Teguh Prayogo Sudarmanto.

―Reviewing APAEC 1999-2004 and 2004-2009 as Clean and

Renewable Energy Resources Regime in ASEAN Region: Question for the Next APAEC‖.
The writer can contacted by email on pengelana.kecil@gmail.com

REVIEWING APAEC 1999-2004 AND 2004-2009

AS CLEAN AND RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES REGIME
IN ASEAN REGION: QUESTIONS FOR THE NEXT APAEC

As final indvidual paper of ASEAN and the Dynamics of East Asia Module

Teguh Prayogo Sudarmanto (0706291432)

DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

FACULTY OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF INDONESIA
2009

1
 Teguh Prayogo Sudarmanto. ―Reviewing APAEC 1999-2004 and 2004-2009 as Clean and
Renewable Energy Resources Regime in ASEAN Region: Question for the Next APAEC‖.
The writer can contacted by email on pengelana.kecil@gmail.com

PART I: PREFACE

A. Background
The Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) will face energy crisis in the future.
Through the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC) 1976, ASEAN must support the region
with cooperation tackling the future energy crisis. On Article 1 mentioned, ―the purpose of this
Treaty is to promote perpetual peace, everlasting amity and cooperation among their peoples
which would contribute to their strength, solidarity and closer relationship‖, with respect to
six principles mentioned on Article 2, ―(a) mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty,
equality, territorial integrity and national identity of all nations, (b) the right of every State to lead
its national existence free from external interference, subversion or coersion, (c) non-interference
in the internal affairs of one another, (d) settlement of differences or disputes by peaceful means,
(e) renunciation of the threat or use of force, (f) effective cooperation among themselves.1 Then
in 1997, ASEAN‘s heads of states agreed on the ASEAN Vision 2020 which mentioned two
poins in energy cooperation: (a) linkage the electricity in region through ASEAN power grid—
gas and water pipeline, (b) cooperate in improving energy efficency and conservation, and (c)
promote them as well as the development of new and renewable energy resources.2
Through Hanoi Plan of Action in 1998, ASEAN developed ASEAN Plan of Action for
Energy Cooperation (APAEC) to more implement through six programmes: (a) ASEAN power
grid, (b) ASEAN pipeline, (c) coal, (d) energy efficency and coservation, (e) new and renewable
energy resources, and (f) regional energy vision, policy, and environmental analysis, for the first
period in 1999-2004 then continued in 2004-2009.3 Then, APAEC continued to implement the
needs in APAEC 2004-2009 by proposing five basic principles in all programmes (the
programmes are continued from the APAEC 199-2004): (a) strenghtening coordination and
participation in all programmes area, (b) amplifying the role and participation of private sectors
including in foreign direct investment for financing the all programmes by creating condusive
condition, (c) inmproving capacity and capability of human resources in ASEAN, (d) develop

1
―The Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia 1976‖, accessed from http://www.aseansec.org/1217.htm,
accessed on Monday, 21 December 2009, at 13.12.
2
―ASEAN Vision 2020‖, accessed at http://www.aseansec.org/1814.htm, on Monday, 21 December 2009, at 13.22.
3
―Programme Area of APAEC 1999-2004‖, accessed from http://www.aseanenergy.org
/publications_statistics/apaec_1999-2004/programme_area.htm, on Monday, 21 December 2009, at 11.21.

2
 Teguh Prayogo Sudarmanto. ―Reviewing APAEC 1999-2004 and 2004-2009 as Clean and
Renewable Energy Resources Regime in ASEAN Region: Question for the Next APAEC‖.
The writer can contacted by email on pengelana.kecil@gmail.com

