Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
403
Function
Integral c
f(x)
f1x2 dx
1
xn1
n1
ex
xn
ex
1
x
sin x
cos x
lnx
cos x
sin x
sec2 x
For more complex questions, the inspection method can still be used. We call this
method direct reverse.
sec x tan x
cosec x
sec x tan x
cosec x cot x
1
21 x2
1
2a x
1
2
21 x2
1
2a2 x2
1
1 x2
1
2
a x2
ax
cot x
sec x
cosec x
sin1 x
sin1
x
a
cos1 x
1
cos
x
a
Example
e
2x
dx
e
2x
1 2x
e c
2
tan1 x
1
x
tan1
a
a
ax
lna
Example
4
2x
dx
Example
sin 2x dx
dx
42x dx
42x
c
2 ln 4
cos 2x
c
2
Example
cos4u 3 du
p
Example
2x 1 dx 2 ln2x 1 c
1
In this chapter we will look at the techniques of integrating more complicated functions
and a wider range of functions. Below is the complete list of basic results.
These are as a result of inspection and were dealt with in Chapter 14.
404
p
.
3
dy
p
4 cos4u
du
3
3. 4 cos4u
therefore
p
p
du sin4u ,
3
3
cos4u 3 du 4 sin4u 3 c
p
405
The method of direct reverse can also prove all the basic results given at the start of the
chapter.
used. Further techniques for integrating products and quotients which will deal with this
will be discussed later in the chapter.
Example
Example
a dx
The method works in this case, since if h1x2 1 cos x, h1x2 sin x then
a 1. We begin by writing the integral in the form
ax
a dx lna c
x
3.
sin x 11 cos x2
1x 12 1x
1
2
dx
2
3
11 cos x2 2 c
3
2x 52 6 dx
This occurs when one part of the product is a constant multiplied by the derivative of the
inside function. If we are integrating f1x2 gh1x2, then f1x2 ah1x2 where a is a
constant for the technique to work.
This may seem complicated but it is easy to apply and is a quick way of doing some quite
advanced integration.
3. 14 1x 12 1x2 2x 52 6 dx 1x2 2x 52 7,
Example
1x 12 1x
therefore
32 3 dx
Direct reverse works in this case, since if h1x2 x3 3, h1x2 3x2, then
1
a .
3
1. This begins with y 1x3 32 4.
dy
41x3 32 3 # 3x2 12x2 1x3 32 3
2.
dx
3. 12 x2 1x3 32 3 dx 1x3 32 4,
x 1x
2
32 3 dx
1 3
1x 32 4 c
12
x 12x 12
2
2x 52 6 dx
1 2
1x 2x 52 7 c
14
Example
12x 12e
2x2 2x
dx
h1x2 2. Since f1x2 x , then f1x2 ah1x2 and hence this technique cannot be
2
406
dx.
Example
Products
therefore
1
2
3
1
3
sin x 11 cos x2 2 dx 11 cos x2 2
2
therefore
sin x 11 cos x2
This technique allows us to do much more complicated examples including some products
and quotients.
x 1x
12x 12e
2x2 2x
dx
1 2x2 2x
e
c
2
407
Quotients
Example
This occurs when the numerator of the quotient is in the form of a constant multiplied
by the derivative of the inside function.
f1x2
If we are integrating
then f1x2 ah1x2 for the technique to work. The
gh1x2
3ex
14 e dx
x
f1x2
which was met in Chapter 9 when
f1x2
differentiating logarithmic functions. This came from the form y ln1f1x2 2.
Example
x2
1 x dx
3
Direct reverse works in this case, since if h1x2 1 x3, h1x2 3x2 then
1
a .
3
1. This begins with y ln1 x3.
dy
3x2
dx
1 x3
x2
dx ln1 x3, therefore
3. 3
1 x3
There is a danger of assuming that all integrals of quotients become natural logarithms.
Many are, but not all, so care needs to be taken. The following examples demonstrate
this.
Example
2.
x2
dx
3
32 4
1x
x2
1
dx ln1 x3 c
3
3
1x
The technique will still work in the case of definite integration, since if
1
h1x2 x3 3, h1x2 3x2 then a . We begin by writing the integral in
3
Example
22 cos x dx
sin x
the form
2.
32 4 dx.
dy
31x3 3 2 4 3x2 9x2 1x3 32 4
dx
p
3. 9 x 1x 32
2
4
dx 3 1x
p
32 3 4 2
therefore
x 1x 32
2
4
dx
p
1
B 1x3 32 3R
9
2
Example
1
1
B 1p3 32 3 18 32 3R
9
9
sin x
dx
cos x
The method works, since if h1x2 cos x, h1x2 sin x then a 1.
