Site factors which affect landfill design include (but
are not limited to):
i)
topography;
ii)
size and shape of the property area;
iii)
subsurface
geological
hydrogeological conditions;
iv)
surrounding land use;
v)
local availability of cover materials;
vi)
local ecological aspects;
vii)
seismic considerations; and
viii)
access and ease of transport to the site.
and
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g) The weighbridge should be calibrated in

accordance with manufacturers recommendations at
least annually to confirm the accuracy of records. A
logbook of weighbridge inspections and certifications
must be maintained by the landfill operator.
c) A detailed pre-construction plan must be provided

to the Competent Agency a minimum of six months
prior to construction along with the submittal of the
Environmental
Assessment.
Details
of
the
requirements for this plan are provided in Appendix 1.
d) A new landfill site must not be established by any
person, nor an increase in the volume of an existing
landfill be exercised, unless a written report has been
prepared in accordance with Appendix 1.
4)
5)
a) Landfills and associated facilities must be

designed to:
Minimise potential environmental impacts;
ii)
minimise health and safety risks for landfill

operators and the public;
iii)
encourage waste recovery; and
iv)
use onsite resources efficiently.
b) To assist in meeting these requirements a detailed

site layout plan must be provided to the Competent
Agency as part of the Working Plan for the site prior
to the development of a landfill to provide evidence
that key concerns have been considered and
addressed prior to the development works (both for
public landfill sites and private landfill sites owned
and operated by industry).
A viewing platform which allows a view of

the contents of incoming lorries; and
ii)
elevated mirrors or CCTV cameras which

can be used to scrutinise incoming loads.
f) A weighbridge must be installed at landfill sites

serving a population greater than 25,000 to facilitate
accurate record keeping of wastes entering and
leaving the site for all necessary administrative and
regulatory purposes.
there are no unacceptable emissions to

groundwater and surface water and the
surrounding environment;
ii)
the environmental protection systems

such as liners, leachate and gas collection
and treatment systems at the site are not
jeopardised;
iii)
waste-stabilisation processes such as

degradation or wash out within the landfill
are protected; and
b) The risk assessment may make it necessary for a

particular site to have additional limits to the full WAC
due to;
d) On landfills serving a large local population a

gatehouse is to be provided at the entrance to the
site, or at a suitable point which cannot be by-passed
by waste transporters when travelling to the landfill,
to provide for the validation of wastes to confirm their
suitability for receipt at the site.
i)
i)
iv) there is no unacceptable risk to human

health.
c) On landfills where there is general access to the

public for the drop off of wastes a TSD Facility with
recycling and drop-off areas must be provided to
reduce the need for the public to unload their vehicles
at the tipping area to minimise safety risks.
e) A number of facilities should be provided at the

gatehouse to provide the attendant with the best
practicable opportunity to confirm the acceptability of
incoming wastes including:
Risk Assessment
a) For all classes of landfill, a risk assessment must
be carried out by the landfill operator, taking account
of the site engineering and leachate and gas
management measures (if present), to demonstrate
that the acceptance of a waste would meet the
following criteria in both the short and long term (post
closure);
Site Layout
i)
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i)
the environmental context of the landfill

may be more sensitive than that used for
modelling the WAC;
ii)
the lining and leachate collection systems

perform differently from those used for
modelling the full WAC; and
the waste may have attributes not covered by the full

WAC.
Article IV Site Infrastructure Requirements
1)
Roads
a) Local infrastructure must be able to sustain the
operation of a landfill. Landfilling requires the
transportation of waste. The capacity of the road
network to cope safely with any increased traffic load
and with a minimum of disturbance to the local
community must be examined as part of site predevelopment requirements.
b) The preferred transportation route to the landfill
from the source of the waste or other TSD Facility
must minimise the transport of waste through
residential and other sensitive areas. This
consideration may influence the placement of the
entrance to the landfill.
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d) Accumulation of water within the working area

must be controlled to provide for optimum landfilling
conditions. The utilisation of water in arid conditions
can assist in the final stabilisation of the landfill, but
must be controlled. Controlling the size of the
operating areas and providing for daily cover of the
open face assist in controlling surface water ingress
and uncontrolled leachate production.
c) Access to the site will form a mixture of permanent

roads from the main highway through to temporary
roads near the face of the landfill. Consideration
must be given to the landfill sites requirements for
permanent roads within the site boundary, especially
on larger sites.
d) Where incoming vehicle movements exceed 100
movements per day a permanent road must be
provided within the site. Permanent roads may not
be required where there are lower vehicle volume
movements and conditions are dry and soils well
graded and compacted.
e) Additionally, temporary covered working areas

should be graded to provide for surface water runoff
to the network of drainage ditches. Long term control
is provided through the temporary or permanent
capping of filled areas on completion of the final
design level.
e) Permanent roads must be designed with due

regard to the estimated volume of traffic. Where
possible, two lane traffic (minimum total road width of
7.5 metres) should be provided to allow efficient
entrance and exit from the site.
f) Storage pools and other drainage measures must

be designed to contain and control rainfall runoff for a
1-in-20 year storm event for a Hazardous or NonHazardous landfill or a 1-in-10 year storm event for a
solid inert landfill.
f) Road gradients must be designed for the safe

operation of traffic on site. Gradients must not
exceed 7%.
g) Temporary roads will need to be constructed on
site as the working face changes. Temporary roads
must be constructed on the landfill (where necessary)
via compaction of the existing soils.
Where
necessary, temporary roads should be topped with
materials to improve traction, such as gravel, crushed
stone or crushed inert wastes from construction and
demolition activities. Serviceability can be improved
through the addition of lime, cement, or asphalt
binders where required.
2)
Surface Water Drainage

a) The management of surface water on landfills is a
key consideration as water provides for major
impacts upon the operations of a landfill through:
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g) Storm events up to 1-in-100 year recurrence

intervals must also be considered at the design stage
to ensure that they do not result in any catastrophic
failures such as flooding of the landfill or failure of
dams or leachate storage ponds where applicable.
3)
Utilities and Facilities

a) Electricity, water, sanitation and communications
facilities must be provided at all landfill facilities to
ensure the health and safety of on-site personnel,
and to enable control of operations on site (such as
dust control, vehicle washing and fire fighting).
b) As a minimum temporary structures must be
located on site providing accommodation to on site
personnel. Such structures must be designed to
provide:
i)
interference with site operations through

reduction in traction across the site; and
i)
office space for general site management

duties and records storage;
ii)
contributing to leachate generation.
ii)
sanitation facilities for site staff and

visitors.
iii)
storage space for site equipment and for

maintenance purposes; and
iv)
first Aid area, fully stocked for minor

accidents.
b) Surface water must be adequately controlled

through the construction of a network of interception
ditches across the site between the operating areas
and the surrounding areas of the site. Surface
waters which come into contact with waste on the site
must be diverted to a surface water collection area
(such as a lined storage pool separated from all
landfill cells) where further treatment or evaporation
can be carried out as required. Surface waters which
do not come into contact with the waste mass, or are
not subject to contamination through leachate should
be diverted without further controls.
c) The design of the
into account during
assist in optimising
and minimising the
ingress.
drainage system must be taken

the pre-development stage to
the utilisation of surface water
impacts of uncontrolled water
c) The location of temporary or permanent site

structures must take account of landfill settlement
and landfill gas production and potential gas
migration. All structures must be located in a suitable
area of the site to allow control of day to day activities
whilst also taking account of health and safety
aspects.
d) Where landfill gas is known or likely to be
generated, gas control measures must be included
within the design of structures to ensure that build up
of gas does not occur within the building as gas can
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move out of the site where there are fissures which

allow migration.
4)
c) A paved surface area of 10 metres by 10 metres

minimum must be provided, with its own linked
drainage collection system. All drainage from this
part of the site must be collected and held in
segregation until laboratory testing proves that it is
suitable for discharge into the onsite surface drainage
system. Where unsuitable, the wash water must be
tankered off for offsite treatment at a suitable water
treatment facility.
Fencing
a) A fence (or elevated earth berm in remote areas)
must be constructed around the perimeter of the
landfill to:
i)
reduce onsite trespass, especially from

vulnerable members of the population,
and animals;
ii)
provide a screen for the landfill;
iii)
delineate the property lines; and
iv)
provide a control for litter blow.
Cell Design
a) All landfills will be developed as a series of cells.
A cell is formed by the spreading and compaction of
incoming wastes in layers within a confined area.
c) However, higher fences may be required down

wind of the site to limit litter blow off site, especially
where there are potentially sensitive land uses down
wind of the site. Alternatively, portable litter fences
over 3 metres in height which are placed near to and
down wind of the open landfill face may suffice.
Vehicle/Wheel Wash Areas

a) On large landfill sites (serving major population
centres of >500,000 people and in close proximity to
local communities) which accept municipal or
hazardous waste, an area of the site must be set
aside to allow for the washing of onsite vehicles and
lorries which bring waste into the site. Such an area
will require:
i)
a reliable water supply; and
ii)
an area of hardstanding (concrete/tarmac)

which leads wash water runoff to the
surface water collection system.
b) Wheel washing facilities must be placed in line

with the paved road leading to the exit from the site to
remove mud from vehicle tyres before exit back onto
the main highway. Wash water and sediments from
the wheel washing trough must be disposed of
through the on-site surface water drainage system.
6)
Article V Landfill Design Standards

