Sor Oorc0ss ON mw TeesueT Cover eB D BS 6089: 1981 e } use set(orzaia| owen zzame Guide to ®@ Assessment of concrete strength in existing structures {Guide pour Févalustion def résistance du béton dane las constuction exetantes Lelfaden fir die Bourteiurg da Botonfastgkolt in vorhardenon Bauwerien British Standards Institution co Bratt) te srtch SandardeinatonBSI BS*b089 82 MH L24b OOLb2b3 4 mm | BS 6089 : 1981 Contonts Page Inside fronteover Back cover Foreword Cooperating organizations Guide Scope References Definitions Planning an investigation 5. Test mothods Condueting an investigation Appendix A. Bibliography 8 Foreword ‘The need to assess the strength of the eonerate in an ‘oxlting structure can arise from a variety of reasons, such as doubts following non-compliance of stendard ‘cubs strength results or possible deterioration duc to aggressive envicorments or a wish to check that the stvongth is acceptable for a particular loading system, cespacially when additional loading is being considered, ‘Tho drilling and testing of cores has been common prectice for many yoars and several non-destructive tests have been avilable, well established test methods described in BS 1887 and BS 4408. ‘This guide presonts information on the standard method and on eartaln other methods that will assist in the Page “Tables 1. Guide to tests for assessing aspects of concrete strength 8 2, Relative merits ancl limitations of various tests 9 Figures 1. Illustration of approximate relationship ‘of compressive strongths 10 2, Comparisons hetwoen design erenath and estimated in-situ cube strength " selection of the method and testing programme most appropriate to the circumstances that prevail ‘Tho interpretation of the test results and the factors that Influence tha relationship between the standard cube strength and the strength of the conarete in the structura are also discussed. ‘The recommendations in this standard are Intended to provide guidanes only; they are not intended to supplant ‘ongingoring judgement or 20 inhibit tho development and usa of othar tost methods. Numbers in parenthases in the text of the standard refer 40 the numeered references given in appondix A.1. Scope “This British Stancard gives information on tests that are available to determine strength of concreta in a structure, Relative merits of these tests are indicated and methods ‘of carrying out such tests ara given, This standard elso contsins guidelines to assist the engineer intorproting results of tess, and outlines possible ways ‘of comparing test results with the required strength for design purposes, ‘The information given in this standard amplifies sections of CP 110 : Part 1 : 1972 concerned with tests to measure and assess the strength of concrete in structures, including: 6.8.2.3. Action to be taken in the event of non-complianes with the testing plan. 8.2 Check tests on structural concrete, 2. References The titles of the standards publlcations referred! to In ‘alk standard are listed on the inside back eover, A bibliography of some appropriate references is given inappandix A, 3, Definitions For the purposos of this British Standard the following definitions apply. ‘3.1. standard eube strongth. The measured compressive strength of a cube made, cured end tested in accordance ‘with BS 1881 : Parts 1, 3 and 4, 3.2 cylinder strength. The compressive strength of @ cylinder with a length/diameter ratio ()) of 2 mace and ‘cured In accordance with clause 6 of BS 1881 1070, and tested in accordance with 3,2 oF BS 1881 : Part 4 : 1970. 3.3 core strength. The compressive strength of a core, ‘out, prepared and tested in accordance with the roquirements of BS 1881 : Part 4, for # stated length’ diameter ratio, 3.4 estimated in-situ cube strength, The strength of ‘ooncrete at ¢ location in a structural member estimated ‘from indirect means and expressed in terms of specimens ‘of eubie shape, NOTE.A direst measure ofthe in-situ cube strnath cannot 06 ‘obtained Lecouse isnot possote to produce a catt cubic spéalnién fom that location. However, itis posble to obtaln ‘en estimated natu cube strength by Using one or more oF the rmatode asribed in clause 6. 35 location. A region of conorete that, for practical ‘Purposes, is assumed to be of uniform quality. 