ME 471 Problem Set 5

Solutions
5.8) The weak form of the given initial boundary value problem is

Z 3
Z 3
u
u
v u
v
10v dx + 0.1v(3, t) (3, t)
+ 0.1
dx =
t
x x
x
0
0
where u(0, t) = 100, u/x(3, t) = 100 exp(t), and u(x, 0) = 50. An m-file to solve this problem is
given below
function prob5_8(xvec, nstep, dt)
% 1D transient heat conduction problem:
% INPUTS:
% xvec = grid points in [0,3], xvec=[x(1)=0,x(2),...,x(n+1)=3]
% nstep = Number of time steps
% dt
= time increment
%
sdof=length(xvec); % number of nodes
n=sdof-1; % number of elements
nodes=[[1:n] [2:n+1]]; % configuration matrix
mm=zeros(sdof,sdof); kk=zeros(sdof,sdof); ff=zeros(sdof,1);
for iel=1:n
gn=nodes(iel,:);
h=xvec(gn(2))-xvec(gn(1));
ke=elstif(h);
me=elmass(h);
fe=elload(h);
for ii=1:2 % assemble mass and stiffness
gn1=gn(ii);
ff(gn1)=ff(gn1)+fe(ii);
for jj=1:2
gn2=gn(jj);
mm(gn1,gn2)=mm(gn1,gn2)+me(ii,jj);
kk(gn1,gn2)=kk(gn1,gn2)+ke(ii,jj);
end
end
end
uold=init_val(xvec); % set inital conditions
effrc=zeros(sdof,1); fnew=zeros(sdof,1);
t=0;
close all
hold on
plot(xvec, uold); % plot initial condition
for k=1:nstep % use implicit (backward difference) method
fnew=ff; fnew(sdof)=ff(sdof)+10*exp(-t-dt); % load vector at t+dt
effrc=mm*uold+dt*fnew; % effective forcing
aa=mm+dt*kk;
aa(1,:)=0; aa(1,1)=1; effrc(1)=100; % impose bc at x=0 and time t
fsol=aa\effrc;
uold=fsol;
if(rem(k,50)==0) plot(xvec,uold); end

t=t+dt;
end
esol=exac(xvec);
plot(xvec, uold,r, xvec, esol, o);
hold off
%============================================
% end of main program
%============================================
function me=elmass(h)
% element mass matrix
me=(h/6)*[2 1; 1 2];
%============================================
function ke=elstif(h)
% element stiffness matrix
ke=0.1*(1/h)*[1 -1; -1 1];
%============================================
function fe=elload(h)
% element load vector
fe=5*h*[1;1];
%============================================
function h=init_val(x)
h=50*ones(size(x));
%============================================
function u=exac(x)
% steady state solution
u=100+300*x-50*x.^2;
5.13) This and Problem 5.15 require the solution of the initial boundary value problem
u
u = 0,
t

0 < x, y < 1

with u given on the entire boundary of the unit square. Using forward time differencing leads to the
m-file (based on Ex5.11.1 of the texbook)
function prob5_13()
nx=4; ny=2;
nx1=nx+1; ny1=ny+1;
nel=nx*ny;
% number of elements
nnel=4;
% number of nodes per element
ndof=1;
% number of dofs per node
nnode=nx1*ny1;
% total number of nodes in system
sdof=nnode*ndof;
% total system dofs
deltt=0.01;
% time step size for transient analysis
stime=0.0;
% initial time
ftime=1;
% termination time
ntime=fix((ftime-stime)/deltt); % number of time increment
%--------------------------------------------% input data for nodal coordinate values
% gcoord(i,j) where i->node no. and j->x or y