1)
b) Fences must be a minimum of 2 metres tall around

the entire perimeter of the site.
5)
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Unacceptable Load Quarantine Area

a) An area of the site must be made available to
allow for the temporary segregation of suspect,
burning or unacceptable waste loads which enter the
site. This area should be located away from the main
areas frequented by personnel. Water must be
available in case of burning waste loads.
b) This area must be clearly marked with reference to
its required purpose to ensure that there is no
inadvertent mixing of waste materials.
b) Individual daily cells must be placed sequentially

and compacted as the landfill develops. A series of
adjoining cells developed over the landfill at the same
height constitutes a lift (normally between 2 and 4
metres depth).
c) At the end of each working day the compacted
waste within a cell must be covered by a thin
continuous layer of locally recovered cover material
of approximately 150 mm (including the working
face).
d) All cells must be designed to accommodate the
likely volumes of waste. Dimensions of a cell are
affected by:
i)
the quantity of waste accepted daily;
ii)
daily cover requirements;
iii)
slope stability; and
iv)
degree of compaction.
e) Cell width must also be taken into consideration as

this important parameter will impact upon site
operations. Table 1 illustrates suggested minimum
widths in line with daily imports of waste material.
Table 1: Suggested Minimum Cell Widths as a Function
of Daily Waste Quantities
Quantity of Waste
(tonnes per Day)
20 to 50
25 to 130
130 to 250
250 to 500
Minimum Cell Width

(metres)
8
10
12
15
f) The maximum recommended slope for a cell is 1

vertical to 4 horizontal, although slopes of lesser
steepness are preferred as maximum compaction is
achieved when the angle of the working face is close
to horizontal.
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g) Where the outside slopes of a cell constitute the

final landform they must be at a slope of 1 vertical to
3 horizontal or less depending upon slope stability
and potential erosion impacts. In seismically active
areas maximum final slopes must be 1 in 5.
2)
Landfill Liners
a) The primary functions of a landfill liner system are
to:
i)
protect groundwater from impacts of

leachate through reducing the vertical
seepage of leachate;
ii)
attenuate contaminants in leachate

seeping through the liner to the point
where the leachate that makes contact
with the aquifer beneath the landfill has
minimal
detrimental
impact
on
groundwater; and
iii)
retard lateral movement of landfill gas

from the landfill and to limit the infiltration
of groundwater.
b) The landfill designer must ensure that the liner

system is geotechnically stable between components
and as a total system. A risk assessment will be
required to demonstrate the performance of any
proposed landfill liner system. The risk assessment
must consider:
i)
the operational and post-closure phases;
ii)
failure and degradation of other controls,

such as the clay liner, the leachate
management system and operational/
management
controls
including
groundwater pumping;
iii)
likely variation of leachate concentration

with time;
iv)
stability and settlement; and
v)
the role of the barrier in controlling landfill

gas.
c) The results of this risk assessment will feed into

the final design parameters of any landfill liner
required on a site specific basis as this will be
dependant upon the:
i)
volume of precipitation and potential

infiltration.
ii)
moisture content of the waste entering the

landfill.
iii)
Volumes of leachate which

produced within the landfill.
iv)
depth to underlying aquifers.
will
be
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d) The design objective of the liner and leachate

collection system is to protect the beneficial use of all
groundwater, including that directly beneath the
landfill. Appendix 4 provides the List I and List II
substances which have the greatest impact upon
ground and surface water resources as the major
likely constituents of leachate. The liner must be
sloped into the leachate collection pipes which in turn
are sloped to the leachate collection sump.
e) Liners comprise up to five components depending
upon the level of groundwater protection required:
i)
sub-base;
ii)
clay layer;
iii)
geomembrane and protection layer.;
iv)
drainage layer/leachate collection system;

and
v)
geotextile.
f) To meet the performance standards of the whole

liner for a Non-Hazardous or Hazardous waste
landfill, the whole liner system (which will be made up
of all or some of the above components depending
upon site specific risk assessment) must, must,
unless otherwise agreed, provide for a hydraulic
conductivity of less than 1 x 10-9 m/s for hazardous
sites and 1 X 10-5 m/s for nonhazardous sites.
Landfills designed to operate under a greater
hydraulic conductivity must prove through risk
assessment that there is no additional impact on
human health or the environment prior to
construction, and petition to the Competent Authority
for exemption.
g) Sub Base: The sub base will normally constitute
the underlying natural solid geology, or well
consolidated drift geology. The role of the sub base
is to provide a suitable base for the clay layer and to
limit settlement which could cause problems for any
artificial geomembrane used within the construction
of the liner.
h) All plans for the construction of a sub base must
be verified and approved by a suitably qualified and
experienced Geotechnical engineer.
To provide
assurance of the quality of construction of the subbase, construction of the sub-base must be included
in any Construction Quality Assurance (CQA) plan
which
accompanies
the
landfill
design
documentation, verifying that it is fit for its intended
purpose.
i) Clay Liner: Clay provides a suitable material for
the development of a low permeability liner for
Hazardous and Non-Hazardous landfill sites in areas
where there is a potential risk to ground or surface
waters.
j) Before clay is used to construct a liner, samples of
the clay to be used must be submitted to a laboratory
for determination of the soil properties for a range of
compaction efforts. This will enable the development
Page 8 of 27
KSA
of laboratory compaction and hydraulic conductivity

curves which should be assessed to determine the
suitability or otherwise of the material as a low
permeability barrier.
PME Reference
p) The landfill designer must make every reasonable

endeavour to ensure that the geomembrane to be
used is the most appropriate under the
circumstances and that it meets the physical and
mechanical requirements summarised in Appendix 3.
k) Key elements of the clay layer are that it provides:

i)
a
barrier
to
the
contaminants; and
movement
of
ii)
extended cover along the entire base of

the landfill and up the sides to provide full
containment (taking into account the
stability of any side wall lining system).
l) All plans for the construction of a clay liner must be

verified and approved by a suitably qualified and
experienced Geotechnical engineer.
To provide
assurance of the quality of construction of the clay
liner, construction of the clay liner must be included in
any Construction Quality Assurance (CQA) plan
which
accompanies
the
landfill
design
purpose.
m) Compacted powdered marl has been shown to
provide a suitable liner for some non-hazardous
landfills in the Kingdom without additional significant
risk to underlying groundwater. Where this is to form
part of the lining system (as opposed to clay) for new
landfills a risk based approach will be adopted to
ensure that proposed designs are suitable within the
context of each and every specific landfill. Soils
testing in a geotechnical or soils laboratory are
required to determine if the compacted powdered
marl meets the construction and design parameters
for the project.
n) Geomembrane: A Geomembrane consists of a
prefabricated polymeric sheet. The suitability of a
Geomembrane and the protection it affords is based
upon:
i)
the number of defects within the liner

material;
ii)
tears or imperfections at the join;
iii)
holes resulting
Geomembrane,
penetrating it;
iv)
compatibility of the Geomembrane to the

waste types disposed of within the fill;
v)
ability to withstand deterioration under

ultraviolet light; and
vi)
from folds
or
sharp
in the
objects
grade of slopes over which it is to be laid.
o) Porous materials must not be placed between a