3.6 characteristic cube strength, The value of the standard cube strength (which in CP 110 is measurod at 28 days) Luelow which 5 % of the population of all possiiale strength measurements are expected to fall 8.7 design strongth, The strenoth of concrate as used in calculations so that the allowable strass as defined by the relevant code of practice or other design basis employed {snot exceeded under the loading conditions appropriate to that code er other design basis. 3.8 design load capability of a structural member, A level af loading that a structural member is designed to sustain with the appropriate partial safety factors against collapse, deflection or local démage. NOTE. Direct maaeuroment of capacity of» member to withstand such a load will not destroy the membor under test unfes this Is inadequate for Its envisage! purpose. (Sue 8.8 of OP 110: Part 1072 for datas of text loads and asteernent of asus.) 34) ‘tir vate stn ith of a structural mem ‘ser. A mesture of +2 vaximun .ov1 that » member is ¢2ab1 of susta ining, the loading pattorn being that appliad in service. NOTE. Dirsct measurement oF the ultimate strength of a member rauits in dastruction of that member, ut in some cases ny be rnoceoary to undonake gush 9 tet to atau the losdbearing Capactty of sill mambers (A aultabla tert method applicable ‘0 Individual pracast units fe deseribad in 9.5.3 of OP 110: Part t 19724 4, Planning an investigation 4.1 Information required from tests. A knowlodge of in-situ strength of conorete in a structural momber may be required for one or more of the following reasons. (a) Doubt concerning the strength of canerete in the structure as a rosult of non-compliance of standard cubo test rosults carried out in accordance with @ specified compliance plan. (b) Doubt concerning workmanship involved in batching, mixing, placing, compacting or curing of conerete. (c} Deterioration of concrete due to: overloading: fatigue; cchomical action; fire; explosion; weathering, (G) To ascertain whether the In-situ stronath of concreta is acceptable for: the designed loading system; the actual loading system; «8 projected loading systom for a now uso.Any structural investigation should be carefully planned and executed Ifthe engineer Is to obtaln information ‘hich oan be used to provide a reliable essessment of conerete strength in a structure, The detailed test programme will depend upon the reason for the investigation and whother: (1) an ostimate of the insitustrenath of eonerate in a struatural member is required: {2} a comparison of the suspect concrete with satisfactory conereta in other parts of the structure is adequate; (3 the investigation is required on the immediate surface, near to the surface, or in greater depth (44 adattional information is required, eg, uniformity and density of concrate and quality of materials used. 4.2 Acceptance of test data. Before any programme Is, ccommonced, it is desirablo that there is complete agree ment between the interestad parties on the validity of ‘tho proposed testing procedute, the criteria for acceptance and the appointment of a person and/or laboratory to tke responsibility for the testing, 4.3. Aspeots of oonorote strength, Table 1 proviees a broad ‘ide to vatious test mathods to assess diferent aspects of the strength of concrete in the structure, or of a structural mamber. 4.4 Selecting a test programme 44.1. General. The test programme vill be determined by the objectives of the investigation, the site conditions and economic factors, as outlined in 4.0.2 t0 4.4.5. 44.2 Choice of test methods. The relative merits and limitations of tests for varlous depths from tho surface ate summarized in table 2. The symbol **** indicates that the test compares well with other methods, The symbol * indicates that the test has disadvantages compared with others, ‘The perticular test method used will depend upon the following. (2) Tese focation (s09 alka 3.5). Factors to be considered include: (1) position of suspect concrete In the members (2) position of highly stressed suctions; {8} variation of strength through depth of lit; (Gp need to avoid detrimental effect on reinforceme (6b presence of local defects that may influence ‘est results, (b} Effect of darnage. Tha cholce between destructive and non-destrustive methods be influenced by the effect of: (1} testing on the surfaco appoarance of member; (2) atrilling of holes (2.9. in small colurans or rotaining walls); (3) cutting of rainforcemont, {e) Testing accuracy required. This will depend upon the nature of tho investigation and, often, upon the magnitude of the measured strength; if the messured atrongth is considerably higher than that required, precision