CO2 EMISSION & CONTROL

Dr. K C Vora
Dy Director & Head, ARAI Academy, ARAI

What is greenhouse effect?

The Greenhouse Effect is an extremely
vital process where INFRARED (IR) rays
from the sun come into the Earth
atmosphere.
The atmosphere then traps these rays
after they have come in (like the glass
in a greenhouse) keeping the Earth
warm.
CO2 (carbon dioxide), NO(nitrous oxide)
and CH4(methane) are destroying the
atmosphere, causing more INFRARED
(IR) rays to reflect on Earth.

The Greenhouse Effect

The Greenhouse Effect causes Global Warming. It generates an

increase of 1 or more Celsius degrees in a period of 100-200 years.
Over the course of a single century, an increase of even 0.4
degrees Celsius would be significant.
According to global warming, increasing temperatures are the
result of a strengthening greenhouse effect caused primarily by
man-made increases in carbon dioxide & other greenhouse gases.

Greenhouse gases caught

in the atmosphere,
primarily CO2, increase
the retention of heat that
has been radiated by the
earth. Thus global
temperatures increase.
3

Greenhouse Effect & Global Warming

Having more infrared rays reflected on Earth
makes the Earth warmer.
As temperatures on Earth rise, so does the
ocean water level and the ice caps begin to
melt.
The worst possible problem would be mass
flooding in low lying areas of the Earth
including many islands in the ocean which
would basically disappear.

Ozone Layer

The ozone layer is part of the

atmosphere of the Earth. Like
most natural things it depends on
a healthy balance of chemicals so
that it can maintain the
protection from the sun which it
has always given before.
Unfortunately the balance of the
ozone layer has been upset by
man-made chemicals called CFCs
that are robbing the atmosphere
of ozone gas which makes up the
ozone.

EFFECTS ON CLIMATE CHANGE

Transport a significant contributor:
More than 30% of CO2
Growing evidence that carbon soot also a
significant contributor:
absorbs sun and heat
diesel a major source
Transport contribution likely to grow with rapid
motorization.
Source: Health Effects Institute

Air Quality Concerns : India

India is the 6th largest and 2nd fastest growing

emitter of Green House Gases (GHGs)

Annual Black Carbon Emissions

in 106 kg/year/1ox1o
grid

Source: USEPA

SECTORIAL COMPARISON OF COST/EFFICIENCY

(EUROPE, UE 15)

CO2 EMISSION
A look At Per Capita Consumption

TRENDS IN CO2 EMISSIONS

From Energy use in the Leading Automotive Markets (World), 2002

KEY TO EARLIER SLIDE

Size of the bubble is determined by the total CO2 emissions from

energy use in different sectors of the respective nations. The bigger
the size of the bubble, the greater the CO2 emisions from a country.
Includes the CO2 emissions from energy use in different sectors and
the trasportation sector is one of the major constituents of this
segment for the year 2002.
Motor vehicle penetration is per 1,000 people for the year 2002.
Percent share refers to the individual share of a country in the total
global demand for motor vehicels in 2002.
The transportation sector accounts for 30% of CO2 emissions in the
industrialized economics of the OECD (Organization for Economic
Cooperation & Development) and about 20% worldwide.
Source : OECD, IMF and Frost & Sullivan

GLOBAL CARBON DIOXIDE EMISSION

Agreement with EU and ACEA on Fleet Average

220
210
200

ACEA Fleet Average till 1995

190

185

180
170

ACEA
160
150
140
130
120
110

165

140 g/km in 2008

25 % reduction from 1995
Target in 2003
165-170 g/km- M1 Vehicles
Target in 2012
120 g/km

140

120

100
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016

RECENT CARBON CONTENT INITIATIVES

(WORLD), 2005-15
Country /
Region
EU

Japan

Canada
Australia
United
States
(California)

Initiatives
Voluntary commitment from the automotive industry to reduce CO2
emissions in passenger cars by 25.0 percent relative to 1995 levels
by 2008.
Emission rates are expected to be brought down to a level of 140 g
CO2 / km traveled (or 39 mpg)
Depending on early progress, ACEA (European Automobile
Manufactures Association) may extend the target to 120 g CO2 / km
(or 46 mpg) by 2012
Fuel economy improvements in passenger cars to the extent of 23.0
% relative to 1995 levels by 2010
Specific targets vary with vehicle weight but extend to 125 g CO2 /
km (or 44 mpg)
The government has proposed a target for improving vehicle fuel
efficiency by 25.0 % by 2010
Voluntary commitment to improve fuel economy by 18.0 % by 2010
California Air Resources Board (CARB) intends to bring down the
GHG emissions from the light-duty vehicle fleet by 17.0% in 2020
and by 25.0% in 2030

CO2 Reduction Time Table & Target

ACEA Agreement signed with EC in 1998 for CO2 targets.

2003 Intermediate target range 165 ~ 170 g/km
2008 target 140 g/km
2012 target 120 g/km

JAMA Agreement with EC

2003 Intermediate target range 165 ~ 175 g/km
2009 target 140 g/km
2015 target 125 g/km
KAMA Agreement with EC
2004 Intermediate target range 165 ~ 175 g/km
2009 target 140 g/km.
New Target Proposed in 2007 in European Parliament
Year 2015 125 g/km
Year 2020 95 g/km
Year 2025 70 g/km

CO2 Global Review

Europe & Japan continue to lead the world with the most
stringent passenger vehicle GHG & FE standards.
Japan standards are expected to lead to the lowest fleet average
GHG emissions in the world (125g CO2 /km by 2015).
California passenger vehicle regulations are expected to achieve
the greatest overall reduction in GHG emission in the world.
U.S. passenger vehicle standards continue to lag behind other
nations but could move ahead of Canada, Australia, South Korea,
& California by 2020 with passage of U.S. senate bill.
South Korea is the only nation in the world with standard in place
that is expected to have rising GHG emissions from passenger
vehicles.

CO2 Emission V/s Engine Types

POTENTIAL FOR REDUCING GHGs

From Vehicles Technology / Biofuels / Mobility

CO2 EMISSIONS
Conventional & Alternative Technology

Well to Wheel Comparison

Well-to-Tank
Generation
33%

Transmission
94%

Tank-to-Wheels
31%

31%

Refining
82%
Source: http://www.nesea.org

76%

Transmission
98%

80%

23%

Plug-to-Wheels
76%

80%

Pump-to-Wheels
16%

= 23%

13%
16%

= 13%

WELL TO WHEEL CARBON EMISSIONS

3
Fuel Cell (H2 from Renewable Resources)

48

Fuel Cell (H2 from Natural Resources)

55
Fuel Cell (Gasoline)
40

Diesel Hybrid

48

Gasoline Hybrid

55

Advanced Diesel
Advanced Gasoline ICE

70
100

Conventional ICE

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

DEVELOPMENT OF LOW CARBONTECHNOLOGIES

(WORLD), 2005-15

Need for an Integrated Approach

Involving All Stakeholders

NEED FOR PUBLIC i.e. FISCAL EFFORTS

LOOKING AHEAD:
TRENDS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR CONTROL
In reducing the health effects from vehicle emissions,
one fact is clear:
Even if the emissions from each vehicle and its
fuel are reduced,
the use of vehicles will increase,
vehicles will age and need maintenance..
This can offset, in whole or in part, the pollution
reductions and health benefits if careful
planning is not done.