geomembrane and a clay liner. The clay liner must
be shaped to a smooth surface before installing a
geomembrane to reduce the overall surface area of
the clay liner and thereby reduce the potential for
liner damage.
q) All plans for the construction of a geomembrane

liner must be verified and approved by a suitably
qualified and experienced Geotechnical engineer. To
provide assurance of the quality of construction of the
geomembrane liner, construction of the liner must be
included in any Construction Quality Assurance
(CQA) plan which accompanies the landfill design
purpose, with due regard to paragraph l) above.
Construction and installation of a liner must be
certified complete by independent quality assurance
quality control construction monitoring.
r) Drainage Layer/Leachate Collection System:
The leachate collection system is an integral
component of the overall landfill liner system. A
leachate collection system typically comprises a high
permeability drainage layer, perforated collection
pipes, a sump where collected leachate is extracted
from the landfill and geotextiles to protect any
geomembrane and prevent clogging of the drainage
layer. It must be designed to:
i)
drain leachate such that the leachate

head above the liner is minimised;
ii)
collect the estimated volume of leachate

(predicted by water balance models);
iii)
resist chemical attack, and physical,

chemical and biological clogging;
iv)
withstand the weight of waste and the

compaction equipment without crushing;
and
v)
provide ease of inspection and cleaning.
s) The maximum permissible leachate head on the

liner (as measured at the lowest point of the liner) for
a landfill situated above the water table is 0.3 metres.
t) No new landfill will be permitted on areas where
there is likely to be close contact between the landfill
base and the water table, except where the filling is
to take place as part of a land reclamation project to
expand the shoreline. Where such land reclamation
works are permitted, the fill material is limited to inert
materials.
u) The drainage layer is a high-porosity medium
providing a preferential flow-path to the leachate
collection pipes and/or sump.
The hydraulic
conductivity of the drainage layer must be greater
3
than 1x10 m/s. The drainage layer must be placed
across the entire landfill and comprise at least 0.3
metres of coarse aggregate or a geosynthetic
drainage material with the equivalent performance.
v) The aggregate to be used in constructing a
drainage layer must be selected to maximise
Page 9 of 27
KSA
drainage of leachate in
Recommended properties are:
the
long
term.
i)
85% of the material not less than 40 mm;
ii)
10% of the material not less than 20 mm;
iii)
uniformity coefficient less than 2;
iv)
fines content less than 1 per cent by

weight; and
v)
no limestone or other calcareous material

that would be subject to chemical attack.
Maximum
Apparent Opening
Size (AOS) (mm)
3)
prevent clogging with silt or mud;
ii)
prevent
pipes;
micro-organisms
clogging
prevent precipitation
reactions;
iv)
ensure pipes are not damaged during

installation or early in the filling of the
landfill; and
v)
from
x) To reduce the risk of mechanical failure of the

leachate collection pipes, they must be:
ii)
placed in trenches;
iii)
placed on evenly
material; and
iv)
protected by a traffic-control program

minimising the movement of heavy
vehicles across them until sufficient waste
has been placed over the drainage layer
to avoid puncturing.
prepared
Table 2 Geotextile Criteria for Subsurface

Drainage (after AASHTO M288-96)
Filter Criteria
Minimum
permittivity (per
second)
e) A risk assessment will be required to determine

the need for a leakage interception layer within the
lining system. The system should be divided into
sections for risk assessment purposes to assist in the
location of any significant leakage, and in its possible
remediation.
bedding
y) Geotextile: A geotextile filter should be placed

over the drainage layer to protect it from clogging as
a result of solids transport. Leachate collection pipes
must not be wrapped in a filter geotextile, as they
rapidly clog, rendering the collection pipes ineffective.
Table 2 highlights minimum geotextile criteria for use
in subsurface drainage applications.
Percent Soil Passing No. 200 Sieve

<15%
15 50%
>50%
0.5
0.2
0.1
Liner Protection and Leak Detection
d) The use of geophysical leak detection is required

on all composite liners where the upper barrier is a
geomembrane, to check for defects after the
installation of the leachate drainage layer and prior to
waste deposition.
prevent the pipes becoming weakened by

chemical attack (acids, solvents, oxidising
agents, or corrosion) and are crushed.
flexible rather than rigid;
0.22
c) The performance of the liner system must be

monitored in order to verify design assumptions and
inform the design of future phases. This will require
installation of permanent or semi-permanent
monitoring systems to verify design assumptions in
the short to medium term.
chemical
i)
0.25
b) The Operator must ensure that the placement of

the protection layer does not damage or over stress
the liner. The Operator must provide erosion control,
particularly on sloping areas via re-vegetation where
possible.
the
iii)
0.43
a) The Operator should select a suitable material to

provide appropriate liner protection. A range of
materials
including
mineral
materials,
thick
geotextiles, sheets made from bonded rubber crumb
may provide appropriate protection. Where mineral
layers are used for liner protection, they are generally
finer grained, 300 mm thick or more, overlain by a
separation geotextile and the leachate collection
system.
w) A number of controls must be put in place to

reduce the potential for short to medium term
leachate collection system failure:
i)
PME Reference
f) Where present, the leak interception system should

be carefully monitored and the results interpreted
carefully.
g) Where there is likely to be considerable leachate
produced interception facilities must be constructed
for the collection of leachate to provide a contingency
for unanticipated seepage.
4)
Landfill Gas Management

a) Landfill gas (a cocktail of methane, carbon dioxide
and other trace gases) will be produced by landfills
which accept biodegradable wastes. Landfill gas (at
sites where it is known or suspected to be produced)
must be managed throughout the life time of the
landfill, including the period after landfill completion
(typically fifteen to twenty years after closure; often
longer).
b) The following elements must be present at sites
receiving biodegradable wastes:
Page 10 of 27
KSA
i)
full containment of the site to prevent subsurface migration and minimise surface
emissions of landfill gas;
ii)
an active gas extraction system to achieve

the maximum practicable collection
efficiency. Passive venting of landfill gas
will only be permitted where a risk
assessment shows that gas emissions will
prove minimal and no risk is evident to
human health or the environment; and
iii)
where necessary (on larger gas producing

sites) a system of combustion or other
treatment process. Treatment of the gas
stream pre or post combustion will be a
site-specific issue based on the precise
composition of the gas stream.
c) As part of the landfill gas-management strategy,

gas monitoring must be undertaken. During gas
monitoring, atmospheric conditions must be reported
as atmospheric pressure influences gas migration.
The number and location of gas-monitoring locations
will be site specific. However, where the landfill has
been capped, the resulting increased lateral
movement of landfill gas will require more intensive
gas monitoring.
d) If landfill gas is found or suspected to be migrating
offsite at unacceptable levels, then a landfill gasextraction system will be required.
The main
pathways through which gas will migrate include:
i)
high permeability strata along the bedding

plane;
ii)
through caves or cavities;
iii)
desiccation cracks in any capping media,

or at site perimeters;
iv)
through pathways promoted by tree roots;
v)
through gas or leachate wells placed for

the collection of samples or monitoring
purposes;
vi)
through highly fissured strata into the

atmosphere or adjacent buildings; and
vii)
along underground service routes.
e) The migration of landfill gas may constitute an

environmental and safety risk. Methane is explosive
when present in the range of five per cent (Lower
Explosive limit) to 15 per cent (Upper Explosive limit)
by volume in air. Gravel or sand layers, or even
manmade drains, provide ideal migration routes for
landfill gas, particularly after the site is capped.
f) A risk assessment must be presented in all cases
to identify those landfills that present an
unacceptable risk due to their location, waste type,
size and soil strata.
PME Reference
g) In line with the development of a risk assessment,

the landfill Operator must also present a preauthorisation Gas Management Plan to the
Competent Agency based on the site specific risk
assessment which includes details on the monitoring
of:
i)
expected gas composition and volume of

production at source, including quantification
of trace components (estimates to be
reviewed on an annual basis based upon
actual monitoring information);
ii)
enclosed flare emissions monitoring and

compliance assessment; and
iii)
surface
emissions
monitoring
compliance assessment.
and
h) The capacity of the treatment system must be