may not be necessary. The level of accuracy ‘that can be achieved will depend! upon: (1) test method (2) number of measurements (3) accuracy and reliability of avilable correlations (eq, between pulse velocity and strength), 4.4.3 Accuracy of estimates of insitu strength. Confidence with whieh its possible to assss insitu strength of conctete will increase with the number of assosserents made, In the case of some toss. ultrsonie pulse velocity, surface hardness) litle extra cost is incurred by obtaining a large number of test results. In ether cases (0.9, co¥e ad gamme-tay testing) tho cost of each tost is appreciable, The decision on the number end type of tests to be made will, therefore, be based upon an assessment ‘of the gost of obtaining a result of adequate relish Bensfit may be obtained by combining different testing techniques, e. combining pulse velocity maasurements with core tests, Pulso velocity measurements on cores prior to crushing can increase the accuracy of strongth estimates from pulse velocity measurements. The ease of ‘aking @ large number of pulse velocity measuremants on structural components can provide a more comprehensive evaluation of the strenath ofa structure, However, the most direct method of assessing in-situ strength of eonerota in a structural elament is by core tests Accuracy of estimates of In-situ strength, obtained from Indirect non-destructive tests, will depend upon reliability Of correletion between test method and core stronaths. ‘Aon bi alan of if went test m ths may 86 chosen for the f01 wing re 00. {2) use of one methad os a preliminary to another (c.a, use of ultrasonic methods to select areas from which to drill cores); (b) use of a limited core investigation togother with Ultrasone pulse velocity in order to establish a more accurate correlation for the particular site and permit, a widor uso of nondestructive metho {o} results from two oy more differemt non-destructive methods can be used together to provide a more accurate assessment of strength: {a} order of accuracy of different correlations betwoen non-destructive tests and strenath varies at different strength levels, 4.4.4 Site conaitions. The site conditions that should be considered inc ude: (6) general site location, and ease of transport of test equipmont; {b) accassibilty to suspect region on sito; {ct safety of personnel on sito and goneral public, 9. when gamma rays are used. 4.45 Economies, The test programme willbe influenced by economic factors such as the value of the work and ‘costs arising from: (c) delays in construction whilst testing is conducted and decisions are mado; (b} detays in complotion and hand-over; {c} jamoval of detective concrete or strengthening of structure;(a) differont test methods; (e) selection of an adequate number of tests for assessment. 5. Test methods 6.1 Core test 5.11 General. The most civect method of obtaining a velue ofthe estimated cube stonath is generally to drill Cilincical cores and test theze in compression. Whenever possible, the cores should be drilled, prepared and tested in accordance with sstion 8 of 35 1881 : Part 4: 1970, although this standard recom mond alternative mathode oF treating the resus Detailed sdvice for core testing procedure i given in Technical Report No. 11 published by the Concrete Society (6). 6.1.2 Selection of eiling points. Each dling point should be selcted so thet the core contains no steel parallel to its langth ans ltle as possible perpendicular tots axis, 8.1.3 Accuracy of tose and number of cores, The number of cores will depend upon the amount of information required, the requred accuracy of strength estimates and tha cost of drilling, preparing anc esting the cores ‘The accursoy of strength estimates depencs upon the roprodiebity of tha test method and the number of cores tested. The strongth estimated from a single core can be considered to lie (with 9 5% contcencel within #1256 of the strenath of the concrete at tht location, “Tho accuracy ofthe estimate increased if more cores aro taken st th same location, Fora cores, the mean core strength can be considered to be accurate within {1 12h/n 6 ofthe strength at that location. “Tho degree of uncertainty that canbe tolerated in tho ‘estimated in-situ strength will often depand upon the reanure value ofthe invsitu strength when compared ‘the value that may be considered acceptable, Itinssitu strength, bated on the msen core strength, is found to ba near tho limit of aacoprance, ft