408
x 1x
B
1
1
R
11 979
91p3 32 3
3
sin x
dx lncos x c
cos x
1x
x2
dx, then we
32 4
409
19
1
1
B 127 32 3 18 32 3R
9
9
21
1
1
R
243 000
11 979
254 979
2 910 897 000
B
23
dx
1
27
1
The method works in this case, since if h1x2 x2 1, h'1x2 2x then a .
2
1
x 1x2 12 2 dx
x 1x
1x
12 2 dx 1x2 12 2 c.
1
24
2x 1
dx
3x 42 4
dx
p
cos3x dx
4
2 cos xe
sin x
x 1x
x 12x
3
12 dx
x21 x
x24x
3 dx
10
2x
1
12
dx
17
410
6x
2x 1
dx
6x 15
sin1
x
c
a
dx sin1
x
c
2
1
2a2 x2
24 x
dx
Example
92 8 dx
2
sec
dx
x 13 tan x 42 3 dx
sin x 12 cos x 12
dx
e
2x
16e2x 72 dx
14
15
28
13
2 ln x
dx
x
0.5
11
2
dx
8x 9
2x 1
dx
3x 4
dx
3x
24 x
3p
sinu
du
4
e
26
2ex
dx
ex ex
Exercise 1
dx
Example
32x7
3
2
13x
Exercise 1
22
dx
x
dx
12 5
5
2
3. Therefore
20
Example
2x
cos x
25
3 sin x 12 dx
sin 2x 11 3 cos 2x2
1x 12 1x 2x 42
3 sin x
1cos x 82 dx
2
dx
16
sin 2x2cos 2x 1 dx
2x 3
x 3x 5 dx
e
2e 4 dx
2
18
dx.
x2
1
4
C
Rearranging gives:
1
2
dx
x
1
C
4
dx
1
24 x2
B4
24 x
2
2 sin1
dx
x
c
2
411
x
Using direct reverse we begin with y sin1 .
2
dy
1
1
dx
2
2
x
1
C
4
Therefore
1
2
2 1x
C
4
1
1
1
dx sin
Example
x
x
2
dx 2 sin1
x
4
1
dx
2x 5
x
c
2
4 1x 12
1
4
dx
1
dx
x1 2
1
Example
1
1
x2
9
dy
dx
dx
1
2
x
1
9
a
1
1
x
dx tan1 c gives:
a
a
x2
1
1
x1 2
2
1
Therefore
1
2
1
x1
dx tan1
2
2
x1
1
1
4
1
1
x1
dx tan1
c
2
2
2
x1
1
dx
dx
1
19 x 2 2
9
9
dx
9 x2
Example
9
x
tan1 c
3
3
1 x
3 tan
c
3
2x
Therefore
1
x2
31
9
1
2
x
1
9
dx tan1
dx 3 tan1
4x 12
dx
2x
x
3
x
c
3
1
4x 12
dx
21x
4x 122
23 1x 22
216 1x 22
1
416
2quadratic
or a
164
1
4
dx
dx
dx
dx
x2
D
number
number
, then we need to complete the square and then use the method of direct
quadratic
reverse. It should be noted that this is not the case for every single example as they could
integrate in different ways, but this is beyond the scope of this syllabus.
412
x
Using direct reverse we begin with y tan1 .
3
dy
1
1
dx
x2
3
1
9
1
x1
.
2
1
1
x2 2
1
B
4
dx
x2
.
4
413
dy
dx
x2 2
1
D
4
1
4
Therefore
D
sin
1
1
Example
1
4
dx sin1
x2 2
x2
c.
4
xdx
Exercise 2
sin
1 cos 2x
2
1
9x
236 x
dx
1
dx
225 x
1
1
dx
x2
2
C
4
cos
1
dx
3 x2
2x
2x
1
dx
6x 5
14
x
16
29x
13
9x
15
2x
4
3x 10
dx
1 cos2 x
1
dx
8x 20
5
4x 5
dx
1
dx
2
x 4x 7
18
18x 99
dx
2x
2
1
6x 6
1
11 2 cos 2x cos2 2x2dx
4
1 cos2 2x
1 cos 4x
2
cos
cos 4x
1
1
dx
1 2 cos 2x
4
2
2
xdx
1
12 4 cos 2x 1 cos 4x2 dx
8
1
13 4 cos 2x cos 4x2 dx
8
1
4 sin 2x
sin 4x
3x
8
2
4
1
112x 8 sin 2x sin 4x2 c
32
For these we use the double angle identity cos 2x cos2 x sin2 x.