sufficient to deal with the volume of gas generated at
the landfill.
i) The presence of sensitive receptors near to the site
boundary (within 250 metres) must be addressed
within the risk assessment and environmental
assessment. The need for ambient air monitoring
either at the receptors or at the site boundary will also
need to be considered where a potential linkage
exists.
j) The risk assessment will be reviewed regularly by
the Operator (at least annually, or when a change in
gas production is noted) in the light of analysis of
trace gas components in the landfill gas, and of any
changes in operation, such as new waste streams. A
record of this review will be kept by the Operator for
the life of the active landfill.
k) Periodic monitoring of emissions from any flares or
energy recovery engines utilised on site must be
supported by periodic assessment of the source gas
composition at the landfill site as this can indicate the
impact of gas emissions on the environment.
l) Where odour problems are encountered the gas
extraction system should be reviewed with increased
ambient air monitoring using methane as a landfill
gas indicator.
m) Leachate recirculation is permissible on site to
provide for promoting biological activity as the
anaerobic bacteria necessary for gas production are
found within the leachate. Leachate must only be
recirculated where it forms part of the overall gas
management plan and must not be seen as an
inexpensive way of disposing of leachate.
n) Leachate recirculation must not take place until the
landfill gas extraction system is in place to collect and
treat the gas generated.
o) All flaring or combustion engine equipment utilised
on site to manage gas or to recover energy must be
designed to meet the following requirements:
Page 11 of 27
KSA
i)
discharges should be vertically upwards

and unimpeded by cowls or any other
fixture on top of the stack;
ii)
sampling sockets should be fitted to allow

for ease of monitoring;
iii)
crankcase emissions from engines must

be managed to minimise release to the
environment;
iv)
there should be continuous assessment of

methane and the rate of flow of the inlet
gas;
v)
sampling must be undertaken after

combustion is completed (i.e. downstream
of the flame); and
vi)
flare designs must include sufficient

shroud to fully enclose the flame at all
times.
p) All design works relating to landfill gas

management and utilisation must be undertaken by a
duly qualified Chartered Engineer with demonstrable
relevant experience of undertaking such works.
q) Monitoring of landfill gas must be undertaken
throughout the lifetime of the landfill. Monitoring
should be undertaken on a monthly basis throughout
the operational period of sites
accepting
biodegradable waste.
r) Monthly monitoring will be required post-completion
for a period as determined through the risk
assessment and agreed with the Competent Agency.
Key to monitoring frequency is the proximity to
sensitive receptors.
s) Landfill gas completion, following site closure, can
be considered as having been met when the
methane concentration remains below 0.5%v/v and
carbon dioxide concentration remains below 0.5%v/v
for a period of at least 24 months, including on at
least 4 occasions when atmospheric pressure was
falling.
t) Monitoring of the following parameters using
electronic monitors calibrated for the purpose is
required:
5)
PME Reference
Landfill Capping
a) Leachate formation within a landfill is controlled in
the long term through the provision of a landfill cap
which provides a surface seal for the site and limits
infiltration into the landfill. Hazardous and nonhazardous landfills will normally require a cap.
Landfills for inert waste will not normally require a
cap.
b) Table 3 provides a guideline for the capping
requirements on landfills for different waste types.
Table 3: Landfill Capping Requirements

Landfill
Category
Gas
Drainage
Layer
Artificial
Sealing Liner
Impermeable
Mineral
Layer
Drainage
Layer 0.5
metres
Top
Soil
Cover 1
metre
Inert
Not
Required
Non
Hazardous
Required
Hazardous
Not
Required
Not
Required
Not
Required
Not
Required
Required
Required
Required
Not
Required
Required
Required
Not
Normally
Required
Required
Required
c) The Landfill Operator must determine the

appropriate sealing layer on the basis of the
hydrogeological and landfill gas risk assessments.
Cap design must take account of the:
i)
balance between the requirement to

minimise leachate generation and the
need to flush contaminants from the
waste;
ii)
containment of landfill gas; and
iii)
need to physically separate some wastes

(for example, asbestos) from the
environment.
d) As a minimum, the capping system for a nonHazardous or Hazardous landfill must contain:
i)
methane (% v/v);
ii)
carbon dioxide (% v/v);
i)
a sealing layer;
iii)
oxygen (% v/v); and
ii)
a surface water drainage system; and
iv)
atmospheric pressure (mb).
iii)
cover soils.
u) The results of landfill gas monitoring, alongside

details of site location, monitoring hole number and
date of monitoring must be recorded and kept
available for review by the Competent Agency as
required. Full records should be maintained in both
paper and electronic format from site opening
through to agreed site completion.
e) The requirement for a gas drainage layer will

depend upon the site-specific gas extraction system.
In most landfills accepting biodegradable wastes
retro-drilled landfill gas extraction boreholes are the
preferred method of gas management.
Page 12 of 27
KSA
f) The finished surface of the landfill cap should have

a slope of at least 5% to allow for the management
and control of runoff, and to make provision for
differential settlement over time.
6)
f) Stability of a landfill can be impacted through

problems at the interface between the geosynthetic
and mineral liners. The interface friction must be
assessed between each layer under all conditions of
use; static and dynamic, temporary or permanent.
Landfill Stability
g) To anticipate the effects of settlement, designers

must add a surcharge to the post-settlement levels,
and distinguish clearly on design drawings the
ultimate post-settlement levels and the surcharged
levels to which each phase of the site is to be filled,
capped and restored.
(Values of 15-25% are
accepted as being typical of the surcharge allowance
required when considering the void capacity and final
pre-settlement contours of a household waste
landfill).
a) Waste is unlikely to be a geotechnically

homogeneous material and as such, due
consideration must be given to the stability of waste
and potential settlement over time as it is subject to
decomposition, consolidation, and considerable
variation, both spatially and with time.
b) Stability and settlement must be monitored in the
construction, operational and aftercare phases. The
Operator must justify any assumptions and should
undertake appropriate sensitivity analysis.
h) Where differential settlement may occur, provision

should be made to accommodate the settlement and
the associated stresses, most commonly by:
c) The stability and settlement of the waste, the

constructed landform, its foundation and the
environmental management infrastructure, and the
interactions between them, must be assessed by a
suitably qualified engineer to demonstrate that the
environmental management infrastructure will not be
compromised.
In addition, there must be no
promotion of any risk to safety or detriment to the
landform over the entire lifecycle of the landfill.
d) In completing this assessment the Operator must
take account of:
i)
settlement or slippage within the

foundation (sub-grade) beneath the landfill
base or sides;
ii)
slippage within the liner system;
iii)
slippage at the waste/liner interface;
iv)
rotational failure within the waste, or

through the whole cross-section;
v)
slippage failure of the cap or of its

components;
vi)
effects of settlement on the landfill cap

and restoration;
vii)
effects of settlement on environmental

management infrastructure; and
viii)
the presence and movement of waste and

leachate.
e) For municipal waste and industrial and commercial

waste general considerations which minimise the
impact of settlement include:
i)
ii)
a maximum finished slope of 1 vertical to

4 horizontal; and
temporary slopes between phases of a
landfill of 1 vertical to 2 horizontal to 1
vertical to 3 horizontal.
PME Reference
i)
additional
thicknesses
of
capping
materials to accommodate differential
movement or to allow removal of material
if settlement does not occur as predicted;
and
ii)
irregular edges
compensate for
differentials.
and boundaries to
predicted settlement
i) Additional considerations must be made for the

landfilling of hazardous wastes.
Whilst landfill
engineering may play a role in retaining the wastes
initially, such wastes should have at deposit, or
achieve during the active management phase,
sufficient mechanical strength for the creation of a
sustainable landform in the long-term.
j) Stability assessment must take account of the sitespecific circumstances, and should use geotechnical
parameters appropriate to the waste material.
Cohesive materials should have a bearing capacity of
not less than 50 kPa. Non-cohesive waste should
have an in situ bearing ratio of at least 5%.
7)
Construction Quality Assurance (CQA)

a) The development and implementation of a
Construction Quality Assurance (CQA) plan provides
a means of demonstrating to the public and
regulating authorities that the landfill being
constructed meets its design requirements.
b) The CQA plan must be able to verify:
i)
that materials used comply with site

specific specifications; and
ii)
that the method of construction/installation

is appropriate and design requirements
have been met.
c) The CQA plan must contain the:
Page 13 of 27
KSA
viii)
i)
material/construction specifications;
ii)
testing methods;
iii)
testing frequency;
iv)
corrective action to be taken where