% nodes(i,j) where i-> element no. and j-> connected nodes

%--------------------------------------------[gcoord, nodes]=gridgen([0,0],[1,1],nx,ny,1);
gridplot(nx,ny,gcoord,nodes,1);
%------------------------------------% input data for boundary conditions
%------------------------------------bcdof=[1:nx1, nx1+1:nx1:ny*nx1+1, ny*nx1+2:nnode-1, 2*nx1:nx1:nnode];
lendof=length(bcdof);
bcval=zeros(1,lendof);
bcval(lendof-ny+1:lendof)=200; % last ny nodes at 200
bcval(lendof-ny-nx+2:lendof-ny)=100; %next to last nx-1 nodes at 100
[(1:lendof),bcdof, bcval]
%----------------------------------------% initialization of matrices and vectors
%----------------------------------------ff=zeros(sdof,1);
%
fn=zeros(sdof,1);
%
fsol=zeros(sdof,1);
%
sol=zeros(2,ntime+1);
%
kk=zeros(sdof,sdof);
%
mm=zeros(sdof,sdof);
%
index=zeros(nnel*ndof,1);

initialization of
initialization of
solution vector
vector containing
initialization of
initialization of
% initialization

system vector
effective system vector
time history solution
system matrix
system matrix
of index vector

%----------------------------------------------------------------% computation of element matrices and vectors and their assembly

%----------------------------------------------------------------for iel=1:nel
nd(1)=nodes(iel,1);
nd(2)=nodes(iel,2);
nd(3)=nodes(iel,3);
nd(4)=nodes(iel,3);
x1=gcoord(nd(1),1);
x2=gcoord(nd(2),1);
x3=gcoord(nd(3),1);
x4=gcoord(nd(4),1);
xleng=x2-x1;
yleng=y4-y1;

% loop for the total number of elements

% 1st connected node for (iel)-th
% 2nd connected node for (iel)-th
% 3rd connected node for (iel)-th
% 4th connected node for (iel)-th
y1=gcoord(nd(1),2);% coord values
y2=gcoord(nd(2),2);% coord values
y3=gcoord(nd(3),2);% coord values
y4=gcoord(nd(4),2);% coord values
% element size in x-axis
% element size in y-axis

element
element
element
element
of 1st node
of 2nd node
of 3rd node
of 4th node

index=feeldof(nd,nnel,ndof);% extract system dofs associated with element

k=felp2dr4(xleng,yleng); % compute element matrix (time-independent term)
m=felpt2r4(xleng,yleng); % compute element matrix (time-dependent term)
kk=feasmbl1(kk,k,index);
mm=feasmbl1(mm,m,index);

% assemble element matrices

% assemble element matrices

end
%----------------------------%
loop for time integration
%----------------------------for in=1:sdof
fsol(in)=0.0;
end

% initial condition

sol(1,1)=fsol(8);
sol(2,1)=fsol(9);

% store time history solution for node no. 8

% store time history solution for node no. 9

for it=1:ntime

% start loop for time integration

fn=deltt*ff+(mm-deltt*kk)*fsol;

% compute effective column vector

[mm,fn]=feaplyc2(mm,fn,bcdof,bcval); % apply boundary condition

fsol=mm\fn;

% solve the matrix equation

sol(1,it+1)=fsol(8); % store time history solution for node no. 8

sol(2,it+1)=fsol(9); % store time history solution for node no. 9
end

%----------------------------------% analytical solution at node 8

%-----------------------------------

%-----------------------------------% plot the solution at nodes 8 and 9

%-----------------------------------time=0:deltt:ntime*deltt;
plot(time,sol(1,:),*);
xlabel(Time)
ylabel(Solution at nodes)
%---------------------------------------------------------------