414
1 2 cos 2x cos2 2x
b dx
4
dx
1 cos 2x 2
dx
2
1
dx
3x 4
1
1 cos 2x
2
cos4 xdx
dx
0.5
12
x
17
21 3x
1
dx
6x 18
11
2x
dx
1 cos 2x 2 cos2 x 1
4x
xdx
10
1
sin 2x
1
x
12x sin 2x2 c
2
2
4
Knowing that
1
dx
49 x2
Example
1 cos 2x
1
b dx
11 cos 2x2 dx
2
2
dx
dx
x2
9
a
x dx
dy
3 sin2 x cos x and so
dx
there is a cosine term that
creates a problem. This
illustrates a major difference
between differentiation and
integration.
415
If integration of even powers of multiple angles is required the same method can be used.
Example
sin
1 sin2 8x
8x dx
cos xdx
cos x cos xdx
cos x 11 sin x2
7
8x dx
sin
Example
a
1 cos 16x
2
1 cos 16x
b dx
2
x
sin 16x
1
116x sin 16x2 c
2
32
32
cos x 11 3 sin
1cos x 3 sin
dx
3 sin
3 sin
3 sin
Example
sin x sin
1sin x cos
xdx
cos
sin
x sin x2dx
dy
31cos x2 2 sin x 3 cos2 x sin x
dx
dy
7 sin6 x cos x
dx
3 5
sin x k2
5
1
Hence
sin
x cos xdx
1cos x 3 sin
sin x sin3 x
1 7
sin x k3
7
3 5
1
sin x sin7 x c, where c k1 k2 k3.
5
7
cos
1
x sin xdx cos3 x k
3
1
1sin x cos2 x sin x2dx cos x cos3 x c
3
1
dy
5 sin4 x cos x
dx
sin3 xdx
To find
dy
3 sin2 x cos x
dx
Unlike even powers of cosine and sine, this is a one-stage process, no matter how high
the powers become. This is demonstrated in the next example.
416
417
cos
Example
cos 4x dx
cos 4x cos 4xdx
cos 4x 11 sin 4x2dx
1cos 4x sin 4x cos 4x2dx
To find sin 4x cos 4xdx the method of direct reverse is used.
dy
5 cos4 x sin x
dx
cos
1cos
Therefore
1
x sin xdx cos5 x k2
5
1
1
x sin x cos4 x sin x2dx cos3 x cos5 x c, where
3
5
c k1 k2.
1 sin
dy
3 sin2 4x cos 4x 4 12 sin2 4x cos 4x
dx
4x cos 4xdx
1cos 4x sin
In this case the identity 1 tan2 x sec2 x is used with the aim of getting
tan x, sec2 x
Powers of tan x
remembered that
1
sin3 4x k
12
4x cos 4x2dx
1
sin 4x
sin3 4x c
4
12
tan
sin
We need to extract
To find
x cos2 xdx
Since it is sine that has the odd power, this is the one that is split.
sin x sin
x cos2 xdx
sin x 11 cos
1cos
x2cos2 xdx
Now these can both be integrated using the method of direct reverse.
cos
dy
3 cos2 x sin x
dx
cos
418
1
x sin xdx cos3 x k1
3
xdx tan x c.
xdx
Example
It should also be
Example
3
Often this technique will work with mixed powers of sine and cosine and the aim is still
to leave a single power of sine multiplied by a higher power of cosine or a single power
of cosine multiplied by a higher power of sine.
sec2 x.
tan x sec
of tan x in order to
produce sec2 x 1
xdx
direct reverse is used. This happens because the derivative of tan x is sec2 x and
also explains why it is necessary to have sec2 x with the power of tan x.
To integrate this we begin with y tan2 x.
So
dy
2 tan x sec2 x
dx
Hence 2
tan x sec
Therefore
Thus
xdx tan2 x,
tan x sec
tan
xdx
xdx
1
tan2 x k
2
tan x sec
x tan xdx
1
tan2 x lncos x c
2
419
Example
tan
xdx
tan
x tan2 xdx.
tan
x 1sec2 x 12 dx
Exercise 4
1tan
The integral of tan3 x was done in the example above and the result will just be
quoted here. The integral of tan3 x sec2 x is done by direct reverse.
y tan x
4
dy
1
4 tan3 x sec2 x
dx
1 tan
Hence
x sec2 xdx
tan
xdx
1
tan4 x k
4
1
1
tan4 x tan2 x ln cos x c.