necessary;
v)
appropriate documentation procedures

which outline what has been done.
PME Reference
any other site specific information

considered relevant to proving the integrity
of the landfill construction.
f) Laboratory testing with respect to CQA must be

undertaken to the national standard to be defined by
the Competent Agency. Typical laboratory tests on
the proposed soil materials used in the construction
of landfill liners are:
i)
natural moisture content;
ii)
particle size distribution;
iii)
atterberg limits; and
iv)
compaction;
v)
Hydraulic conductivity.
d) The CQA must include:

i)
all elements of basal containment

engineering including liners and artificially
established geological barriers;
ii)
sidewall lining;
iii)
sub-grades for lining;
iv)
liner protection;
v)
all elements of the capping system;
vi)
surface
water
and
management systems;
vii)
all elements of the leachate management

system including leachate extraction
wells;
viii)
all elements of the

management system.
g) Table 4 illustrates the typical parameters and

testing frequencies for evaluating prospective soil
liner material.
Table 4: Typical Parameters and Testing Frequencies
for Soil Liner Materials
groundwater
landfill
Parameter
Test Method
Reference
Frequency
Recommended
Performance
%
fines
(passing No.
200 sieve)
ASTM D1140
50%
% Gravel
(Dry weight
retained in
N0. 4 sieve)
ASTM D422
Atterburg
Limits
ASTM D4318
Water
Content
ASTM D3017
ASTM D4643
ASTM D2216
(at
least
every
5th
sample)
1
per
1000m3
1 test each
day soil is
excavated
or placed
1
per
1000m3
1 test each
day soil is
excavated
or placed
1
per
1000m3
1 test each
day soil is
excavated
or placed
1
per
1000m3
1 test each
day soil is
excavated
or placed
gas
e) The production of the CQA plan, and all testing

and reporting must be completed under the control of
a suitably qualified Engineer, independent of the
landfill site contractor/operator. On completion, a
validation report should be produced and submitted
to the Competent Agency which must include:
i)
demonstration of CQA compliance

throughout the construction period;
ii)
justifications for any changes

deviations from the agreed plan;
iii)
The results of all testing - this must

include the records of any failed tests with
a written explanation, and details of the
remedial action taken, referenced to the
appropriate secondary testing;
iv)
plans showing the location of all tests;
v)
"as-built" plans and sections of the works;
Article VI - Operations
vi)
copies of the site engineers daily records;
1)
vii)
records of any problems or noncompliances and the solution applied; and
or
10%
Density Index
50%
Working Plan
a) A Site Specific Working Plan, required in
accordance with the site specific waste management
licence application must be developed and forwarded
to the Competent Agency for review and agreement
prior to operations commencing on the site.
Page 14 of 27
KSA
b) The Working Plan will constitute the documentary

procedures which will be used to control all aspects
of work on site. Issues to be considered and
included within the Working Plan are outlined below
in the following sections.
2)
General Filling Requirements
provide stability
embankment;
for
batter
oversize objects;
iv)
sludges;
v)
very light materials, for

expanded polystyrene; and
vi)
foul smelling wastes.
example
i) The Operator must consider the prevailing wind

direction and strength when planning the filling
direction and sequence as this will assist in the
general reduction of nuisance caused by odour, dust,
litter and noise.
Careful phasing is critical in
minimising these airborne emissions.
3)
c) Where landfill or large trench-and-fill excavation is

to be filled as a series of cells, prudent location of
cells is required to:
i)
iii)
h) Consideration should be given to pre-treatment of

such wastes such as to reduce the handling
difficulties posed by such wastes.
a) All Landfills must be filled in a series of

independent tipping areas or cells, each taking less
than two years to fill, after which they will be
immediately closed and made ready for their
proposed post-closure use which will be determined
at the site planning stage.
b) In the case of trench-and-fill landfills, each trench
must be sized to ensure that it is filled within two
years. Larger excavations for trench-and-fill landfills
must be filled on a cellular basis.
PME Reference
Waste Acceptance
a) Waste will only be accepted at a landfill which is
duly authorised to accept that waste as laid out in
Part 1 of this Standard.
or
ii)
provide a screen of the landfill operations

from view;
iii)
reduce groundwater flow into the site;
iv)
shed runoff into the surface water system;
v)
minimise the need to constantly construct

roads within the site;
vi)
avoid active landfilling near areas being

developed for residential purposes; and
vii)
align them perpendicular to the prevailing

wind to reduce litter.
b) Waste Acceptance will be determined in

accordance with the provisions as laid down in the
Waste Classification Standard and the Waste
Acceptance Criteria Standard.
4)
Unacceptable Loads
a) All loads which fail to meet the Waste Acceptance
Criteria for the type of wastes allowable at a landfill
site must be managed in accordance with the
requirements of the Waste Acceptance Criteria
Standard.
b) Full details of all materials held within the
quarantine area must be kept. As a minimum the
following records must be held for each and every
load:
d) Waste must be levelled and compacted as soon as

it is discharged at the working area.
e) A density following initial compaction of about 0.8
3
tonnes/m
is
the
optimum
for
instigating
biodegradation processes.
i)
date of arrival;
ii)
details of the source of the waste and the

company bringing the waste to the site;
f) Daily cover assists in preventing materials

becoming windblown, deterring scavengers, birds
and vermin, and improving the site's visual
appearance and the Landfill Operator must ensure
that waste is covered as soon as practicable.
iii)
a copy of the Waste Tracking Form (see

Regulatory Control and Compliance
Standard provisions.
If no Waste
Tracking Form is provided then it will
automatically be deemed unacceptable
until
the
appropriate
documentary
evidence has been provided); and
iv)
where relevant, the

Hazardous Waste Code.
g) The Operators risk assessment should identify

any wastes which have characteristics that require a
particular method of handling at the site which is not
part of normal day to day procedures. Typical
examples are:
i)
fine particulate material;
ii)
empty containers;
accompanying
c) All labelling must be resilient enough to stay

attached and legible throughout the whole time of
storage at the installation.
d) A daily inspection of the condition of containers
and pallets must be undertaken and written records
Page 15 of 27
KSA
kept of these inspections. If a container is found to be

damaged, leaking or in a state of deterioration, it
must immediately be over-drummed or the contents
transferred to another container or processed.
7)
f) Containers must be stored in such a manner that

leaks and spillages could not escape over
bunds/edge of the sealed drainage area.
a) As a minimum, effective operational and

maintenance systems must be employed on all
aspects of the site where failure could impact on the
environment. There must be:
the likelihood
accidents; and
ii)
actions to prevent accidents and mitigate

any consequences.
and
consequence
of
i)
identify the potential on-site accident

hazards;
ii)
provide an assessment of the risks;
iii)
identify necessary
measures;
iv)
specify the risk management measures

that are used at the landfill;
v)
include contingency actions to be

undertaken in the event of an accident to
mitigate consequences; and
vi)
make provision for the hazards displayed

by any hazardous wastes accepted at the
landfill.
documented
procedures to control
operations that may have an adverse
impact on the environment;
ii)
a defined procedure for identifying,

reviewing and prioritising items of plant for
which a preventative maintenance regime
is appropriate;
iii)
documented procedures for monitoring

emissions or impacts; and
iv)
a preventative maintenance programme

covering all plant, whose failure could lead
to impact on the environment.
Competence and Training

a) The Technical Competence and training of
operatives involved in landfilling must be undertaken
in accordance with the Waste Training and
Assessment of Technical Competence of Operators
Standard.
b) Additional training must be provided to all staff
working within the confines of the landfill with respect
to:
i)
Health and Safety and the individual

responsibilities that all have for the safety
of others;
ii)
Understanding of the environmental

impacts that their work could have and
provision of instructions to assist in
reducing these impacts.
risk
management
c) Particular areas of accidents to consider at landfills

may include, but should not be limited to, the
following:
b) The maintenance system should include auditing

of performance against requirements arising from the
above and reporting the result of audits to senior
management. Auditing and inspection records must
be maintained for a minimum of 5 years, and
provided to the Competent Authority or their
designated representative, when requested.
6)
i)
b) The Accident Plan will:
Operations and Maintenance
i)
Accident Plans
a) An Accident Plan must be put in place by the
Operator (reviewed at least once every three years,
or in the event of an accident) which identifies:
e) All spillages of hazardous wastes must be logged.

