PAPER

FOOD PROCESSING
INTO THE BODY
Supervisior: Samsul Arifin

By Group 4:
Firmansyah Wahid A.
Kamelia Firdausi
Nur Azizah
Syamsiah Chandrawati
Ubaidilah Hasan

S1-NURSING

COLLEGE OF HEALTH SCIENCES

HASHAWATY ZAINUL HASAN GENGGONG
PAJARAKAN PROBOLINGGO
ACADEMIC YEAR 2014-2015

CONFIRMATION PAGE
PAPER
FOOD PROCESSING INTO THE BODY
Prepared to Meet Task English.

Knowing,
Lecturer

Samsul Arifin

FOREWORD

Thank God we pray worship and praise Allah SWT. Above all his mercy and
blessing. So that we can complete the preparation of this paper, and sholawat and greetings
may always gushing adoration bestowed on the great Prophet Muhammad SAW. The purpose
of this paper is to fulfill the task in STIKES Hafshawaty, we put in the form of a scientific
study entitled "Food Processing Into The Body" and with the completion of the preparation of
this paper, we also do not forget to thank to :
1. KH. Moh. Hasan Mutawakkil Alallah, SH.MM as caretakers boarding Zainul Hasan
Genggong.
2. Ns. Iin Isnawaty Aini, S.Kep., Kes. as chairwoman STIKES Hafshawaty Zainul Hasan
Genggong.
3. Ns. Khusyairi, M.Kep. as Chairman of the Prodi S1 Nursing.
4. Samsul Arifin as lecturer teaching English.
5. Ns. Nafolion Nur Rahmat S.Kep. as Lecturer Guardian S1 Nursing Level 1.
6. Friends group as a constituent member of this paper.
There is no hope at all of us except this paper can be useful, make a positive
contribution to all readers, and increase knowledge and insight about the food processing to
the body.
Along with it all, then by all the capabilities we have, we try various ways in
preparing this paper to be easily understood and accepted by the nursing students. We realize
this paper is far from perfect. As a man who has limitations, as the authors of this paper we
apologize if there are errors.

Probolinggo, December 2014

Author

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover
Confirmation Page......................................................................................................................
Foreword.....................................................................................................................................
Table Of Content........................................................................................................................
CHAPTER 1 PRELIMINARY
1.1 Background...........................................................................................................................
1.2 Problem Formulation............................................................................................................
1.3 Purpose..................................................................................................................................
1.4 Benefit..................................................................................................................................
CHAPTER 2 DISCUSSION
2.1 Definition.............................................................................................................................
2.2 Organs Of The Digestive System And The Digestive Process............................................
CHAPTER 3 CLOSING
3.1 Conclusion..........................................................................................................................
3.2 Suggestion...........................................................................................................................
BIBLIOGRAPHY...................................................................................................................

CHAPTER 1
PRELIMINARY
1.1 Background
The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) consists of a hollow muscular tube starting from
the oral cavity, where food enters the mouth, continuing through the pharynx, oesophagus,
stomach and intestines to the rectum and anus, where food is expelled. There are various
accessory organs that assist the tract by secreting enzymes to help break down food into
its component nutrients. Thus the salivary glands, liver, pancreas and gall bladder have
important functions in the digestive system. Food is propelled along the length of the GIT
by peristaltic movements of the muscular walls.
The primary purpose of the gastrointestinal tract is to break food down into
nutrients, which can be absorbed into the body to provide energy. First food must be
ingested into the mouth to be mechanically processed and moistened. Secondly, digestion
occurs mainly in the stomach and small intestine where proteins, fats and carbohydrates
are chemically broken down into their basic building blocks. Smaller molecules are then
absorbed across the epithelium of the small intestine and subsequently enter the
circulation. The large intestine plays a key role in reabsorbing excess water. Finally,
undigested material and secreted waste products are excreted from the body via defecation
(passing of faeces).
In the case of gastrointestinal disease or disorders, these functions of the
gastrointestinal tract are not achieved successfully. Patients may develop symptoms of
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, malabsorption, constipation or obstruction. Gastrointestinal
problems are very common and most people will have experienced some of the above
symptoms several times throughout their lives.
1.2 Problem Formulation
How process food into the body?
What organs of the digestive system?

