Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI
MALAYSIA FLUID MECHANICS
LABORATORY
TITLE OF EXPERIMENT
CALIBRATION OF BOURDON TUBE PRESSURE
GAUGE
(EXPERIMENT 5)
Name
Group / Section
1/Section 11
Supervisor
Date of Experiment
24/3/2014
Date of Submission
05/4/201
4
Theory
The gravity error due to elevation, z [m], and latitude, [ ] can be corrected by the
dimensionless correction factor as:
The changes in pressure reading will be calibrate to give a gauge reading in engineering unit .As
the mass is added at the top of the piston ,the pressure produced is measured by:
P= F/ A
2
Where A= m
and
F=gM
Objective
INTRODUCTION
The pressure intensity at any point in static or moving fluid can be measured using
various types of pressure measuring instrument. One of these devices is the
Bourdon tube pressure gage. Bourdon-tube pressure gages are most widely used
now-a-days because of their reliability, compactness, low cost and ease of use. It
consists of a curved tube of elliptical cross-section bent into a circular arc as shown
in Fig. 1. When pressure is applied to the tube, it tends to straighten out, and the
deflection of the end of the tube is communicated through a system of levers to a
recording pointer. This gauge is widely used for steam and compressed gases. The
pressure indicated is the difference between the system pressure and to the
external (ambient) pressure, and is usually referred to as the gauge pressure
As the Bourdon tube pressure gage is used extensively, the stiffness of the internal
components change from factory setup and therefore calibration is necessary to
give correct pressure readings. Calibration means checking the pressure gage
readings against a very accurate device. One of the calibration devices that is
available in our lab is the so-called Dead Weight Tester
Apparatus
This dead weight pressure gauge calibrator consists of a precision machined piston
and cylinder assembly mounted on levelling screws. A Bourdon gauge is supplied
for calibration. The weights supplied are added to the upper end of the piston rod
which is rotated to minimise friction effects. The gauge is thus subject to known
pressures which may be compared with the gauge readings and an error curve
drawn.
Mass
(kg)
True pressure
(kN/m2)
Calibrated pressure
(Bourdon gauge) (kN/m2)
Percentage of error
(1)
Mass
Added
(kg)
(2)
Total
mass
(kg)
(3)
Pressure
exerted by
total mass
(4)
Increasing
order of
weight
(5)
Decreasing
order of
weight
(6)
Increasing
order of
weight
(7)
Decreasing
order of
weight
30.92
36
35
14.81
13.20
13.22
(piston)
0.5
1.5
46.37
50
53
7.83
1.0
2.0
61.83
66
66
6.74
1.5
2.5
77.29
81
81
4.80
4.80
2.0
3.0
92.75
100
100
7.82
7.82
2.5
3.5
108.21
117
115
8.12
6.27
3.0
4.0
123.66
132
134
6.74
7.96
3.5
4.5
139.12
148
150
6.02
7.82
4.0
5.0
154.58
162
166
4.80
7.39
4.5
5.5
170.04
180
180
5.86
5.86
6.74
The graph of calibrated pressure and true pressure shows the bourdon gauge pressure versus the
calibrated pressure. The intersection points of the two lines present are due to parallax error.
The graph show the percentage error versus true pressure for the increasing and decreasing order
of weight. As shown in the graph, it show that the error is inconsistently where the line plotted is
going upward and downward. The inconsistent reading may be cause by Hooke's Law that
happen inside the elastic tube. The tube may be taken a long time recover back to the original
state. According to Hooke's Law, all material have their limiting elasticity, when the tube is no
longer elastic, the elastic tube will not obey the Hooke's Law. The Hookes Law states that when
the pressure imposed is directly proportional to the strain produced but it must be within the
elastic limit as all objects have their own elastic limit. The graph of increasing and decreasing
order of weight is inconsistent. The inconsistency may be caused by the parallax error during the
measurements.
Experimental Procedure:
1. A cylinder and connecting hose were filled up with oil.
2.
The piston was inserted into the cylinder and air bubble was removed as much as possible
reading of the Bourdon-tube pressure ranging from zero to maximum pressure on the scale.
4.
The indicated Bourdon-tube pressure gauge reading was taken. The piston was rotated
prior to taking a reading for each weight to minimize friction effect on the reading.
5.