may be nocossary to dil further eores 5.1.4 Size of cores. Before capping, core should have a length et leas 95 % ofits diameter, When prepared for test t should preferably have a length at last eau to its diameter and not exceeding 1.2 times it diameter, Cores af both 100 mm and 160 mm nominal diameter may be tested provided the nominal maximum aggregate size doesnot exooad 20 mm and 40 mm respsctvely. Whenever possible, however, 150 mm diameter cores should be dled alas variability dus to drilling and ‘more reliable results are obtained, with the following axceptions (a) when reinforcement is congested, 100 mm diameter cores ara iss Iikely to contain pieces of stel; {b) when i is necessary to restrict sampling te within a length of lss than 159 mim, emay sometimes be necostery to dil cores with a smaller diameter than 100 mm, e. if the section is less than 100 mm thick, Results of tests on such cores may ‘be treated in the same way as those obtained on larger coras but the resuts mey be less refible, particularly if the maximum size of aggregate exceeds 30 % of the core dlametor. If circumstances dictate, a core may have a length of less than its diamoter, Again, the result may be treater similar manner to results of tests on longar cores but, the results may be less rallablo; littl reliance can be place! on results obtained on cores having a longth/ diameter ratio of lass than 0.5, 5.1.5 Core drilling. Coras should be drilled by a skilled ‘operator using well-mairstained equipment complying with dimonsional requirements of BS 4018 : Part 2. While drilling work proceeds, a simple record of any observations likely to have a bearing on the validity in intorprotation of core test results should tee prepared. 5.1.6 Treatment of cores prior to testing. The labaralory should trim {see 8.1.5 of BS 1881 : Part 4 : 1970), ‘xamine and photograph each zest core in accordance With instructions given by the engineet. ‘The ends of cores shoulel preferably be ground to tolerances applicable to capped ends as given in BS 1881 : Part 3 or they may be capped with high-slumin ‘cement mortar or @ sulphur compound in accordance with 6.6.2 of the same Brith Standard, 5.1.7 Core testing, Each core should bo moasured in ‘accordance with 3.1.4 of BS 1881 : Part 4: 1970 to the neatest millimetre; its average cross-sectional aree and Its length /dlamater ratio, 2, when prepared for test should be calculated The core shoutd be tested in compression in accordance with 3.2 of BS 1881 : Part 4: 1970, the mode of failure being noted and 2 sketch diagram made, if unusual “The maximum foad sustained by the core should then bo fiv dex by it 15s sectional area to es! «oi, h the cone 7 igth for ‘ox particular length/dia ete ratio. 5.18 Estimated in-situ cube strength (a) Cores without stect. The estimated cuite strength canbe obtained from the measured core strength by using the following equation (6): Estimated cube strength = X core strength 2 Teta, ‘where D=25 for cores drilled horizontally (For precast units perpendicular to height when cast), or 3 for cores drilled vartleally (for precast Units parallel to height when cast}, and 2 Is the longth/diameter ratio (6) Cores with steel. If in spite of efforts to obtain cores free of stoel, they contain bars perpendicular to thalr axes, it becomes necessary to allow for the resulting reductions in core strength. ‘A convenient correction for the prosonce of a single bar can be made by muttiplying the strength from the above formuta by a factor of 10+ 15 $.0/bet ‘to give the estimated cubic strength where 4, is the diamoter of tha reinforcement: fe Is the diameter of core; is the distance of axis of ber from nearer end of core: 1 Is the length of core .If the care contains two bars no further apart then the dlamotor of tho largor bar, only tha bar corresponding to the higher value of 4, need be considered. Hf the bars are further apart, thoir combined effect should be assessed by using the Factor 26, Loris It should be notec that In-situ strengths estimated from the above formulae cannot be oquated to standard cube strengths, 5.2 Ultrasonic pulse velocity test 5.2.1 Gonaral, Ultresonte pulse velocity (UPV) test equipment measures the transit time of a pulso vibration through conerete. Provided the length of the putse path bbotwoen transducers of the equipment is known, the pulse volocity through tha eonerate can be established. UPY tests do nat provide a direct reading of conorete strength. It has been established