more diverse energy resources especially in renewable energy resources, and (e) develop legal,
law, rule, and work planning in all transboundary energy project transparently.4
B. Analysis
―What can be learnt from the APAEC 1999-2004 and 2004-2009 as regional energy regime in
Southeast Asia to promote clean and renewable usage of energy resources (to review for the next
APAEC)?‖
C. Framework of Concept
It is the time for human to rethink the way how they can have energy for fulfilling their
basic needs. It is the problem for human in the era of globalization, in the era of 21st century, in
seeking energy resources not by also conducting the use with bringing human to the end of life. It
is about to make sure that human lives with the way of using it sustainably. The writer will
deliver the concept of sustainable development in explaining the resons why human should care
their ways in using energy resources renewably. First of all, to conduct this understanding, it is
responsively starting with the definition of sustainable development;5 (a) According to the World
Wildlife Fund, 1991: ―means improving the quality of life while living within the carrying
capacity of supporting systems‖, (b) According to Brundtland, 1987: ―is development that
meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs‖, (c) According to the International Council for Local Enivronmental
Initiatives (ICLEI), 1994: ―delivers basic environmental, social, and economic services to all
residents of a community without threatening the viability of natural, built, and social
systems upon wich the delivery of these services depends‖, (d) According to the Department
of Environment, Transportation, and Area of the United Kingdom (the U.K), 1999: ―meets the
needs of (1) social progress that recognises the needs of everyone, (2) effective protection of the
environment, (3) prudent use of natural resources, and (4) maintenance of high and stable level of
economics growth and employment‖, (e) According to the Department of Energy of the United
States (the U.S.), 2001: ―is a strategy by which communities seek economic development
approaches that also benefit the local environment and quality of life. It has become an

4
―The New APAEC in the Context of Sustainable Development‖, in APAEC 2004-2009, accessed from
http://www.aseansec.org/pdf/APAEC0409.pdf, accessed on 21 December 2009, at 13.11, page 4.
5
Mark Mawhinney, Sustainable Development: Understanding the Green Debates, (Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.,
2002), page. 3-4.

3
 Teguh Prayogo Sudarmanto. ―Reviewing APAEC 1999-2004 and 2004-2009 as Clean and
Renewable Energy Resources Regime in ASEAN Region: Question for the Next APAEC‖.
The writer can contacted by email on pengelana.kecil@gmail.com

important guide to many communities that have discovered that traditional approaches to
planning and development are creating, rather than solving, societal and environmental
problems‖, and (f) According to the World Bank: ―sustainable will be non-declining per capita
utility – because of its self-evident appeal as a criterion for intergenerational equity‖. Then,
specifically from the practice of business toward the sustainable development6: ―requires
‗Business leadership as a catalyst for change toward sustainable development, and to promote
the role of eco-efficiency, innovation, and corporate social responsibilty toward sustainable
development‖.
As James der Derian said in one of his article entitled Post Theory: The Eternal Return of
Ethics in International Relations, the post theory approach he offers as the aswer of the need of
more improved approach to see the era what Lotard, Habermas, Derrida, Foucault, and the other
Frankfutters (explained about critical theory) including the French Fries (to deliver the post-
strukturalist approach) call the era of post-modernism, despite he rather renames it as the late-
modernism.7 Furthermore, human have to bother and be bothered with this approach argued by
der Derian are due to four reasons:8 (a) the approach is still empirics but in another way of getting
understanding as the criticism attack this approach not empirics, (b) the approach will direct
human to the seeking of the fundamental way in understanding the concept of moral in which
then der Derian answer the attack from its criticism to ―what is moral? how is something can be
said to be have moral?‖ to see the relativity and to answer back with more comprehensive
answer, (c) the approach will be done with the way of questioning in which der Derian said it as
‗all is questionable‘ to answer the attack of ‗all is permitted‘ in the impact of relativity as its
criticism said in order not to have ‗pernicious recognition‘ as it is to make usual habit toward its
‗all is questionable‘, and (d) the approach will impact to the subtly of language as it will broaden
the way of arguing and questioning as compared to the usual empirics way to not including the
questioning of the structure itself and the dynamics of questioning the structure. Ben Agger
explains in one of his article that the post-theory approach will direct human to appropriately

6
Ibid., page. 4.
7
James der Derian, ―Post Theory: The Eternal Return of Ethics in International Relations‖, in Michael W. Doyle and
G. John Ikenberry (eds.), New Thinking in International Relations Theory, (Westview Press, 1996)., pg. 55-56.
8
Ibid., page 56-64.

