Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
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Embankment Dam
Mohammad Hassan Baziar1,*, Shirin Salemi2, Tahereh Heidari3
*Centre
of
SI
Abstract: Seismic behavior of a rockfill dam with asphalt-concrete core has been studied utilizing
numerical models with material parameters determined by laboratory tests. The case study selected
for these analyses, is the Meyjaran asphalt core dam, recently constructed in Northern Iran, with
60 m height and 180 m crest length. The numerical analyses have been performed using a nonlinear three dimensional finite difference software and various hazard levels of earthquakes.
This study shows that due to the elasto-plastic characteristics of the asphalt concrete, rockfill dams
with asphalt concrete core behave satisfactorily during earthquake loading. The induced shear
strains in the asphalt core, for the case presented in this research, are less than 1% during an
earthquake with amax=0.25g and the asphalt core remains watertight. Due to large shear
deformations caused by a more severe earthquake with amax=0.60g, some cracking may occur
towards the top of the core (down to 5-6 m), and the core permeability may increase in the top part,
but the dam is safe.
1. Introduction
ive
Keywords: Asphalt concrete core, Dynamic analyses, Laboratory tests, Three dimensional
numerical models.
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3. Laboratory Tests to
Geotechnical Parameters
Determine
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All the static triaxial tests were straincontrolled compression tests with axial stress
increasing and lateral confining stress held
constant. The confining stress was varied
from 0.1 to 0.5 MPa. The strain rate was
0.1% per minute. The magnitude of axial
stress, axial strains and volumetric strain
were recorded throughout the tests. The
testing temperature was 19 C.
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K*
Type of
N*
M**
kb**
C
kg/cm
Material
core
filter
0.36
759
0.32
to
to
to
to
355
0.62
1710
0.68
864
0.64
977
0.7
700
0.6
500
0.6
25
2.4
40
2.10
45
2.05
SI
gravel
280
wet
gr/cm3
Asphalt
* k and n are the model parameters (constants) relating to the initial modulus, Ei, in a hyperbolic
model. Where Ei=k Pa(3/Pa) n and Pa is the atmospheric pressure .
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Description
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Max. Acceleration at
dam Crest. (g)
Max. Horizontal
disp. at dam crest
(cm)
Max. vertical disp.
at Core (cm)
Max. Core shear
strain (%)
DBL. E.Q.
amax=0.25g
MDL.
E.Q.
amax=0.5g
MCL EQ.
amax=0.6g
0.73
0.89
1.6
6.3
18.7
30
10
18
<1
14
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3000000
2000000
1500000
1000000
2500000
SI
500000
0
0
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.1
0.12
0.14
of
Vertical Strain
ive
Fig. 2: Stress- strain curve from the static triaxial test (TS-3)
percentage of
bitumen
(mm)
particles passing
content (%)
18
100
12.7
82
9.51
70
4.76
51
31
1.19
24
0.63
14
0.33
0.15
0.075
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Diameter of particle
196
5 to 7
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0.2
-0.1
-0.2
-0.3
Vertical displacement
(mm)
0.1
-0.5
0
10
20
SI
-0.4
30
40
50
Cycle No.
of
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P-wave
and
S-wave
velocities
were
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1800
1600
1400
1200
800
G
(MPa
1000
600
400
0
0.00001
SI
200
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
of
shear strain
ive
Confining
Axial stress at
1/ 3
Axial strain at
Youngs
stress , 3
failure, 1
at failure
failure %
modulus
(MPa)
(MPa)
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Test No.