however that pulse volocity bears a relationship to the quality of concrete. ‘This relationship will vary according to details of the concrete mix, in particular the properties of eggregate. ‘Tho main virtue of the test, therefore, is that it provides a mathod of detarmining the varlation tn quality of conerete in different locations in one oloment, or in a sorles of elements, where the seme mix has been used throughout, Wihero the stvensth of conorete has bean detarmined by ‘othor means and pulse velocities in the tame eamples have been determined, « corralation curve can be established for that particular mix. In these circumstances the ultrasonic pulse velocity test can be used to establish Indlreetiy the strength of conerete, and particularly tha variation in strength, throughout the olements under test. For more detailed information see BS 4408 : Part 5, 6.2.2 Selection of test location, The direct transmission arrangement generatly provides the most reliable measure- ment and should bo used whenovor possible, It 1s prefarable ‘to place transducers on smooth areas of the concrete surfaco, a moulded surface boing generally moro satisfactory than a floated or trowellad on It is preferable to choose locations so that the length of, ‘the pulse path is at least 160 mm. Considerably longer paths may be used but the fongor the path the greater the possibifity that small regions of suspect conerote will be undetected, The prosonce of reinforcement can Influence measuremonts sinee pulses travel faster through steel than through ‘concrete. Measurements made on concrete contalning steel will Indicate higher velocities than In plain conereto since ‘te pulses will be travelling partly in steel and partly in cconerete. When the pulse runs in the same dlcection as the reinforcement, the pulse velocity Is esenttally that In tho steal, which can be up to 60 % more than in concrete, BS 4408 : Part & shows how corrections ean be made to allow for steel but these are approximate and the accuracy of the estimated pulse valocity of the concrete Is reduced, ‘Tho offact of stacl on the mossurament of tho pulse velocity is negligible if the pulse transmission is at right angles to the direction of the steel, Locations where reinforcement lias diractly along oF class to the pulse path should be avolded, To satisfy this, It may be ecessary to choose some of the pulse paths using the semi-direct transmission measurement, where the transducers are placed on adjacent faces of concrete instaad of the opposite facos usnd in tho eloct tans. mission measurement. 6.2.3 Number of tests. Ultrasonic test equiprnent permits transit times to be measured with considerable acouracy provided thatthe path fonath isnot fess than 180 mm ond not so long thatthe transmitted pulse Is unduly attenuated, Accuracy of the calculated pulse volocity also depends upon the accuracy with whieh the path length can be measured. There is little advantage in taking moro than one reading at any single location (although this may usefully be checked) bacause accuracy ofthe pulse velocity will not be ineressec to any significant extent. The more effective procedure isto mmoasure elocities ato number of lovations over the member or structure to fecilitete plotting of ‘velocity contours', The number of locations will pend upon the detail quired but it wil usally be bast to testa last 40 locations on any one structural element, this being practicable becouse the tort can bo carried out rapidly and is nor-dastructve 5.2 Execution of tests, Positions choson for test Tocations should be marked out accurately on the surface of the conerate, which shouldbe eloanad so as to be froo from arit and cist, Path lengths should be determined to within an accuracy of * 1 5 and a sultable eouplant should bs applied to each ofthe test points, Pulse transit times should fne measured by a skilled ‘operator using apparatus in accordaric with BS 4408 : Part 8, which roquires en accuracy of mesure. ment of not loss than 19%, Its important that good couric coring 's establisher! brtwren transducers and foner Ws 3 #faco Fer aca tst, ‘Tost rasuls should be examined and any unusual reading should be repeated carefully to verity or amend the roading as necessary 5.25 Ectimated Insity cube strangth, & reliable estimate of insitu srenath can only be obtained if correlation betwen cube crushing strength and pulse velocity i known for the particular eonerete mix used jn the condition in which ft exist inthe