4
 Teguh Prayogo Sudarmanto. ―Reviewing APAEC 1999-2004 and 2004-2009 as Clean and
Renewable Energy Resources Regime in ASEAN Region: Question for the Next APAEC‖.
The writer can contacted by email on pengelana.kecil@gmail.com

analysis what happen to the human‘s life.9 The deconstruction and reconstruction the analysis
will give result of creating that appropriateness.10 Moreover, postmodernism will explain the
world as plural, liberal, but in no manner of radicalism in which the wider seeing with culture and
history will bring this approach to that way of explanation.11
Finally, to understand why human needs to think sustainable development by through this
approach will conclude that human must do sustainable development with its comprehensive way
noting the existence of social progress and environment interests. First, from some critics, human
knows the use of energy produces huge amounts of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere destroying
the balance made by the earth before to be unknown. For example, despite of drought in some
areas due to the climate change, there are also some cyclonics season in other areas to bring
catasthrope. Despite the hotter place, there are also so many areas in colder temperature. 12 The
unknown and unpredictable change are unfortunately bad for human‘s life. The scientists make
an analysis that carbon dioxide disposed to the atmosphere is responsible to make the earth
warmer. They make allowed limitation to be not more than 350 parts of carbon dioxide per
milions of atmosphere particles (ppm).13 To be note importantly that 200 years ago (before the
revolution of industry), there were 275 ppm at atmosphere compared to now that the atmosphere
contains 390 ppm carbon dioxide!14 Likewise, energy resources must be conventional to be fuel
energy which is producing high amount of carbon dioxide like oil, coal, and natural gas. The
usage of conventional energy produced emission to the atmosphere as 82% of the total emission
in 2007 as compared to 86% in 1971. Despite the decrease, there were a double increase in the
world total emission from 1971-2007.15 The portions are 38% for oil, 42% for coal, and 20% for
natural gas in 2007.16 Secondly, fuel energy resources are demanded more but supplied less than

9
Ben Agger, ―Critical Theory, Poststructuralism, and Postmodernism: Their Sociological Relevance‖, on Annual
Review of Sociology Vol. 17, (accessed from http://www.jstor.org/stable/2083337, 1991), page. 105-131.
10
Ibid., page 112.
11
Ibid., page 116-117.
12
―What effects are global warming feedbacks likely to have?‖, in FAQ: Climate Change, accessed from
http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9913-faq-climate-change.html?full=true, accessed on Monday, 21 December
2009, at 14.43.
13
―Understanding 350‖, accessed from http://www.350.org/understanding-350, accessed on Monday, 21 December
2009, at 14.51.
14
―350 Science‖, accessed from http://www.350.org/about/science, on Monday, 21 December 2009, at 12.49.
15
IEA (International Energy Agency), ―CO2 Emissions: Sectoral Approach – Coal/peat‖, in IEA, CO2 Emissions
from Fuel Combustion Highlights 2009, (Paris: IEA, 2009), page 8.
16
Ibid., page 10.

5
 Teguh Prayogo Sudarmanto. ―Reviewing APAEC 1999-2004 and 2004-2009 as Clean and
Renewable Energy Resources Regime in ASEAN Region: Question for the Next APAEC‖.
The writer can contacted by email on pengelana.kecil@gmail.com