function [k]=felp2dr4(xleng,yleng)
%------------------------------------------------------------------% Purpose:
%
element matrix for two-dimensional Laplaces equation
%
using four-node bilinear rectangular element
%
% Synopsis:
%
[k]=felp2dr4(xleng,yleng)
%
% Variable Description:
%
k - element stiffness matrix (size of 4x4)
%
xleng - element size in the x-axis
%
yleng - element size in the y-axis
%------------------------------------------------------------------% element matrix
k(1,1)=(xleng*xleng+yleng*yleng)/(3*xleng*yleng);
k(1,2)=(xleng*xleng-2*yleng*yleng)/(6*xleng*yleng);
k(1,3)=-0.5*k(1,1);
k(1,4)=(yleng*yleng-2*xleng*xleng)/(6*xleng*yleng);
k(2,1)=k(1,2);
k(2,2)=k(1,1);
k(2,3)=k(1,4);
k(2,4)=k(1,3);
k(3,1)=k(1,3);
k(3,2)=k(2,3);
k(3,3)=k(1,1);
k(3,4)=k(1,2);
k(4,1)=k(1,4);
k(4,2)=k(2,4);
k(4,3)=k(3,4);
k(4,4)=k(1,1);

function [m]=felpt2r4(xleng,yleng)
%------------------------------------------------------------------% Purpose:
%
element matrix of transient term for two-dimensional Laplaces
%
equation using four-node bilinear rectangular element
%
% Synopsis:
%
[m]=felpt2r4(xleng,yleng)
%
% Variable Description:
%
m - element stiffness matrix (size of 4x4)
%
xleng - element size in the x-axis
%
yleng - element size in the y-axis
%------------------------------------------------------------------% element matrix
m=(xleng*yleng/36)*[4
2
1
2

2
4
2
1

1
2
4
2

2;
1;
2;
4];

function [kk]=feasmbl1(kk,k,index)
%---------------------------------------------------------% Purpose:
%
Assembly of element matrices into the system matrix
%
% Synopsis:
%
[kk]=feasmbl1(kk,k,index)
%
% Variable Description:
%
kk - system matrix
%
k - element matri
%
index - d.o.f. vector associated with an element
%-----------------------------------------------------------

edof = length(index);
for i=1:edof
ii=index(i);
for j=1:edof
jj=index(j);
kk(ii,jj)=kk(ii,jj)+k(i,j);
end
end

function [kk,ff]=feaplyc2(kk,ff,bcdof,bcval)
%---------------------------------------------------------% Purpose:
%
Apply constraints to matrix equation [kk]{x}={ff}
%
% Synopsis:
%
[kk,ff]=feaplybc(kk,ff,bcdof,bcval)
%
% Variable Description:
%
kk - system matrix before applying constraints
%
ff - system vector before applying constraints
%
bcdof - a vector containging constrained d.o.f
%
bcval - a vector containing contained value
%
%
For example, there are constraints at d.o.f=2 and 10
%
and their constrained values are 0.0 and 2.5,
%
respectively. Then, bcdof(1)=2 and bcdof(2)=10; and
%
bcval(1)=1.0 and bcval(2)=2.5.
%----------------------------------------------------------n=length(bcdof);
sdof=size(kk);
for i=1:n

c=bcdof(i);
for j=1:sdof
kk(c,j)=0;
end
kk(c,c)=1;
ff(c)=bcval(i);
end

function [index]=feeldof(nd,nnel,ndof)
%---------------------------------------------------------% Purpose:
%
Compute system dofs associated with each element
%
% Synopsis:
%
[index]=feeldof(nd,nnel,ndof)
%
% Variable Description:
%
index - system dof vector associated with element "iel"
%
iel - element number whose system dofs are to be determined
%
nnel - number of nodes per element
%
ndof - number of dofs per node
%----------------------------------------------------------edof = nnel*ndof;
k=0;
for i=1:nnel
start = (nd(i)-1)*ndof;
for j=1:ndof
k=k+1;
index(k)=start+j;
end
end
5.15) Solving the same problem using Crank-Nicolson differencing leads to the m-file (based on
Ex5.11.5 of the texbook)
function prob5_15()
nx=4; ny=4;
nx1=nx+1; ny1=ny+1;
nel=nx*ny;
% number of elements
nnel=4;
% number of nodes per element
ndof=1;
% number of dofs per node
nnode=nx1*ny1;
% total number of nodes in system
sdof=nnode*ndof;
% total system dofs
deltt=0.01;
% time step size for transient analysis
stime=0.0;
% initial time
ftime=1;
% termination time
ntime=fix((ftime-stime)/deltt); % number of time increment