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(at 1% strain)
( MPa)
TS-1
0.1
1.2
12
16
90
TS-2
0.2
1.9
9.5
16
95
TS-3
0.3
2.7
12
100
TS-4
0.4
3.2
14
140
TS-5
0.5
3.8
7.6
14
150
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Test No.
bitumen
Loading
Confine
Static
Cyclic
content (%)
Condition
Pressure
deviator
(3)
Stress (1- 3)
Stress
(MPa)
(MPa)
(MPa)
3/1
Axial
6.0
Isotropic
0.25
0.24
T2S2C5
6.0
An-isotropic
0.05
0.15
0.25
0.2
T3S5C25
5.0
Isotropic
0.25
0.24
T4S7C25
7.0
Isotropic
0.25
0.24
T5S3C4
6.0
Isotropic
0.4
0.4
T6S8C4
7.0
Isotropic
0.4
0.4
T7S9C25
6.0
An-isotropic
0.05
0.15
0.25
0.2
T8S10C4
7.0
Isotropic
0.4
0.4
T9S4C4
6.0
Isotropic
0.4
0.4
of
SI
T1S1C25
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G0
ive
of
SI
( 2 . 17 e ) 2
(V ) 0 .60
1 e
ch
G0
G0
Ar
( 2 .17 e ) 2
(V ) 0 .55
1 e
200
G= tm/ g
(1)
(2)
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1.0
0.8
G/G0
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
3.0
SI
0.0
Damping ratio or
Normalized shear modulus
1.2
Fig. 6: normalized modulus, (G/G0) and damping, D, versus normalized cyclic strain, (Itasca,1997)
W= tm g/2
of
(3)
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(5)
'l d
O
10
(7)
Ar
4 Numerical Analyses
D= 2 (g- gm)/pg
(6)
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SI
of
Time recorded
P-waves
Time recorded
S-waves
Shear modulus
Sample
for receiving
average
for receiving
average
G=Vs2
(cm)
P-wave
velocity
S-wave
velocity
(MPa)
ive
Length of
(m/s)
( s)
(m/s)
14
55.8
2509
110.6
1266
3846
17.93
2788
38.06
1314
4143
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ch
( s)
Stress: (N/m2)
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A
cceleration(0.25gFriuli)(m
/s2)
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
0
10
15
20
25
Time (sec)
SI
8
6
4
of
10
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
ive
-10
10
15
20
25
30
Time (sec)
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Figure 11: Shear strain levels on the longitudinal section of asphalt core wall (Friuli Eearthquake)
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13
f h d
i i
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7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-6
-7
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Time (sec)
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14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
-12
-14
-16
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
Time (sec)
SI
of
60
50
Height (m)
40
30
20
10
0
ive
-10
-20
-30
0.0
5.0
10.0
15.0
20.0
ch
Acceleration (m/s 2)
Acceleration (m/s2)
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Figure 16: Max. accelerations along the height of the dam (Manjil Earthquake)
25.0
20.0
15.0
10.0
5.0
0.0
-150
-100
-50
50
100
150
200
Distance (m)
Fig. 17: Variation of horizontal acceleration at dam crest along the longitudinal axis (Manjil Earthquake)
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Figure 18: Shear strain levels on the longitudinal section of asphalt core wall(Manjil Earthquake)
60.0
of
40.0
30.0
Asphalt Core
Filter
20.0
10.0
0.0
ive
50.0
100.00
ch
0.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
Figure 19: Variation of the shear strains in the core and filter along the height of the dam(Manjil Earthquake)
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60.0
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
16.0
Figure 20: principal stresses in the core along the height of dam (Manjil Earthquake)
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Permeability (cm/s)
impermeable
impermeable
10
10-6
14
10-5
5 Conclusions
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[4]
[5]
[6]
of
These results have indicated that the asphaltconcrete core behaves safely even under a
very severe earthquake and it can satisfy the
seismic design criteria under DBL, MDL and
MCL levels of earthquake loadings.
The results obtained in this study should be
reviewed and re-evaluated when data on
seismic behavior of asphalt concrete core
dams become available.
[3]
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[7]
[8]
[9]
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Professor
Hoeg (Norwegian Geotechnical Insitute) for
his fruitful discussion about this subject and
valuable comments on this research. Sincere
thanks are also due to Dr. Ali Noorzad (Iran
Water Resources Management Organization,
IWRMO) for his assistance and support
during this study and Dr. M.K. Jafari
(International Institute of Earthquake
Engineering and Seismology) for his support
to perform the cyclic triaxial tests.
References
[1]
[2]
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