before. It means that there is a scarcity in using conventional energy resources. Scarcity will need
human to sacrifice more in getting the resources. It means then human has to pay more as market
system works. These two critical assessments of using conventional energy resources should be
understood to seek new technology to find energy resources that not pollutes the atmosphere with
carbon dioxide and is not scarce.
Clean and renewable energy is the answer. There are some reasons to explain.17 (a) Directly
using the energy from the resources in the meaning that is not by transfering the usage throuh life
creatures like animals and plants. For example; heat energy from the sun and geothermal; kinetic
energy from wind, wave, and hydro; and disposal energy from biomass. (b) Stored at unlimited
amounts. (c) The resources has some purposes; (1) to mitigate the reduce of climate change due
to its clean usage—biomass is recognized as renewable but the clean is still questioned so that it
can be used as clean and renewable if only that it is found the way of combusting it cleanly, (2)
can be found in more almost parts of the earth that conventional energy should the usage will be
likely more bottom-up that the people can use it directly as well as to welcome them meet their
own basic needs more independently. (c) The last, accumulated from the second purpose, it
means that these resources are far away from scarcity!
At last, human needs to discuss together to implement the needs of using clean and
renewable energy. One strategy can be developed by is by making a regime. A regime is
consisted of some prosesses in that can make all actors involved obidient. The submission will be
able to be seen by the real implementation to the decision made in the regime‘s decision making
process.18 To further understand this, the writer will bring regime discussion by Joanna Depledge.
She explains that the implementation itself will depend on the way how the actors in the regime
discuss about the issue, how the decision is made, and how they react to the interaction. One
positive impact is regime will bring some mechanism that through the mechanism all actors will
be brought to the openess and the flexibility.19 Through regime, the process will be better in
dynamics in all the three sub-process explained above. Those people supposedly can no longer
care the complexity of relation and the inequality of power which both of them in the other form

17
José Goldemberg, ―the Case for Renewable Energies‖, in Dirk Assmann, Ulrich Laumanns, and Dieter Uh (ed.),
Renewable Energy: A Global Review of Technologies, Policies, and Markets, (London: Earthscan, 2006), pg. 4-12.
18
Joanna Depledge, the Organization of Global Negotiations: Constructing the Climate Change Regime, (London:
Earthscan, 2005), page 1-2.
19
Ibid., page 2.

6
 Teguh Prayogo Sudarmanto. ―Reviewing APAEC 1999-2004 and 2004-2009 as Clean and
Renewable Energy Resources Regime in ASEAN Region: Question for the Next APAEC‖.
The writer can contacted by email on pengelana.kecil@gmail.com

of discussion will lean to the ineffectivity and incapability to bring the accountability and
transparency to see the clear vision and mission from the regime discussion.20
Regime itself needs three key factors.21 (a) Two or more actors must be in a situation of
interdependence, that is, they must share an area of common interest where the actions of one
will affect the other(s). (b) Secondly, their interdependence must be characterized by discord, that
is, with the actors preferring different courses of action. These two conditions are fundamental;
‗without common interest, there is nothing to negotiate for, without conflict, nothing to negotiate
about‘. (c) Further, the spirit of the discussion itself must be in order to bring good faith to make
the process of the discussion be in the form of ‗eschew other means‘, not to seek other means in
order to focus to the problem by complementing and shoring up each others position. This form
of resolving their case of discordant interdependence, notably, the use of overt force or having
recourse to an independent adjudicator. It best understood that the determination of who the
actors are is not by judging the best suite for some actors, but by seeing that the problem will
only be able to be solved if the discussion involves the all actors related to the problem. The all
actors can be the actor outside the government.
Despite uncaring the complexity of relation and the inequality of power, the process will
depend only to the desire of all actors. It can be a challenge to the process of decision making in a
regime. To answer this challenge, the three key factors must be held altogether.22 The only thing
to note that all actors will cover the discussion with more strategies in influencing the decision
making process. For most, the only result is to bring ‗win-win solution‘. ‗win-win solution‘ will
direct the negotiation reshaping the need to make the decision highly moraled to be the norms
importantly needed for the implementation. Although the negotiation needs the that solution, it is
hardly bring the to the end of the negotiation. Hence, this is normal to know that the negotiations
will end periodically to be continued on the next time as the negotiation reachs. When the next
negotiation comes, the negotiator will then in the same condition to make the further negotiation.
That is why, the decision is not final. The final decision itself is a dynamics process to produce
the decision further and better improved. It can be seen on the definition of regime by Depledge,
‗a sets of both formal and informal rules, institutions and procedures aimed at governing action in

20
Ibid.
21
Ibid., page 5-6.
22
Ibid., page 8-13.

7
 Teguh Prayogo Sudarmanto. ―Reviewing APAEC 1999-2004 and 2004-2009 as Clean and
Renewable Energy Resources Regime in ASEAN Region: Question for the Next APAEC‖.
The writer can contacted by email on pengelana.kecil@gmail.com

a particular issue area, usually based on a founding treaty in which the regime contains regime
strengthening, regime development, regime review, continuous negotiation process‘.23