structure. The correlation can be obtained from tosts on works cubes or from suitable bms mado ftom tho same eanerete mix, It is advisable to carry out tests on at lest 30 cubes or beams ever a wide range of strengths, suite range of strength may be obtained by varying the wator/osment ratio af the mix or the age of test, The corelation Is influenced by moisture conditions ofthe conerete and, if this fs substantially different from that of the in-situ conerte, an appropri allowence should be made ‘Accuracy of values of estimnatod insitu strength depends tainly Upon the validity of an assumad correlation between Insitu strength and pulse velocity rather than the number of results, Accuracy of the estimated insu cube strength of a concrete ata singe location can be of the ordar of £ 20 % but only if correlation curve Is suilable for that particular concrete {fa corroletion curv for the particular concrete Is not ileble, a value of the estimated oube strength may be ‘obtained by combining ultrasonic and core tests in order to obtain e coretation between corastrongth and pulse valoctty in he cores, This correlation is ikety to be sed con only a few core test results with limited strength ange and accuracy of the estimated eube strenathis reduced accordingly5.3 Gemma ray test, Tha method of testing concrete by means of gamma radiography (BS 4408 : Part 3) 18 not ‘consider suitable for strength assesemont. This mothod tives usetul information on density variations and loc of reinforcimant as well os the efficiency with whlob ducts are grouted. As this testi not recommendad for strongth assessment, no further information is given in this standard. 5.4 Near-to-surface tests, In recent years, a number of testi have been strength, dosign strongth and cstimated in-situ cubs strength, The stenderd cube sirangth is obtained from specimens compacted, cured and tested in a standard vray at one partieular age, An estimate of the charactoristie strongth f., can be datermined from the distribution of a large number of standard cube results using the expression fy ® mean concrete cube strength = 1.64 x standard deviation ‘or assumed to be equal to, oF graater than, the specified strength grade, provided the test results comply with the appropriate compliance requirements as given in 6.8.2 of CP 110 : Part 1: 1972 or 16.2 of BS 6328: 1976. For the analysis of sections, the design strength fs given. BY fou Ym, WhFa, fOr CP 110, To, = 1.8 for ultimate strength. For any particular elamentt in a structure the design stress may differ from the design strength depending on the design philogophy adopted! (600 also 3,7). Tho insitu strength of concrete in a structural element has to be found from the in-situ test programme. wing to the limitations of in-situ testing, an accurate astimate of the distribution of instu strengths Is rarely possible, However, by identifying the critical design section and/or the location of the weakast concrete, itis possible “to take measurements at these locations and, with appro: [late carolation curves, obtain estimates ofthe ‘corresponding mean estimatad in-situ cube strengths at ‘those locations. The accuracy ofthese estimates will depend upon the number of test measurements and the feproducibiliy of the tost method (see 5.1.2, 5.2.2, B52 and 5.62). 5.3 Comparisons between estimated insitu cube strength and design strength. To ensure structural safety fn accordance with design principles of section 2 of GP 110 : Port 1 : 1072, eis rocommended that a chock should be mace to enstire thet the estimeted in-situ cubs sirongth, obtained from mothads deseribed in clauso 8, is acceptable on the basis of comparisons with design strength at: (6) the critical design sections; {b) the locations identified with low strength eonereto; (6) any other lacetion of interest “The level of in-situ cubs strenath that may be considered scceptable in any particuler case isa matter for engineering judgement but should not normally be less than 1.2 times the design strenath “The particular strength level salocted should include an allowance for possible future deterioration of the strenath of concrete that may result from chemical atteck, ‘weathering, vibration or somo unforeseeable impact or other circumstances. “Thus in cases where the design stranath is based on “Try = 1.5, the following equation should assist in the use (of the tables givan in CP 110: —.