4
2
2xdx
19
1sec
2xdx
2x 12 dx
21
1
tan 2x x c
2
23
25
Exercise 3
cos
xdx
sin
2xdx
sin
xdx
sin
2xdx
tan
2xdx
7
10
sin
sin
p
dx
2
3 4 cos x dx
sin x
10
2 dx
2x
x 4 dx
x
x 3 dx
12
14
16
xdx
x cos2 xdx
18
4 16x
6
dx
20
cos 2x 1sin 2x 32
2x11 x 2 dx
3
2
dx
cosec2 x
dx
1cot x 32 3
e
1e 22
8
11
cos
2xdx
sin xdx
tan x sec
9
4
xdx
12
tan 3xdx
sin 2x cos
3
22
24
26
dx
1
2
x
31
2x
33
sin 2x 1sin
28
x1
dx
2x 3
29
27
1
17
tan
11 2 sin13x a2 dx
Example
tan
1
23 5x dx
4
15
7 3 cos4x
13
If multiple angles are used, this does not change the method.
1x 2 2 dx
1
21 2x dx
4x 5
2
dx
12 7x2 dx
3
12x 12 21 2x dx
3
21 x 21 x 11 x2 dx
1
1 4x
2
dx
sec 3 2x dx
p
e dx
1
3x 1 dx
x1
x 2x 3 dx
3
21 9x dx
4x1
1x 3 2 1x
6x 82 6 dx
cosec 2 e
cos x sin x dx
2
1cot 2x
dx
ex
e 2 dx
sin 2x dx
x
30
x
32
2x
2
dx
2x 3
2x 4
2
4x 5
dx
x 32 4 dx
2xdx
13
sin2 x
dx
sec3 x
420
421
u du 3 u
2
1
2
3
2
The answer cannot be left in this form and we need to substitute for x.
2
1
3
So
cos x 11 sin x2 2 dx 11 sin x2 2 c
3
Example
Proof
Consider a function of u, f(u).
Find
d
du
3f1u2 4
f'1u2
dx
dx
d
f1u2.
du
p dx dx p du where
du
24x 1 u2
3x 3
u1
du
4
dx
dx f'1u2 dx f'1u2 du
du
Hence dx
1
du
4
3x24x 1 dx 3
u 1 12 du
u
4
4
3
3
1
u2 u2 du
16
3
The question is how to use it. There is a great temptation to treat dx as part of a
fraction. In the strictest sense it is not, it is a piece of notation, but at this level of
mathematics most people do treat it as a fraction and in the examples we will do so. The
dy
equivalence of operators shown above demonstrates that treating
as a fraction will
dx
also work.
3 2 52
2 3
u2
B u u2R
33u 54
16 5
3
40
Hence
14x 12 2
112x 22
40
3
14x 12 2
16x 12 c
20
Example
Find
14x 12 2
3314x 12 54
40
3
3x24x 1 dx
cos x 11 sin x2
1
2
This example could also be done by direct reverse. It is possible that an examination
could ask for a question to be done by substitution when direct reverse would
also work.
Definite integration works the same way as with other integration, but the limits in the
substitution need to be changed.
11 sin x2 2 u2
1
du
cos x
dx
Example
1 cos xdx du
This is the same as using the equivalence of operators, which would work as
follows:
1
422
du
dx
dx
p du
p cos xdx p du
Find
1x 1 2 12x 12
12x 12 9 u9
x1
u3
2
423
du
2
dx
du
1 dx
2
Because this is a question of definite integration, the limits must be changed.
The reason for this is that the original limits are values of x and we now need
values of u as we are integrating with respect to u.
When x 0, u 1
When x p, u 2 p 1
When x 1, u 1
1
Therefore
1
1x 12dx
12 x2 4
1u
3
3u4 2du B
1
u 3 9 du
1
u
2
2
4
2p1
1u
10
3u 2du
9
1
312p 12 10
1 12p 12 11
1
3
B
R
4
11
10
11
10
1
31012p 12 11 3312p 12 10 234
440
Evaluate
1
1
1
1
1
2
18
27
14
27
The substitutions dealt with so far are fairly intuitive, but some of them are less obvious.
In this case the question will sometimes state the substitution.
Example
21 x
Example
1
1
1 1
R
2u2
u3 3
Find
When limits are changed using substitution, it is sometimes the case that the limits
switch around and the lower limit is bigger than the upper limit.
u2
3u3 1
R
2
3 3
B
3u10 2p1
1 u11
B
R
4 11
10 1
becomes
1x 12 dx
12 x2 4
Hence
.
21 x
dx becomes
cos
u du.
Now
1 cos 2u 2 cos2 u 1
1 cos 2u
2
1 cos 2u
cos2 u du
du
2
1 cos2 u
1
sin 2u
u
2
4
We now substitute back for x.