23
Ibid., page 13-14.

8
 Teguh Prayogo Sudarmanto. ―Reviewing APAEC 1999-2004 and 2004-2009 as Clean and
Renewable Energy Resources Regime in ASEAN Region: Question for the Next APAEC‖.
The writer can contacted by email on pengelana.kecil@gmail.com

PART II: ANALYSIS

A. Conventional Energy to Clean and Renewable Energy: The Using of Coal and Natural
Gas (?)
Below is depicted the conservative energy reserves and the remaining time;24
No. Countries Oil* Natural Gas* Coal*
1. Brunei Darussalam 1.4 bbl, 25 yrs 26 tfc, 40 yrs -
2. Cambodia - - -
3. Indonesia 9.8 bbl, 20 yrs 166 tfc, 73 yrs 38,000 mmt
4. Lao Democratic R. - - 600 mmt
5. Malaysia 3.42 bbl, 13 yrs 84.4 tfc, 66 yrs 1,024,5 mmt
6. Myanmar 0.2 bbl, 51 yrs 12.07 tfc, 209 yrs -
7. Singapore - - -
8. Thailand 0.156 bbl, 6 yrs 12.2 tfc, 22 yrs 1,240 mmt
9. The Philippines 0.285 bbl, 3 yrs 4.6 tfc, 32 yrs 346 mmt
10. Vietnam 2.6 bbl, 46 yrs 26 tfc, 941 yrs 4,500 mmt
* bbl (billions barel per liter), tfc (trillions feet cubic), mmt (millions metric ton). Remaining
time is according to each country‘s annual production rate.
From the decisions printed in the six programmes of APAEC 1999-2004 it is said that
ASEAN will continue the cooperation in using natural gas and coal, no longer for oil. Explained
above, natural gas and coal will be the two primary conventional resources used by the each
country‘s energy motor especially for ecletricity generation although natural gas can carry to be
used for vehicles as well as with coal to be used for cooking. The use of natural gas in APAEC
1999-2004 was emphasized in the need to develop interconnected ASEAN gas pipeline. But the
writer assumes it will be highly costed for the region to develop expensive gas pipeline especially
to develop it only for the remaining time which is in average will be used up in only 40 years or
approximately 20 years after the ASEAN Vision implemented in 2020. The produce of natural
gas even further can be bigger if: (a) oil has been used up in average 20 years in the future that

24
―ASEAN Energy Resources‖ accessed from http://www.aseanenergy.org/publications_statistics/statistic/
resources/page_01.htm, and ―Life Expectance of Reserves‖, accessed from http://www.aseanenergy.org/
publications_statistics/statistic/resources/page_04.htm, accessed on Monday, 21 December 2009, at 15.09.

9
 Teguh Prayogo Sudarmanto. ―Reviewing APAEC 1999-2004 and 2004-2009 as Clean and
Renewable Energy Resources Regime in ASEAN Region: Question for the Next APAEC‖.
The writer can contacted by email on pengelana.kecil@gmail.com