%--------------------------------------------% input data for nodal coordinate values

% gcoord(i,j) where i->node no. and j->x or y
% nodes(i,j) where i-> element no. and j-> connected nodes
%--------------------------------------------[gcoord, nodes]=gridgen([0,0],[1,1],nx,ny,1);
gridplot(nx,ny,gcoord,nodes,1);
input(press any key to continue);
%------------------------------------% input data for boundary conditions
%------------------------------------bcdof=[1:nx1, nx1+1:nx1:ny*nx1+1, ny*nx1+2:nnode-1, 2*nx1:nx1:nnode];
lendof=length(bcdof);
bcval=zeros(1,lendof);
bcval(lendof-ny+1:lendof)=200; % last ny nodes at 200
bcval(lendof-ny-nx+2:lendof-ny)=100; %next to last nx-1 nodes at 100
bcval(lendof)=150; bcval(nx1)=100; bcval(lendof-ny-nx+1)=50; % average values at corners
[(1:lendof),bcdof, bcval]
%----------------------------------------% initialization of matrices and vectors
%----------------------------------------ff=zeros(sdof,1);
%
fn=zeros(sdof,1);
%
fsol=zeros(sdof,1);
%
sol=zeros(2,ntime+1);
%
kk=zeros(sdof,sdof);
%
mm=zeros(sdof,sdof);
%
index=zeros(nnel*ndof,1);

initialization of
initialization of
solution vector
vector containing
initialization of
initialization of
% initialization

system vector
effective system vector
time history solution
system matrix
system matrix
of index vector

%----------------------------------------------------------------% computation of element matrices and vectors and their assembly

%----------------------------------------------------------------for iel=1:nel

% loop for the total number of elements

nd(1)=nodes(iel,1); % 1st connected node for (iel)-th element

nd(2)=nodes(iel,2); % 2nd connected node for (iel)-th element
nd(3)=nodes(iel,3); % 3rd connected node for (iel)-th element

nd(4)=nodes(iel,3);
x1=gcoord(nd(1),1);
x2=gcoord(nd(2),1);
x3=gcoord(nd(3),1);
x4=gcoord(nd(4),1);
xleng=x2-x1;
yleng=y4-y1;

% 4th connected node for (iel)-th

y1=gcoord(nd(1),2);% coord values
y2=gcoord(nd(2),2);% coord values
y3=gcoord(nd(3),2);% coord values
y4=gcoord(nd(4),2);% coord values
% element size in x-axis
% element size in y-axis

element
of 1st node
of 2nd node
of 3rd node
of 4th node

index=feeldof(nd,nnel,ndof);% extract system dofs associated with element

k=felp2dr4(xleng,yleng); % compute element matrix (time-independent term)
m=felpt2r4(xleng,yleng); % compute element matrix (time-dependent term)
kk=feasmbl1(kk,k,index);
mm=feasmbl1(mm,m,index);

% assemble element matrices

% assemble element matrices

end
%----------------------------%
loop for time integration
%----------------------------for in=1:sdof
fsol(in)=0.0;
end

% initial condition

sol(1,1)=fsol((nnode+1)/2);

kn=2*mm+deltt*kk;
for it=1:ntime

% store time history solution for middle node (assumes nnode is odd)

% compute effective system matrix

% start loop for time integration

fn=deltt*ff+(2*mm-deltt*kk)*fsol;

% compute effective column vector

[kn,fn]=feaplyc2(kn,fn,bcdof,bcval); % apply boundary condition

fsol=kn\fn;