1
1x 12dx
12 x2 4
x13u
du
1
dx
1 dx du
When x 1, u 3
424
Hence
21 x dx
2
1 x2
sin1 x
2x21 x2 c.
2
425
Example
Find
16
15
2 tan x
2
dt
t
4t2 1
2
1 t2
2
dt
1 2 15
4Bt
R
4
16
1
1 2
1B
2t R
2
215
2
dt
x
1
1
2t
2
215
2
From the triangle above, sin x
t
21 t2
21 t2
1
t2
1 t2
.
2
2
1t
1t
1 t2
dt
1 t2
215
2
dt
sec2 x 1 tan2 x 1 t2.
dx
1 dx
2 tan x
dx
cos 2x
and cos x
2t
dt
2
1t
1 t2
1 t2
16
15
2t
dt
1 t2
1
1B
1
2t R
2
215
cos 2x dx 1 t
2 tan x
2t
1 2
1B
2t R
2
215
Find
2 Find
2tan
Since tan x
1 tan2 x
2
3 Find
4 Find
x
2
1 t2
5 Find
8
215
1
2t
2
215
tan1
1
1
2t
2
215
1
215
4 tan
x
1 c
2
4x 13.
6 Find
2t
From the above diagram, sin x
.
1 t2
7 Find
dt
1
x
1
x
1
sec2 1 tan2 11 t2 2
dx
2
2
2
2
2
8 Find
2dt
1 dx
1 t2
426
dt
2t
1 t2
Therefore
dt tan1
Exercise 5
1 Find
Example
215
2
1 2
1B
2t R
2
215
1
2
This is now done by direct reverse and begins with y ln1 t2.
dy
2t
1
dt
1 t2
Therefore
dy
dt
1x 32
4 sin x dx
1
dt
1 t2
2t
4
1 t2
2
9 Find
411 t 2 2t dt
2
12x 12 1x 22
10 Find
12x 12
x
427
11 Find
2x 1
dx.
1x 32 6
12 Find
x25x 2 dx.
15 Find
2x 2
x
17 Find
18 Find
x 1x 42
1x 22
x3
dx.
1x 52 2
dx.
1
dx using the substitution t tan x.
2
cos x 4 sin2 x
24 x
5 sin
1
dx using the substitution t tan x.
x cos2 x
21 Find
22 Find
23 Find
3x2x
4
n
du
dv
. Calculate u and
Let one part of the product be v and one part
and then use the
dx
dx
formula.
Unlike the product rule in differentiation, in some cases it makes a difference which part
du
is v and which part is
and in other cases it makes no difference. The choice depends
dx
on what can be integrated, and the aim is to make the problem easier. The table below
will help.
1
Power of x
Power of x
Power of x
Power of x
Power of e
Trigonometric ratio
Inverse trigonometric ratio
Power of e
ln f(x)
sin f(x), cos f(x)
Power of x
Power of x
Power of x
ln f(x)
Does not matter
Which part is v?
1. Choose ln f(x).
2. Choose the power of x.
Example
Find
1v
du
d
dv
1uv2 u
dx
dx
dx
428
v dx dx uv u dx dx,
du
dv
dv
1 and u
dx
ex dx ex
xe dx xe 1e dx
dv
x is differentiated here
since it will differentiate
to 1 and allow the final
integration to be carried
out.
du
ex
dx
v dx dx dx 1uv2 dx u dx dx
Now
let v x and
1
xe dx.
We know that
d
du
dv
1uv2 v
u
dx
dx
dx
dv
0.5
20 Find
du
19 Find
v dx dx uv u dx dx
This is the formula for integration by parts.
16 Find
13 Find
14 Find
dx.
xe dx xe e c
x
429
Example
Find
Example
x sin xdx.
It is not recommended
to try to simplify the
signs and constants at
the same time as doing
the integration!
x cos x
Example
du
dx uv
dx
du
x3
let v ln x and
dx
1
x4
dv
and u x3 dx
x
dx
4
Substituting the values in the formula gives:
x4
x ln x dx ln x
4
3
Therefore
x4
1
x4
1 3
dx ln x
x dx
x
4
4
4
x4
x4
x4
x ln xdx ln x
14 ln x 12 c
4
16
16
2 x
v dx dx uv u dx dx,
du
dv
du
ex
dx
e dx e
dv
1 and u
dx
x e dx x e 1e dx x e e
x
x2 ex 2x ex 2ex c
4x cos xdx.
Example
du
v
dx uv
dx
dv
u dx,
dx
du
cos x
let v 4x and
dx
dv
4 and u
dx
p
0
Find
e
2x
sin xdx.