Where spillages are greater than 200 litres the
Competent Agency must be informed.
5)
PME Reference
8)
i)
uncontrolled migration of landfill gas;
ii)
fire;
iii)
explosion;
iv)
v)
waste slippage;
Failure of a basal or side wall liner;
vi)
incompatible wastes coming into contact

with each other;
vii)
release of leachate to an uncontained

area;
viii)
overfilling of tanks / lagoons;
ix)
emission of a treated leachate before

adequate checking of its composition; and
x)
vandalism.
Compliance Reporting
a) Written procedures must be in place for handling,
investigating, communicating and reporting actual or
potential non-compliance with operating procedures.
Page 16 of 27
KSA
b) There must be written procedures for handling,

investigating,
communicating
and
reporting
environmental complaints and implementation of
appropriate actions.
c) There must be written procedures for investigating
incidents, (and near misses) including identifying
suitable corrective action and follow up.
9)
Site Security
emissions of dust;
ii)
wind-blown materials; and
iii)
the formation of aerosols.
c) All of the potential impacts of a landfill site must be

identified during conceptual model development and
refined at the pre-development stage.
Detailed
measures to mitigate the impacts must be included in
the landfill design and set out in the Working Plan.
b) The gates of the facility must be locked outside

operating hours.
d) As a minimum, procedures must be in place to

deal with particulate matter arising from:
c) Access to each facility must be controlled by

systems to detect and discourage illegal dumping at
the facility.
Noise
a) Measures must be taken to minimise the nuisance
arising from the landfill in relation to noise pollution.
These requirements are additional to the National
Environmental Noise Standards.
b) Where noise issues are likely to be relevant, the
Operator must provide information on the following:
i)
the placement of wastes;
ii)
traffic on site roads;
iii)
site
preparation
activities;
iv)
surface emissions; and
v)
carriage of dust/mud onto the highway.
and
restoration
e) Dust suppression must be provided including the

availability of bowsers and water supplies. Leachate
must not be used for dust suppression in areas
outside the working landfill area, although it may be
suitable for use for dust suppression within the
working face.
i)
the main sources of noise and vibration

that will fall within the installation and also
on infrequent sources of noise and
vibration;
ii)
operating timescales of the landfill;
iii)
the nearest noise-sensitive sites;
iv)
conditions/limits
regimes;
v)
the local noise environment;
vi)
any environmental noise measurement

surveys, modelling or any other noise
measurements; and
i)
waste materials, such as wastes from

TSD Facilities, which have decomposed
significantly prior to landfilling;
vii)
any specific local issues and proposals for

improvements.
ii)
old waste disturbed by digging;
iii)
foul smelling wastes;
iv)
agricultural
residues;
v)
leachate and leachate treatment systems;

and
vi)
landfill gas.
imposed
12)
under
other
c) Where there are sensitive receptors present, a

Noise Management Plan must be developed which
provides details on how noise will be managed within
the site and the measures to be adopted to reduce
those noise impacts.
11)
i)
b) Site operations must have due regard to the need

to control dirt originating from the site being
dispersed onto public roads and the surrounding
land.
a) The facility must be secured to prevent free access

to the site.
10)
PME Reference
Control of Air-borne Nuisance
a) Measures must be put in place to minimise the

nuisance arising from the landfill in relation to:
Odour
a) Odour is typically associated with trace
components in landfill gas, the handling of odorous
wastes and inadequate emplacement and covering of
biodegradable wastes. The management of odour
will include procedures dealing with:
and
sewage
treatment
b) Procedures must be put in place to maintain:

i)
information relating to sensitive receptors;
Page 17 of 27
KSA
13)
ii)
iii)
a description of the types of odorous

substances deposited/disposed of; and
Control of Birds
a) Procedures must be put in place to deal with the
presence of scavenging birds including one or more
of the following:
a description of the point, linear or area

sources of release.
c) As part of the Working Plan an Odour

Management Plan must be developed and
maintained including:
i)
PME Reference
control measures to prevent or control

odour;
i)
flying birds of prey over the site;
ii)
bird kites mimicking birds of prey;
iii)
explosive devices as bird scarers;
iv)
scarecrows - fixed or mobile;
ii)
demonstration/justification that there will

not be an odour problem under normal
conditions;
v)
amplified
recordings
or
electronic
representations of bird distress calls
(species specific); and/or
iii)
a description or copy of any conditions or

limits put in place by the Competent
Agency which relate to the prevention or
minimisation of odour;
vi)
bird corpses or dummies.
iv)
identification of the actions to be taken in

the event of abnormal events or conditions
which might lead to odour, or potential
odour problems;
14)
Control of Other Pests and Vermin

a) The Operator must make use of one or more of the
following measures to deal with pest infestation:
i)
effective site management involving

prompt emplacement, compaction and
covering of wastes in well-defined cells;
v)
an understanding of the impact in the

event of abnormal events or conditions;
vi)
monitoring undertaken; and
ii)
intermediate capping and prompt capping

of completed areas;
vii)
communication with local residents if an

odour problem arises or is likely to arise.
iii)
ensuring previously employed waste is not

disturbed, exposed or moved;
iv)
regular visits by pest control contractors or

fully trained operatives; and/or
v)
inspection and treatment of areas where

rats live, for example sewers, culverts and
drains.
d) A regular odour impact assessment must be

undertaken by the Operator. The impact assessment
must cover a range of reasonably foreseeable odour
generation and receptor exposure scenarios and the
effect of different mitigation options. The Assessment
must include point sources (for example flares) as
well as linear or area sources (tipping faces, cracks in
the cap).
e) Special consideration must be given to the
following to assist in minimising odour problems:
i)
sulphate wastes must be disposed of in

cells in which biodegradable waste is not
accepted;
ii)
there must be co-ordination between the

gatehouse and Operators at the tipping
face where known odorous wastes are to
be deposited;
iii)
excavation of waste or removal of cover

(during for example, the installation of gas
wells, or for other operational needs), may
give rise to odours; and
iv)
tipping areas must be kept as small as

possible, and waste must be covered as
soon as possible following deposit.
b) Insect infestations commonly arise from waste

which has been awaiting collection for some time.
Procedures must be put in place to prevent or limit
the acceptance of such wastes. The Operator should
reduce the risk of infestation by prompt burial of such
wastes in order to interrupt the reproductive cycle of
the insect. The potential for insect infestation to
develop should also be considered if engineering
works require waste to be re-excavated.
c) Baboons are a particular problem on some landfill
sites within the Kingdom. As well as standard site
management practices such as outlined in paragraph
a) above, trained staff should be provided at all such
sites to reduce baboon/ operational staff clashes.
Staff would be required to:
i)
survey the site every morning prior to

operations commencing to identify baboon
activity;
ii)
utilise provided equipment

baboons from the site;
to
scare
Page 18 of 27
KSA
iii)
of in a manner appropriate to the type of material

absorbed.
provide operational support throughout the

day to keep baboons out of the site during
operational hours.
d) A record must be maintained in the site diary of

any spillages so treated.
d) These trained staff should be provided with access

to:
15)
i)
explosive devices to scare baboons from

the site;
ii)
long whips which provide a loud noise;
iii)
amplified
recordings
or
electronic
representations of baboon distress calls.
e) In the event of a major spillage the site drains must

be sealed off where possible and a specialist
contractor brought on site to clear the spillage.
f) The Competent Agency must be informed of any
major spillage event and a record made in the site
diary.
g) Spillage kits and other emergency equipment must
be stored in the appropriate areas of the site. The
Competent Agency must be informed of the location
and content of this equipment prior to the
commencement of waste treatment operations at the
site.
Fires
a) The primary causes of landfill fires are:
i)
vandalism and the direct setting of fires on

the site; or
ii)
poor practice in the management of landfill

gas.
17)
Groundwater Protection
a) Throughout the filling of the landfill continuous
sample collection and laboratory analysis must be
undertaken with due regard to the provisions in
Appendix 4.
b) Control measures must be put in place to prevent

fires including:
i)
site security to prevent unauthorised

access;
ii)
prompt emplacement, compaction and

covering of wastes in well-defined cells;
iii)
prompt capping of completed areas;
b) Groundwater is to be collected from suitably

installed monitoring positions both up stream and
down stream of the landfill. The results of analysis
must be reviewed and interpreted by suitably
qualified staff who can identify whether there are
potential negative impacts upon the underlying
groundwater which could indicate a failure in the
existing lining systems.
iv)
good management of landfill gas and

prevention of air ingress into the waste
and gas extraction and collection systems;
and
c) Continued regular monitoring must be undertaken

throughout site operations and also post-closure to
ensure that the landfill does not negatively impact
upon the underlying groundwater resources.
v)
waste acceptance procedures should

preclude the acceptance of hot or reactive
wastes.
c) All fires must be reported to the Competent