% solve the matrix equation

sol(1,it+1)=fsol((nnode+1)/2); %
end

%----------------------------------% analytical solution at node 8

%-----------------------------------

%------------------------------------

% plot the solution at nodes 8 and 9

%-----------------------------------time=0:deltt:ntime*deltt;
plot(time,sol(1,:));
xlabel(Time)
ylabel(Solution at nodes)
%--------------------------------------------------------------function [k]=felp2dr4(xleng,yleng)
%------------------------------------------------------------------% Purpose:
%
element matrix for two-dimensional Laplaces equation
%
using four-node bilinear rectangular element
%
% Synopsis:
%
[k]=felp2dr4(xleng,yleng)
%
% Variable Description:
%
k - element stiffness matrix (size of 4x4)
%
xleng - element size in the x-axis
%
yleng - element size in the y-axis
%------------------------------------------------------------------% element matrix
k(1,1)=(xleng*xleng+yleng*yleng)/(3*xleng*yleng);
k(1,2)=(xleng*xleng-2*yleng*yleng)/(6*xleng*yleng);
k(1,3)=-0.5*k(1,1);
k(1,4)=(yleng*yleng-2*xleng*xleng)/(6*xleng*yleng);
k(2,1)=k(1,2);
k(2,2)=k(1,1);
k(2,3)=k(1,4);
k(2,4)=k(1,3);
k(3,1)=k(1,3);
k(3,2)=k(2,3);
k(3,3)=k(1,1);
k(3,4)=k(1,2);
k(4,1)=k(1,4);
k(4,2)=k(2,4);
k(4,3)=k(3,4);
k(4,4)=k(1,1);

function [m]=felpt2r4(xleng,yleng)
%------------------------------------------------------------------% Purpose:
%
element matrix of transient term for two-dimensional Laplaces
%
equation using four-node bilinear rectangular element
%
% Synopsis:
%
[m]=felpt2r4(xleng,yleng)
%
% Variable Description:
%
m - element stiffness matrix (size of 4x4)
%
xleng - element size in the x-axis
%
yleng - element size in the y-axis

%------------------------------------------------------------------% element matrix

m=(xleng*yleng/36)*[4
2
1
2

2
4
2
1

1
2
4
2

2;
1;
2;
4];

function [kk]=feasmbl1(kk,k,index)
%---------------------------------------------------------% Purpose:
%
Assembly of element matrices into the system matrix
%
% Synopsis:
%
[kk]=feasmbl1(kk,k,index)
%
% Variable Description:
%
kk - system matrix
%
k - element matri
%
index - d.o.f. vector associated with an element
%-----------------------------------------------------------

edof = length(index);
for i=1:edof
ii=index(i);
for j=1:edof
jj=index(j);
kk(ii,jj)=kk(ii,jj)+k(i,j);
end
end

function [kk,ff]=feaplyc2(kk,ff,bcdof,bcval)
%---------------------------------------------------------% Purpose:
%
Apply constraints to matrix equation [kk]{x}={ff}
%
% Synopsis:
%
[kk,ff]=feaplybc(kk,ff,bcdof,bcval)
%
% Variable Description:
%
kk - system matrix before applying constraints
%
ff - system vector before applying constraints
%
bcdof - a vector containging constrained d.o.f
%
bcval - a vector containing contained value
%
%
For example, there are constraints at d.o.f=2 and 10

%
and their constrained values are 0.0 and 2.5,
%
respectively. Then, bcdof(1)=2 and bcdof(2)=10; and
%
bcval(1)=1.0 and bcval(2)=2.5.
%----------------------------------------------------------n=length(bcdof);
sdof=size(kk);
for i=1:n
c=bcdof(i);
for j=1:sdof
kk(c,j)=0;
end
kk(c,c)=1;
ff(c)=bcval(i);
end

function [index]=feeldof(nd,nnel,ndof)
%---------------------------------------------------------% Purpose:
%
Compute system dofs associated with each element
%
% Synopsis:
%
[index]=feeldof(nd,nnel,ndof)
%
% Variable Description:
%
index - system dof vector associated with element "iel"
%
iel - element number whose system dofs are to be determined
%
nnel - number of nodes per element
%
ndof - number of dofs per node
%----------------------------------------------------------edof = nnel*ndof;
k=0;
for i=1:nnel
start = (nd(i)-1)*ndof;
for j=1:ndof
k=k+1;
index(k)=start+j;
end
end