This is a slightly different case, since it makes no difference which part is integrated
and which part is differentiated. With a little thought this should be obvious since,
excluding constants, repeated integration or differentiation of these functions gives
the same pattern of answers. Remember the aid
xe dx x e 21x e e 2
Example
by parts.
Find
e dx e
2 x
let v x and
du
ex
dx
We need to find
dv
dx,
dx
dv
xe dx x e 2xe dx x e 2 xe dx
du
dv
2x and u
dx
x3 ln x dx.
v dx dx uv u dx dx,
2 x
let v x2 and
x cos x sin x c
Find
x e dx.
Find
4 sin x dx
S
C
Differentiate
S
C
Integrate
4p sin p 4 cos p 4
430
431
We begin by letting
Using the formula
let v e2x and
e
2x
e
2x
sin x dx I.
du
dv
du
sin x
dx
cos
1
cos x 2e
2x
Hence
7
10
sin x 2e2x dx
e
2x
16
e2x
1
1e2x cos x 2e2x sin x2
1cos x 2 sin x2 c
5
5
x e
2x
dx
x
ln xdx
x
sin xdx
x sin 2x dx
x 1x 12
dx
x e dx
x e dx
tan xdx
e sin 3x dx
2
2x
3x
11
1
14
2x
17
x ln 3x dx
e cos xdx
e 12x 12 dx
2e sin x cos xdx
2
12
2x
15
18
3x ln 8xdx
sin x dx
e cos x dx
x ln x dx
2
1
3x
19
13
x cos xdx
cos x dx sin x
x dx.
1
Exercise 6
dx
du
cos x
dx
1 # cos
x dx =
Applying the formula again, being very careful to ensure that we continue to
integrate the trigonometric function and differentiate the power of e gives:
dv
2e2x and u
dx
1 dx x
1 ln x dx x ln x x x dx x ln x 1 dx x ln x x c
Hence
v e2x and
dv
1
and u
x
dx
v dx dx uv u dx dx,
dv
2e2x and u
dx
1I
e
ax
20
sin bx dx
x 12x 12
dx
Example
Find
ln xdx.
as usual.
Using the formula
v dx dx uv u dx dx,
du
du
let v ln x and
1
dx
432
dv
Example
Find
2x 1
dx.
2
1
x
x
x
1
dx
1
433
The first integral can be done by direct reverse and the second one is a standard
dy
dx
dy
2x
2
dx
x 1
Hence 2
x
Therefore
1
5
1
x1
dx tan1
x1 2
5
1
2
25
1
2
x1
dx tan1
k2
x1 2
5
5
1
Therefore
x
dx lnx2 1
1
2x 1
x
dx 2 2
dx
2
1
x 1
x
1
1
2
x1
5
1
x
1
dx
1
lnx2 1 tan1 x c
x
Example
Find
2x 2
dx
2x 26
x
2
dx
2x 26
Algebraic division
If the numerator is of higher or equal power to the denominator, then algebraic division
may help. Again this only needs to be tried if other methods have failed. In Chapter 8,
P1x2
rational functions (functions of the form
where P(x) and Q(x) are both polynomials)
Q1x2
The first integral is calculated by direct reverse and the second integral will
become a function of inverse tan.
Consider the first integral.
2
x
2
x1
lnx2 2x 26 tan1
c
5
5
2x
dx.
2
x 2x 26
This is a slightly different case as we now make the numerator 2x 2 and then
split the numerator. Hence
2x
2x 2
2
dx becomes
dx
dx.
2
2
2
x 2x 26
x 2x 26
x 2x 26
x
2x
dx
2x 26
were introduced when finding non-vertical asymptotes. Algebraic division was used if
degree of P1x2 degree of Q(x). In order to integrate these functions exactly the same
thing is done.
2x 2
dx
2x 26
Hence
Example
Find
2x 2
dx lnx2 2x 26 k1
x2 2x 26
x1
x 3 dx.
x
2
dx
2x 26
1x 12
2
25
25
dx
25 1x 12
1
dx
x1 2
1
434
dx
1
x 1x 3
x1
2
So the question becomes
1 x 1 dx.
2
1 x 1 dx x 2 lnx 1 c
2
x1
.
5
435
Example
Find
11
x2 1
dx.
x1
x1
x 1x 0x 1
x2 x
x 1
x 1
2
13
14
15
1x 12 x 1 dx.