Agency and must be extinguished as soon as
possible.
16)
PME Reference
Article VII Record Keeping

1)
a) A record of the types and quantities (in tonnes) of

wastes received at the site, and wastes/process
products removed from the site must be maintained
and kept in the site office.
Control of Leaks and Spillages
b) A summary of the types and quantities of wastes

deposited at the site and waste residues removed
from the site must be provided to the Competent
Agency at an agreed frequency and in an agreed
format.
a) The management of spillages at the landfill must

be undertaken with due regard to both the hazard
and the volume.
b) Where spillages of dry wastes occur, these must
be cleared by either manual or mechanical means,
for example handpicking, sweeping or shovelling,
depending on the size and location of the spillage.
c) Minor spillages of liquid must be contained using
spillage kits or any suitable readily available
absorbent material. This material must be disposed
Waste Movement Records
2)
Records of Significant Events

a) The following significant events must be recorded,
on site:
Page 19 of 27
KSA
i)
the start and finish of any construction and

engineering works undertaken on site;
ii)
start and finish of waste management

processes carried out on site;
iii)
maintenance;
iv)
breakdowns;
v)
emergencies;
vi)
problems with waste received and action

taken;
vii)
site inspections;
viii)
attendance of technically
management on site;
ix)
despatch of records to the Competent

Agency;
x)
severe weather conditions;
xi)
complaints; and
xii)
pest or vermin incidents.
PME Reference
b) Archived records should be kept by the Site

Manager for a period of 12 years following site
closure.
Article VIII Site Closure and Aftercare
1)
competent
Site Closure Plan

a) The Operator is required to develop and maintain
a Site Closure Plan which will include evidence of the
following:
i)
confirmation of the site capping detail

including performance characteristics;
ii)
detailed information on the leachate and

gas collection system and its performance
throughout the filling operations. Issues to
be included relate to the proposed end
date for completion of leachate and gas
control;
iii)
monitoring plan for the site with respect to

leachate (and underlying groundwater)
quality and gas production to ascertain
when site completion has been achieved
(that is, when significant leachate
production has ceased and landfill gas
monitoring indicates low concentrations of
Methane and Carbon Dioxide over a two
year period);
iv)
removal or the flushing out of pipelines

and vessels where appropriate and the
complete emptying of any potentially
harmful contents;
v)
plans of all underground pipes and

vessels;
vi)
the method and resource necessary for

the clearing of lagoons;
vii)
methods of dismantling buildings and

other structures; and
viii)
testing of the soil to ascertain the degree

of any pollution caused by the activities
and the need for any remediation to return
the site to a satisfactory state as defined
by the initial site report.
b) The Site Manager or nominated person must

maintain a record of the above information in the site
diary as required.
c) The site diary must be kept in the site control office
at all times and made available for inspection at all
reasonable times by any officer of the Competent
Agency.
3)
Format of Records
a) The terms Record, Log Book and Site Diary may
be kept as, but not limited to:
4)
i)
hand generated log;
ii)
computer generated hard copies;
iii)
floppy Disc; and/or
iv)
on an unalterable disk or similar format.
Security of Records
a) To ensure the security of records they must be
housed in either locked containers or kept in offices
that shall be locked when not attended.
5)
Archiving of Records
a) Copies of all records relating to wastes
movements and product sales must be kept by the
Site Manager for at least 3 years, before archiving.
b) The Site Closure Plan must be reviewed at least

once every three years. Other triggers for the review
of the Site Closure Plan would include any proposed
changes to the phasing of the landfill. The Plan
should be kept updated as material changes occur.
Page 20 of 27
KSA
2)
PME Reference
Monitoring
a) Monitoring plays a vital part in determining the
performance of the landfill against any assumptions
made and the annual reviews must consider the
progress made towards the initial completion criteria.
b) The Operator must review the completion criteria
including the following factors (once every three
years or where significant deviation from the
expected performance is identified):
i)
Quality and
quantity of leachate
production (both throughout closure and
post-closure of the landfill);
ii)
Impact of leachate on the underlying

groundwater quality, taking into account
the parameters outlined in Appendix 4;
iii)
Generation, flow and concentration of gas;
iv)
Trace composition of the gas;
v)
Potential for leachate or gas to be

generated in future;
vi)
Physical stability of
associated structures;
vii)
Presence of particular problem wastes

which could present a risk in the future.
the
waste
and
Page 21 of 27
KSA
PME Reference
Appendix 1
Pre-Design Report Requirements for Authorisation
The report must describe the design parameters of the

landfill site and must contain as a minimum details of the
following:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
(xi)
(xii)
(xiii)
Legal details for ownership of the site

An up to date plan and description of the site
and the area within 500 metres of the site that
covers:
a. all property and property boundaries
b. all buildings, roads and utility corridors
c. land contours, surface water drainage,
water bodies, rights-of-way and other
easements,
d. forested areas,
e. land uses and land use designations, and
f. property conditions not otherwise covered
in subclauses (a) to (e)
A plan and description of the waste fill area,
base contours for waste disposal, base
contours for any leachate collection system,
top contours for waste disposal and top
contours with final cover
Details of the total waste disposal volume
A materials balance between the sources of
soils, on or off the site, and the uses of soils
on the site
A full hydrogeological assessment of the
suitability of the site for the landfilling of
municipal waste or other waste that considers
the geologic and hydrogeologic conditions of
the site, the design of the site and the
monitoring and contingency plans
A full geotechnical assessment of the
suitability of the site for the landfilling of
municipal waste or other waste that considers
bearing capacity, differential settlement and
slope stability during construction, operation
and after closure, and that addresses the
potential effects on any liner or leachate
collection system
A description of the expected quality and
quantity of leachate
Detailed plans, specifications and descriptions
of any liner system necessary to control
leachate, including construction and quality
assurance and quality control procedures for
the liner materials and liner system installation
of any leachate collection, treatment and
disposal system necessary to control leachate,
including construction and quality assurance
and quality control procedures for the system
components and system installation
An assessment of the potential for subsurface
migration of landfill gas at the site and of any
control system necessary for monitoring or
controlling the migration
A detailed assessment of the potential impacts
on surface water features that may be caused
by the site or operations at the site
of any system necessary for controlling landfill
(xiv)
(xv)
(xvi)
(xvii)
(xviii)
(xix)
(xx)
(xxi)
(xxii)
(xxiii)
(xxiv)
(xxv)
(xxvi)
gas by venting it or by collecting and burning

or using it, including construction and quality
assurance and quality control procedures for
the system components and system
installation
of the system for collecting, directing and
discharging surface water, including details of
any sediment control or other features and
including construction, quality assurance and
quality control procedures for the system
components and system installation
of monitoring facilities for leachate, ground
water, surface water and, where appropriate,
landfill gas
An assessment of potential noise impacts due
to operations at the site and to local trucking
related to operations at the site, including an
evaluation of any proposed noise control
measures
An assessment of potential visual impacts on
nearby properties due to the site and site
operations
of the buffer area and ancillary facilities,
including any screening, landscaping, fencing,
weigh scales, buildings, structures, access
roads, internal roads, holding areas for cover
material, holding areas for rejected waste or
materials for recycling, and other holding
areas
of the contaminant attenuation zone, if one is
necessary
An estimate of the contaminating life span of
the site with respect to contaminants involved
in the subsurface migration of landfill gas and
an estimate of the service life of any
engineered facilities associated with the
subsurface migration of landfill gas
An estimate of the contaminating life span of
the site with respect to contaminants in
leachate
An estimate of the service life of every
engineered facility associated with leachate
Details of any facilities intended to control or
change the contaminating life span of the
landfilling site
Contingency plans that can be implemented to
control and dispose of leachate produced in a
quantity greater than expected or with a quality
worse than expected, including specifications
and descriptions in sufficient detail to
demonstrate the feasibility of the plans
Contingency plans that can be implemented to
control and dispose of landfill gas migrating in
the subsurface in a quantity greater than
expected or with a quality worse than
expected,
including
specifications
and
descriptions in sufficient detail to demonstrate
the feasibility of the plans
Page 22 of 27
KSA
(xxvii)
(xxviii)
(xxix)
(xxx)
PME Reference
A description of the source, nature and quality