1.3 Purpose
1.3.1
1.3.2

General Purpose
Knowing about the concept of the entry of food into the body.
Spesific Purpose
a. Explaining the concept of the entry of food into the body
b. Explaining about the digestive system organs

1.4 Benefit
1.4.1

For Educational Institutions

a. The creation of the students who know about food processing to the body.
b. The creation of the theoretical basis of gastrointestinal system.

1.4.2

For the Nursing Profession

a. The creation of professional health workers.
b. The creation of a sense of comfort in every patient treated.
c. The creation of high intellectual human resources.

1.4.3

For Student
a. Can understand the concept of food processing to the body.
b. More knowing the skills and knowledge to analyze information that is not in
the know.
c. Can understand about the gastrointestinal system.

CHAPTER 2
DISCUSSION
2.1 Definition
Digestion is the complex process of turning the food you eat into nutrients, which
the body uses for energy, growth and cell repair needed to survive. The digestion process
also involves creating waste to be eliminated.
The digestive tract (or gastrointestinal tract) is a long twisting tube that starts at the
mouth and ends at the anus. It is made up of a series of muscles that coordinate the
movement of food and other cells that produce enzymes and hormones to aid in the
breakdown of food. Along the way are three other organs that are needed for digestion:
the liver, gallbladder, and the pancreas.
2.2 The Organs and Process Food Into The Body
a. Mouth
The mouth is the beginning of the digestive tract
and in fact, digestion starts here when taking the first
bite of food. Chewing breaks the food into pieces that
are more easily digested, while saliva mixes with food
to begin the process of breaking it down into a form
your body can absorb and use.
b. Esophagus
Located in your throat near your trachea (windpipe),
the esophagus receives food from your mouth when you
swallow. By means of a series of muscular contractions
called peristalsis, the esophagus delivers food to your
stomach.

c. Stomach
The stomach is a hollow organ,
or "container," that holds food while it
is being mixed with enzymes that
continue the process of breaking down
food into a usable form. Cells in the
lining of the stomach secrete a strong
acid and powerful enzymes that are
responsible for the breakdown process. When the contents of the stomach are
sufficiently processed, they are released into the small intestine.
d. Small intestine
Made
segments

up
the

of

three

duodenum,

jejunum, and ileum, the small

intestine

is

22-foot

long

muscular tube that breaks down

food using enzymes released by the pancreas and bile from the liver. Peristalsis also is
at work in this organ, moving food through and mixing it with digestive secretions
from the pancreas and liver. The duodenum is largely responsible for the continuous
breaking-down process, with the jejunum and ileum mainly responsible for absorption
of nutrients into the bloodstream.
Contents of the small intestine start out semi-solid, and end in a liquid form
after passing through the organ. Water, bile, enzymes, and mucous contribute to the
change in consistency. Once the nutrients have been absorbed and the leftover-food
residue liquid has passed through the small intestine, it then moves on to the large
intestine, or colon. It has three major divisions:
1. Duodenum: A short structure (about 20-25 cm long) which receives gastric chyme
from the stomach, together with digestive juices from the pancreas (digestive
enzymes) and the gall bladder (bile). The digestive enzymes break down proteins
and bile and emulsify fats into micelles. The duodenum contains Brunner's glands,
which produce a mucus-rich alkaline secretion containing bicarbonate. These