— Ftienated in-situ cub: strength _ 772 fo. other eppropriate fawn considetou suitable in particular circumstances) 6.6 Courses of action, Action to be taken in respect of a structural member in which the in-situ conerete is considered to fall below the lovel required has to be determined by the enginesr. This may range from qualified acceptance in less sovare casas to somo form of remedial ‘work, oF to removal end replacement in tho most sevore ceases, Alternatively, Ioad tests may be carried out in accordance with 9.6 of CP 110; Part 1: 1972, In dotermining the action to be taken, the engineer should have dus regard to. tha technical and economic conse: quences of alternative remedial mesures either to raplace the substandard concrete-or to ensure the Integrity ofthe structural element from which it has been made. Other factors thet should be taken into account Include: 46) the actual load on the structural element in ‘comparison with the design strength and the appropriate partial safaty factor; (b) possible ffeets of any raduetion in quality on the strength and durability of the particular structural element; (c) tha influence of age on the strength of the in-situ conerete.Appendix A Bibliography References BUILDING RESEARCH STATION. Pullout test for ‘the assessmant of the strangth of HAC conerate, Garston, November 1975, pp 2. Information sheet 1s 28/76. CHABOWSKI, Aaland BRYDEN-SMITH, D. A simple ‘pull-out tost to assess the inst strenath of concrete, Precast Concrete, Ney 1977, pp 243-248 and 258, |. MALHOTRA, V.M. Testing hardened concrete; non-destructive methods, Chapter 4: Pul-out tests Detroit, American Concrete Institute Monograph No. 9, 1976, pp 4381 |. MALHOTRA, VM, Syinposium review, In-situ strength evaluation of concrete, Concrete Internationa, September 1979, pp 40-42, 5. THE CONCRETE SOCIETY. Concrete cara testing for strength, London, Mey 1076, pp 44. Technical Report No, 11, - CEB/CIB/FIB/RILEM Report: Recommended prinefples for the contral of quality and the judgement lof acceptability of concrete, Also published st CEB Bulletin d’Information No. 110, May 1976, 7, DAVIES 8.6, Further investigstions into the strongth of concrete in structures. Cement and Concrete Association - 42.514, Apel 1976. References 8 to 10 that follow were papers presentad at ‘the American Concrete Institute Sympesium on Insti ‘Strength Evaluation of Conerets, Houston, Texas, November 1978, 8. MALHOTRA, V.M. and CARETTE, G. Comparison of pullout strength of concrete with compressive strength of eylindars and eores, pulse velocity and Febound number. 8. KIERKAGAARD-HANSEN, P. anc BICKLEY, JA. Insitu stngth evaluation of concrste by the LLok-tost system. 1. MAILLHOT, G., BISAILLON, A., MALHOTRA, V.M. and CARETTE, G. Investigations into the develop- ment of new pullout techniques for insitu strength determination of eonerate. 11, JOHANSEN, R. In-situ strength evaluation of concrete = Tha ‘break-oft” method, Concrete international, September 1978, pp 45.51. ASTM STANDARD (803-75, Ponetration resistanes to hardened concrete, 12.Table 1. Guide to tests for assessing aspects of concrete strength ‘Aapeot of strength Test method ‘Conorete ‘Seructoral member Gatctbe | Nondestructiva | Core ‘Lond toot ‘Uttimate load | Conereta | Standard Direct Very indirect | Indirect Vary indirect | Very indirect ‘cube strongth Tait "Indirect Indirect Fairly direct | Indiroet Tndirect strength Structural | Design load | Very indict | Veryindireer | indirect Diraet Direet member | capabii Ultimate Very indirect | Vary indirect ~| indirect Indirect strength Table 2, Relative merits and limitations of various tests elon tected | Tost Raterenes | Accuracyot | Speodet | Eawof Evonomy of | Lack of damage ‘sronmth | test font test ‘to structure stimata Indepth | Cora test BS 1881: | ee ” ne * + Part 4 Uttasonle BS 4408 : ae * we “> ~ pulke Part 5 Vey 38.4408: | Seo 5.3 Part 3 Nearto | Intemat 4,2) Insufficient experience available at present surface fractura Pullout (8,9,10} | Insufficient UK experiance available at present. Some pull-out tests (e.g, reference (8) and (9)) genorally not applicable unless bolt cast Break-off an Inat timo of construction, Penetration — | (12) rasistanice lenmediate | Surface Bs44os: | « we sane con vee surface hardness Part 4(One batch Standard specimens 30 Standard cube Cylinder strength strength eos from rate Structure -— Gore strergh (N21) Estimated in-situ cute strength Variations 'n compaction curing, postion, se, ete. Figure 1. lustraton of epprondenste ral his of eompresive strengthssure uonwauen nuowastons 