of daily cover, including, with respect to
material not normally used for daily cover, a
discussion of its benefits and limitations, a
description of quality assurance and quality
control procedures for daily cover and a
description of application rates and application
procedures for daily cover, including the
frequency and timing of application of daily
cover if other than at the end of each working
day
A description of the nature, quality and
quantity of final cover, including construction
details and quality assurance and quality
control procedures for the materials to be used
and their installation
A site closure plan, including details of the
proposed end use of the site, the appearance
of the site after closure, revegetation,
landscaping, the construction of new facilities,
and the removal of existing facilities to
facilitate closure, post-closure care and site
end use
A summary of the main characteristics of the
landfilling site, including the maximum daily
quantity of waste that will be accepted for
disposal, the estimated annual average
quantity of waste that will be accepted for
disposal, the area of the landfilling site, the
area of the waste fill area, the total waste
disposal volume, the estimated waste disposal
capacity in tonnes, any subcategories of
municipal waste that are not expected to be
received or that will not be accepted for
disposal, and the estimated date of site
closure.
Page 23 of 27
KSA
PME Reference
Appendix 2
Environmental Assessment Requirements
c.
An environmental assessment of the site proposed for
landfill is required to gain a thorough understanding of the
existing environment at the site in order to develop a sound
landfill design. This assessment must examine the impact of
the proposed landfill on the air, groundwater, surface water
and noise environments, and should be based on at least
two to three years of data.
(iv)
If, following an environmental assessment, the site is

identified as unsuitable for a landfill, the proposal should not
proceed any further. For the purposes of siting a landfill
site, an environmental assessment should contain:
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
stormwater diversion banks and/or cut-off

drains and storage dams
d. fire-fighting equipment and water supply
e. wheel washes.
Landfill gas and odour control, including:
a. availability of cover material onsite
b. anticipated volume and rate of landfill gas
generation
c. potential users of landfill gas
d. impacts of landfill gas on greenhouse gas
emissions
e. risk posed by migration of gas.
Meteorological data, including monthly rainfall,

monthly evaporation, seasonal wind strength
and direction
Hydrogeological assessment in accordance
with
EPA
Publication
Hydrogeological
Assessments (Groundwater Quality), which
includes:
a. local and regional geology
b. spatial distribution of groundwater (local
and regional if watertable is artificially
depressed)
c. depth to groundwater (current and after
any rebound if the watertable is artificially
depressed) and watertable elevation
(mAHD)
d. groundwater gradient and flow direction
e. description of groundwater interaction with
f. local surface waters
g. aquifer physical properties:
i. permeability
ii. aquifer thickness
iii. saturated thickness
iv. porosity.
h. aquifer chemical properties:
i. mineralogy
ii. cation exchange and sorption
capacity.
i. groundwater quality (local and regional if
aquifer is likely to have been impacted on
by previous activities)
j. beneficial uses of groundwater to be
protected
k. groundwater use in the surrounding area
l. predicted extent and degree of impacts on
groundwater quality during and after the
landfill operation
m. verification that beneficial uses are not
adversely impacted at the site, or at the
boundary of an attenuation zone where
designated.
Water Management, including:
a. water balance for the site and estimated
volume of leachate to be generated
b. leachate collection, storage facilities,
treatment and disposal
Page 24 of 27
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PME Reference
Appendix 3
Properties of Different Geomembrane Types
HDPE
LLDPE
PVC
EPDM
EIA-R
CSPE-R
FPP
High density polyethylene

Linear low density polyethylene
Polyvinyl chloride
Ethylene propylene diene monomer
Ethylene Interpolymer Alloy Reinforced
Chlorosulphonated polyethylene Reinforced
Flexible polypropylene
Page 25 of 27
KSA
PME Reference
Appendix 4
Dangerous Substances and Groundwater Quality
LIST I OF FAMILIES AND GROUPS OF SUBSTANCES
List I contains the individual substances which belong to the families and groups of substances enumerated below, with the
exception of those which are considered inappropriate to List I on the basis of a low risk of toxicity, persistence and
bioaccumulation. Such substances which with regard to toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation are appropriate to List II are
to be classed in List II.
1. Organohalogen compounds and substances that may form such compounds in the aquatic environment
2. Organophosphorus compounds
3. Organotin compounds
4. Substances which possess carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic properties in or via the aquatic environment. Where
certain substances in List II below are carcinogenic, mutagenic or teratogenic, they are included in category 4 of this List.
5. Mercury and its compounds
6. Cadmium and its compounds
7. Mineral oils and hydrocarbons
8. Cyanides
LIST II OF FAMILIES AND GROUPS OF SUBSTANCES
List II contains the individual substances and the categories of substances belonging to the families and groups of substances
listed below which could have a harmful effect on groundwater.
1. The following metalloids and metals and their compounds:

Zinc
Selenium
Tin
Copper
Arsenic
Barium
Vanadium
Cobalt
Nickel
Antimony
Beryllium
Thallium
Chromium
Molybdenum
Boron
Tellurium
Lead
Titanium
Uranium
Silver
2. Biocides and their derivatives not appearing in List I.

3. Substances which have a deleterious effect on the taste and/or odour of groundwater, and compounds liable to cause the
formation of such substances in such water and to render it unfit for human consumption.
4. Toxic or persistent organic compounds of silicon, and substances which may cause the formation of such compounds in
water, excluding those which are biologically harmless or are rapidly converted in water into harmless substances.
5. Inorganic compounds of phosphorus and elemental phosphorus.
6. Fluorides.
7. Ammonia and nitrites.
Page 26 of 27

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Environmental Standards

Landfill Design and Operation

Presidency of Meteorology and Environment

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia National Environmental Standard

Landfill Design and Operation

KSA refers to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

landfill is any facility, other than a ground treatment

bunds are systems which contain waste in an

landfill designer refers to the entity involved in

Competent Agency where referenced, refers to

landfill operator refers to the entity involved in the

construction quality assurance plan (CQA)

major landfill refers to a landfill of significant size

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Presidency of Meteorology and Environment

a) The objective of this standard is to establish the

treatment is any means or technique of altering the

design of new solid waste landfill facilities

operation of a solid waste landfill to

and accordingly the Landfill Design and Operations

unreactive refers to the properties of a waste

b) The Standard guides those developing and

v/v refers to the volume to volume ratio between

WAC refers to Waste Acceptance Criteria.

Develop new landfill sites with due regard

Provide for future site closure and after

waste handler is a generator, transporter and

c) The Standard is intended for use as a default

management of radioactive waste;

management of liquid wastes;

spreading of sludges, including sewage

remediation of existing landfill sites.

Timescales for implementation

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Presidency of Meteorology and Environment

e) This standard enables the issue of regulations and

a) Within the scope of these standards the

prescribe specific requirements at any time

authorise such relaxations or departures

b) It is anticipated that the requirements of this

a) Maximum fines that may be imposed for

authorise a local Concerned Agency to

b) The Competent Agency may, for the purposes of

c) In addition to the responsibilities conferred by

b) The right of appeal against conviction or sentence

ii) to provide the Competent Agency with all

c) All appeals should be fully supported with a

d) The Competent Agency or appointed individual for

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Presidency of Meteorology and Environment

Article II Landfill Classification

b) As a minimum requirement the Environmental

a) Careful consideration must be given to the

Class 1 Landfills - Hazardous Landfills

Class 2 Landfills - Non-Hazardous

b) When locating a landfill site consideration must

distance from the site boundary to

presence of groundwater, surface water,

geological and hydrogeological conditions

other undetermined local factors which

Class 3 Landfills - Inert Landfills which

Article III General Provisions

a) The following outlines the requirements with

Site Specific Design Considerations

En EnvStand16 Landfill-Design & Operation

En EnvStand16 Landfill-Design & Operation