secretions, in combination with bicarbonate from the pancreas, neutralizes the

stomach acids contained in gastric chyme.
2. Jejunum: This is the midsection of the small intestine, connecting the duodenum
to the ileum. It is about 2.5 m long, and contains the plicae circulares, and villi
that increase its surface area. Products of digestion (sugars, amino acids, and fatty
acids) are absorbed into the bloodstream here.
3. Ileum: The final section of the small intestine. It is about 3 m long, and contains
villi similar to the jejunum. It absorbs mainly vitamin B12 and bile acids, as well
as any other remaining nutrients.
e. Appendix
The appendix is a small finger-shaped
tube projecting from the large intestine near the
point where it joins the small intestine. The
appendix may have some immune function, but
it is not an essential organ.
f. Colon (large intestine)
The colon is a 6-foot long muscular
tube that connects the small intestine to the
rectum. The large intestine is made up of the
cecum, the ascending (right) colon, the
transverse (across) colon, the descending
(left) colon, and the sigmoid colon, which connects to the rectum. The appendix is a
small tube attached to the cecum. The large intestine is a highly specialized organ that
is responsible for processing waste so that emptying the bowels is easy and
convenient.
Stool, or waste left over from the digestive process, is passed through the colon
by means of peristalsis, first in a liquid state and ultimately in a solid form. As stool
passes through the colon, water is removed. Stool is stored in the sigmoid (S-shaped)
colon until a "mass movement" empties it into the rectum once or twice a day. It
normally takes about 36 hours for stool to get through the colon. The stool itself is
mostly food debris and bacteria. These bacteria perform several useful functions, such
as synthesizing various vitamins, processing waste products and food particles, and

protecting against harmful bacteria. When the descending colon becomes full of stool,
or feces, it empties its contents into the rectum to begin the process of elimination. The
colon is further divided into:
1. Ascending colon (ascending in the back wall of the abdomen)
2. Transverse colon (passing across the back wall)
3. Descending colon (descending down the left side of the abdomen)
4. Sigmoid Flexure
g. Rectum
The rectum (Latin for "straight") is an 8-inch
chamber that connects the colon to the anus. It is the
rectum's job to receive stool from the colon, to let
the person know that there is stool to be evacuated,
and to hold the stool until evacuation happens. When
anything (gas or stool) comes into the rectum,
sensors send a message to the brain. The brain then decides if the rectal contents can
be released or not. If they can, the sphincters relax and the rectum contracts, disposing
its contents. If the contents cannot be disposed, the sphincter contracts and the rectum
accommodates so that the sensation temporarily goes away.
h. Anus
The anus is the last part of the
digestive tract. It is a 2-inch long canal
consisting of the pelvic floor muscles and
the two anal sphincters (internal and
external). The lining of the upper anus is
specialized to detect rectal contents. It
lets you know whether the contents are liquid, gas, or solid. The anus is surrounded by
sphincter muscles that are important in allowing control of stool. The pelvic floor
muscle creates an angle between the rectum and the anus that stops stool from coming
out when it is not supposed to. The internal sphincter is always tight, except when
stool enters the rectum. It keeps us continent when we are asleep or otherwise unaware
of the presence of stool. When we get an urge to go to the bathroom, we rely on our

external sphincter to hold the stool until reaching a toilet, where it then relaxes to
release the contents.

CHAPTER 3
CLOSING

3.1 Conclusion
Digestion is the complex process of turning the food you eat into nutrients, which
the body uses for energy, growth and cell repair needed to survive. The digestion process
also involves creating waste to be eliminated. Gastro intestine system have eight organs,
there are mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum),
appendix, large intestine (Ascending colon, Transverse colon, Descending colon), rectum,
and anus. All of them have each function.

3.2 Suggestion
We must always maintain our health. Including the health of our digestive system.
Because the digestive system is a system that processes food into the body to become
energy to run all of our activities.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

http://www.myvmc.com/anatomy/gastrointestinal-system/
http://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-system?page=2
http://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/ns_overview/hic-the-structure-and-function-of-thedigestive-system
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract
http://www.merckmanuals.com/home/digestive_disorders/gastrointestinal_emergencies/appen
dicitis.html