9 ms yo uosneig wuauemsoaw unm) pajsajes | fee HST tuoy020) payoa1as {e enor vee I fouantous wybuanis ogra ye peowss 8 gna so ples jo wena #9 warepe = Peps ‘wosyinduog wasuans 2 yiBuens uBisag “4 — 5 Aouarb2i5 soregStandards publications referred to BS 1881 Mothads of testing concrete Pare 1 Methods of sampling fresh concrete Pare 3 Mcthods of making and curing text apzcimens Fart Mathods of testing concrete for slrength Fart & Methods of (esting hardoned eoncreta for other than strength BS4019 —Specifleation for core dling aquipmont Part 2 Concrete drilling equipment BS4408 — Reesmmendations for nonclestructive methods of test for concrete Part'3 Garnme radiography ef eonerete Part 4 Surface hardness methods Part 5 Mecsuremart of the: velocity of ultrasonis pulses in conercte CP 119 Thesstrusturel wye af concrete Fart 1 Design, materiale and workianeh ip For information about BSI sorvices relating to thitd party cortifiation zo euttable British Standard product specifications, schernes for the registration of firms of assessod capability, testing ard inspection facilities and Technicat Help to Exporters, please contact the Director, BSI, Maylands Avenue, Hemel Hempstead, Herts HP2 4SQ Tel. Homel Hempstead 3111“This british Stondard, having ben prepared under the direction of ‘the Civ! Enginering and Gullding Structures Standards Commit, ‘was published under the authority ofthe Executive Hoard and otnes into effect on 30 Nowemser 1983 © Baits Standords Institution, 1861 ISBN 0680 12441 x rth Standard tnttution Incorporated by Rayal Chater, 8S is he independent nations! ‘ody forthe preparation of British Standords, Its the UK member (of the Intornational Organization for Standardization and UK Sponsor of the British Nations! 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Corporation British Steel Industry ‘Cement and Concrete Association “Concrete Society Limited Gonsumer Standards Advisory Commit Convention of Seottsh Local Authorities County Surveyors’ Soctaty “Department af the Environment (PS/) {Department of the Environment (Building Meseoreh Estab ikment “Department of the Enviraninent (Holting and Corstruction) “*Dopartmont of the Envlronmant (Teenaport avd Road laseareh Laboretory) Department of the Environment [Water Engineering Divisio imoluding Wstor Data Unith Department of Transport “Fexleration of Civil Engineering Contractors Heolth end Safety Executive ‘unstieution of Civt Enginesrs “inatltution of Municipal Engineers Ingtitutin of Public Health Ensingers: of est Amendments issued since publication se standard of necessary dateils uch at symbols and siz, type oF sade designations, Enuvias should be edéressed to the Publications Manager, 201 Pentonvila Road, London Ni SND ‘Telephone 01-887 8601; Telex 75216). ‘Contract requirements _Attontion ls drawn to the fact that this Brith Standard does not ‘Burport 10 elude all the necessary provisions of a eanttict Revision of British Standards British Standares ao vied, when eacessry, by the isu either ‘of amendment sips or of revsad edition. 1 is important that ‘users af Bits Standards shoutd ascertain that thay aria [Possession ofthe latst amendments oy etons. Information ‘an all BSI publications jen ths BS Yearbook, supplarmented tech month by BS! News which is availabe 9 subserl bing ‘ambore ot te jatuaion anc gas dale of new publletions, fealslons, ameneiments and withdrawn standards. “The following BSI references relate to the work on this stanwlard Committe reference CSB/29. Dratt for eommont 7713782 DC “Institution of Structural Engineers Intitution of Water Engineers and Scientists London Transport Exocutive Minisiey of Agriculture, Fisheres nd Food “National Federation of Building Trades Employers National ster Couroll ‘Royal ineltute of British Arehiteets Scottish Development Department ‘Timber Resoaech and Development Assocation Tres Union Congrass “Tho orgosizstiona merkod with an asters in the above ist, ‘together with the following, were clrecly rapresented on the “Technical Gommistes entrusted with the preperation of this Briel Standards Drier Re" waye "op a Bri ie ady Mine ve wrten As aie jon Brith) oinforcen -nt_fonufacts en Asrock ion ‘Cement Acdmixtures Arrociation Comeant Makers Federation District Surveyors Autocistion Federation of Concrete Spe Greater London Council Incorporeted Association of Architects and Surveyors Natinel Building Agenoy ‘Send and Grevel Aetootaion Limited Ard. 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