2
16
x2
17
Exercise 7
19
4
7
2x 1
1x 32
dx
18
1x 12 x 1 dx 2 x 2 lnx 1 c
2
12
4x 7
dx
2
x 4x 8
x3
dx
x4
3x 4
dx
x2 4
2x 3
dx
2
x 4x 6
x2 1
dx
x3
3
6
20
x5
dx
x2 3
2x 5
2x
6x 4
x
x ln x dx
e cos 2x dx
1
2x
tan
1
dx
x
1
22
25
3x
e
ax
27
All the techniques of integration for this curriculum have now been met. The following
exercise examines all the techniques. It should be noted that there is often more than
one technique that will work. For example, direct reverse questions can be done by
substitution and some substitution questions can be done by parts.
32
Exercise 8
35
Find these integrals using the method of direct reverse.
1
3
5
7
9
436
p
sec 2x 3 dx
2x
dx
2
3x 1
2
4x
2
dx
8x 5
4
6
8
10
cos x
21 sin x dx
2x
8x 9
30
33
36
39
26
x cosx 6 dx
ln12x 12 dx
p
sin 2x dx
cos2 x
cosec x dx
sin 3x dx
x
tan 2 dx
x
cos 6 dx
31
34
37
tan3 x
cos x dx
cos 2x dx
2 sin ax cos
2
ax dx
4
dx
1 4x2
sin x
dx
cosn x
2
38
cos x sin x dx
cos u du
x
sin 4 dx
tan x sec x dx
23
29
28
x e dx
x
x sin 2 dx
40
42
2x 1
21 x
x3 1
dx
x1
dx
41
43
3x
3x 4
dx
2x 3
2
x2 3
dx
2x 1
dx
437
3x
6x 4
dx ln3x2 4x 8 k1
4x 8
3x
1
dx
4x 8
1
dx
4
8
3x2 x
3
3
1
dx
2 2 20
3Bx
R
3
9
Example
Find
3x 2
dx.
2
3x 4x 8
213x 22
dy
6x 4
So
2
2
dx
3x 4x 8
3x 4x 8
12
3x
3x
3x 2
dx ln3x2 4x 8
4x 8
3x 2
1
dx ln3x2 4x 8 c
2
4x 8
13x
dy
dx
13x 22 13x
4x 82 4 dx.
3x
3x
3x
6x 4
dx
4x 8
is
3x
1
dx.
4x 8
438
2
x .
3
220
3
20
1
1
2
dx
tan1x k2
9
2 2
3
220
1
x
20
3
6x 3
dx
4x 8
3x
6x 4
dx
4x 8
3x
1
dx
4x 8
2
tan1x c
3
220
Even though all the techniques for this syllabus have been met, there are still a lot of
functions that cannot be integrated. There are two reasons for this. First, there are other
techniques which have not been covered and second there are some fairly simple
looking functions which cannot be integrated by any direct method. An example of this
6x 3
dx.
4x 8
1
2
dx tan1x
9
2 2
3
1
x
20
3
ln3x2 4x 8
1
13x 22 13x2 4x 82 4 dx 13x2 4x 82 3 c
2
Example
Find
1
3
1
dx
dx
2
2
20
9
2 2
x 1
1
x
20
3
20
3
Hence
dy
16x 42 13x2 4x 82 4 213x 22 13x2 4x 82 4
dx
220
3
1
dx
2 2 20
3x
3
3
1
3
9
2 2
220
1
x
20
3
Therefore
3x 2
dx.
4x 82 4
9
Example
Find
1
20
3
e
x2
dx. However, questions like these in the form of definite integrals can be asked
dy
6x 4
2
dx
3x 4x 8
439
Example
29
Work out
0
3
x ex dx.
30
24 3e dx
31
cos
33
1
32
1
2xdx
1x 12
2x
0
q
x e
x
dx
34
x 2a
2
35
This cannot be done by any direct method, so the only choice is to use a calculator
which will give the answer of 522.
1
3x7
dx
2 13x
36
sin
1 1
dx
37
cos
sin x cos x
dx
2
x sin2 x
p
3
38
0
cos 6x cos 3x dx
Exercise 9
1x 32
12x 4x 2
2
3
dx
1
4
dx
23x 5 dx
cosec 4x cot 4xdx
e
p
2
6
p
6
x2 e2x dx
x3
11 e 2
x
1
3
dx
dx
We will now look at finding areas under curves by using these techniques.
4x5
Example
Consider the curve y ex cos x. Using a calculator, find the area bounded by
the curve, the x-axis, the y-axis and the line x a where 2 a 4.
2x 3
dx
2
1
x
10
225 4x
1
13
12 5x2
14
dx
11
ex
dx
12ex 12 3
12
a b cos x dx
sin x
3
dx
x2 6x 25
15
cos
x dx
16
5 7x
3
dx
To do this question the first point of intersection of the curve with the x-axis
needs to be found. Again this is done on a calculator.