After the maximum pressure reading was obtained, the weight was unloaded from the
Laboratory report
Report Summary:
The Objective of this experiment is to perform pressure calibration on a Bourdon
tube pressure gage. A dead weight tester is used to carry out this experiment. The
dead weight tester is a device that supplies a high accurate pressure for calibration
as compared to other calibration devices which could be used. Weights are loaded
on the piston and noted down. The reading in the bourdon tube pressure was
recorded for further processes with different weights.
One of the major results achieved from this experiment is amount of percentage
error for our experiment. These errors could be calculated as the pressure by the
bourdon tube is compared with the weight exerted by the masses.
As from our results, the errors that occur due to bourdon tube are inconsistent.
References
1.http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Hooke's+law
2. R.V Giles, Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics (Third Edition), McGrawHill Inc; 1994.
3. Lab Manual University Teknologi Malaysia.
4.Robert A. Granger. Experiments in Fluid Mechanics.Holt, Rinehart and Winston,
Inc. New
York. 1988.
5. http://www.ehow.com/how_12082003_calibrate-bourdon-tube-pressure-gauge.html
6. http://yourinstrumentation.blogspot.com/2011/10/bourdons-tube-pressure-gaugeprinciple.html
7. http://www.me.uprm.edu/laboratories/inme4031/pdf_Documents/Classes/Microsoft%20 Word
%20-%20Class%204_Pressure%20Measurements.pdf
Appendix
Sample of calculation:
Mass of piston: 1 kg
Cross sectional area of the piston: 3.173x10 m
Example:
1 kg ( 9.81 103 ) kN /kg
True Pressure exerted by piston=
=30.92 kN /m2
4 2
3.1731 10 m
3530.92
100 =13.20
30.92
3730.92
100 =19.66
30.92
Conclusion
The Bourdon tube pressure gauge was calibrated using a dead weight tester since
its calibration data showed good correlation with a linear curve. There is a slight
error exist that occurs during the reading, which is the air bubble trapped inside the
tube while conducting the experiment, the piston is not stable during the value is
taken and parallax error that occur at the observer eyes while taking the reading.
When calibrating Bourdon tube type or any other type of analogue dial pressure
gauge you should adjust the pressure calibrator so that the applied pressure is set
to the cardinal point on the pressure gauge. The error can then be read to a much
higher precision from the calibrator The hysteresis in the mechanism cause the
barometer to read low on a rising atmospheric pressure. So, if the barometer is
tapped gently with a finger or perhaps better still by using umbrella handle, the
reading will be seen to be increased slightly by the vibration. Conversely, if the
reading is seen to fall, the barometric pressure will be declining. The tapping
therefore gives not only a better indication of atmospheric pressure but also an
indication of whether it is rising or falling
There are several factors may influence the result of this experiment, such as
1. Pressure is exerted on the piston during it is press into the cylinder where it can affect the
reading of gauge pressure taken for entire experiment.
2. There is air bubbles trapped inside the pipe when the experiment is carried out
3. Parallax error is occurring when the observer eyes are not perpendicular to the scale of
the bourdon gauge during the value of the gauge pressure is observed.
4. There is minor losses occur inside the pipe that connecting the bourdon tube and cylinder,
such as friction force and sudden contraction.
5. During the calculation, round-off error may happen when the intermediate answer is
round-off earlier.
6. Moreover, during the experiment, water was observed to be leaked out from the cylinder
while loading the weight. That is also one of the reasons for the fluctuation because water
leaked out will reduce the fluid pressure in the cylinder.
There are other several factors that influencing the results. The gauge can be read when there are
forces applied to its elastic structure. But, in the tube of the gauge, there are air bubbles that can
affect the accuracies of the experiment. We use the bourdon gauge that has a very little
sensitivity so that it is harder for us to read the actual force exerted to it. We have to estimate the
real value, and during the estimation of the reading, parallax error occur. The friction and small
contraction inside the tube might cause minor losses in the tube.
To minimkelreduce the error and inaccuracy in the experiment, the following solutions can be
considered:
1. When taking reading from the Bourdon tube, the eyes level must be perpendicular to the
device until no shadow of pointer is seem.
2. The scale of reading should be improved by dividing the measure device into smaller
scale.
3. Only final answer can be round-off to 2 decimal point to Increase the accuracy of the
answer