17
e2x dx
18
3x2
sin 2xdx
2
19
2x
21
2x 12 x2 dx
22
x
25
e
28
B 1 2x dx
20
log
xdx
23
26
440
0.5
3x4
dx
3
x 3
x2 7
52x
dx
24
23 5x
dx
x
0.1
27
tan4 x
dx
4
x
cos
1
4x 29
dx
ln 2xdx
3x
cos xdx
1 2x
441
A2
Exercise 10
1.57
x2
.
x 1
2 Find the area between the curves y cos 2x and y x sin x shaded in the
diagram below.
To find
y
e cos x dx I
x
Letting
v dx dx uv u dx dx,
du
dv
y
y cos 2x
1
du
cos x
gives v ex and
dx
1
dv
ex and u
dx
I
Hence
x
0
cos x dx sin x
1
v dx dx uv u dx dx,
du
dv
du
sin x
and letting v ex and
dx
1
sin x dx cos x
e sin x dx e cos x cos x e dx
dv
ex and u
dx
Hence
1I
3 Find the area bounded by the curve y xe2x, the x-axis and the lines
x 0 and x 1.
4 Sketch the curve y2 p2 1p 2x2, p H and show that the area bounded
2 5
by the curve and the y-axis is p2.
3
5 Find the value of the shaded area in the diagram below which shows the
ex cos x
Putting it all together 1 I
y x sin x
curve.
e cos x dx
x
y
y2
1 x
1e sin x ex cos x2 c
2
3
1
1
B 1ea sin a ea cos a2 1e1.57 sin 1.57 e1.57 cos 1.572R
2
2
1
1
1 A 2.41 1ea sin a ea cos a2 2.41
2
2
x2
1
9
2
1.57
a
1
1
1 A B 1ex sin x ex cos x2R
B 1ex sin x ex cos x2R
2
2
0
1.57
1
1
1 A B 1e1.57 sin 1.57 e1.57 cos 1.572 1e0 sin 0 e0 cos 02R
2
2
A4
dy
x
6 If y 3x24 x2 4 sin1 , find
.
2
dx
p
2 24 x
1
p
dx 6p24 p2 8 sin1 , 0 p 2.
2
442
443
e
x
cos x dx to
e
x
p
cos x dx is e .
M
C
M+
CE
ON
X
2p
1 ln x
which passes
x
b Find the area bounded by the curve, the tangent and the x-axis.
9 Show that
1
log10 x dx is
13 ln 3 2 ln 2 12.
ln 10
10 Find x
M
C
M+
CE
10 The curve y 12x 32e2x crosses the x-axis at P and the y-axis at Q. Find
the area bounded by OP, OQ and the curve PQ in terms of e given that O is
the origin.
ON
X
dx
.
6x 13
M
C
M+
CE
M
C
7
4
1
ON
X
M+
CE
3
+
ON
X
12 Let f: x S
x-axis.
sin x
, p x 3p. Find the area enclosed by the graph of f and the
x
[IB May 01 P1 Q18]
M+
CE
ON
X
13 Find the area bounded by the curve y x2 sin x and the x-axis.
14 Find the area between the curves y x sin x and y e3x.
1
d find the area bounded by the curve and the line y .
2
Review exercise
M
C
7
4
1
M+
CE
3
+
ON
X
1 Evaluate 1e ke
M
C
M+
CE
kx
ON
2 dx.
M
C
M+
CE
M+
CE
ON
X
xB 2x 1 dx.
1
p
3p
x
6
6
ii
3p
5p
x
6
6
3 Evaluate 25 2x
x
M
C
M+
CE
ON
X
4 dx.
M+
CE
M
C
M+
CE
7
4
1
ON
X
ON
5p
7p
x
6
6
c Given that the above areas are the first three terms of an arithmetic sequence,
find an expression for the total area enclosed by f(x) and the x-axis for
iii
b Use your answer to part a to calculate the exact area enclosed by f(x) and the
x-axis in each of the following cases. Give your answers in terms of p.
ON
14 Calculate the area bounded by the graph of y x sin1x2 2 and the x-axis, between
[IB Nov 00 P1 Q5]
x 0 and the smallest positive x-intercept.
1
, the lines x 2,
x 2x 15
2
12n 12p
p
x
, where n H . Give your answers in terms of n and p.
6
6
[IB May 01 P2 Q1]
M+
CE
ON
M
C
M+
CE
7
4
1
ON
X
1
, the x-axis and the lines x a
1 4x2
M+
CE
444
ON
X
e2x dx.
445