can drilled up the natural gas production after means that natural gas‘ remaining time will be
nearer, (b) natural gas will be demanded more since it is the last and least conventional energy
resources to have lowest carbon emission to the atmosphere since in the future human will
demand clean energy resources for better impacting to the climate—natural gas even more
drilling up and highly costed. For coal, APAEC 1999-2004 would socialize the use of clean coal
technology (CCT) to society.25 It is long understandable that coal process to make energy is farest
away from not producing carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. CCT looked like the answer.
But, the writer will bring a fact that CCT is no longer the answer. Below is depicted the
amounts of carbon emission resulted from producing energy by using coal in ASEAN contries;26
No. Countries The Amounts of Carbon Emission from Coal Process*
1995 2000 2004 2005 2006 2007
1. Brunei Darussalam - - - - - -
2. Cambodia - - - - - -
3. Indonesia 17.5 49.1 79.2 90.2 114.3 143.7
4. Lao Democratic R. - - - - - -
5. Malaysia 4.8 6.9 22.2 26.7 28.3 34.3
6. Myanmar 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5
7. Singapore 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3
8. Thailand 29.4 31.4 43.5 46.9 49.8 56.0
9. The Philippines 7,8 20,7 20.9 22.7 23.0 25.1
10. Vietnam 13.4 17.6 33.6 32.8 36.5 39.9
* in millions ton of carbon dioxide.
Although the table above can not explain the success of CCT by increasing the coal production
but with reducing the emission, the total amouts of emission from coal from these countries
increases huger. Indonesia is increasing with the highest percentage, Thailand is increasing with
the lowest percentage. Although perhaps CCT is used well in the region, coal is not good for the
atmosphere. Both natural gas and coal‘s are not appropriate for the region to fulfil the energy

25
―Programme Area Number 3 of APAEC 1999-2004‖, accessed from
http://www.aseanenergy.org/publications_statistics/apaec_1999-2004/programme/p3_coal.htm, accessed on
Monday, 21 December 2009, at 15.11.
26
IEA (International Energy Agency), ―CO2 Emissions: Sectoral Approach – Coal/peat‖, op. cit., page 49.

10
 Teguh Prayogo Sudarmanto. ―Reviewing APAEC 1999-2004 and 2004-2009 as Clean and
Renewable Energy Resources Regime in ASEAN Region: Question for the Next APAEC‖.
The writer can contacted by email on pengelana.kecil@gmail.com

demand in the future from those reasons. In APAEC 2004-2009, there are still some emphasizes
on the needs to develop gas pipeline and CCT. The programmes itself are not changing.
Furthermore, the emphasizes is due to the booming in oil price since 2005 to then would reach
about 200 US Dollar per barel. The production in all ASEAN countries could not balance the
higher demand so that ASEAN countries had to import with this ‗special‘ price. It can be
analysed that ASEAN member countries through the APAEC cooperation still think that
replacing the oil energy to natural gas and coal energy resources is the best for implementating
ASEAN Vision 2020 despite all inequalities of tranfering technology for clean energy. APAEC
2004-2009 entried the missing cooperative principles to the better impelentation. Below is
depicted the use of energy resources in a year to generate electricity by power generation. 27 The
depiction is by percentage in a year.
No. Countries Oil Natural Gas Coal (Clean) and Renewable
Energy
1990 2000 2005 2006 1990 2000 2005 2006 1990 2000 2005 2006 1990 2000 2005 2006
1. Brunei D. 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.0 99.1 99.1 99.1 99.0 - - - - - - - -
2. Cambodia 100 100 95.0 95.7 - - - - - - - - - - 5.0 4.3
3. Indonesia 42.7 19.1 30.6 29.1 2.3 28.2 15.1 14.6 31.5 36.7 40.6 44.1 23.5 16.1 13.6 12.2
4. Lao D.R - - - - - - - - - - - - 100 100 100 100
5. Malaysia 48.4 5.9 3.8 3.0 22.0 76.8 62.9 64.0 12.3 6.6 27.3 25.3 17.3 10.7 6.1 7.7
6. Myanmar 10.9 13.5 10.3 5.8 39.3 49.5 39.8 40.2 1.6 - - - 48.1 37.0 49.8 53.9
7. Singapore 100 81.5 25.6 22.0 - 18.5 74.4 78.0 - - - - - - - -
8. Thailand 23.5 10.4 6.6 6.1 40.2 63.3 71.2 67.8 25.0 18.3 15.4 18.0 11.3 7.9 6.8 8.2
9. Philippines 46.7 20.3 10.9 8.2 - - 29.8 28.8 7.7 36.8 27.0 27.0 45.7 42.9 32.3 35.9
10 Vietnam 15.0 17.0 4.6 4.1 - 16.4 38.5 37.0 23.1 11.8 16.7 17.2 61.9 54.8 40.1 41.8
Use of clean and renewable energy in power generation only by using hydro energy.
From the table above it is really understood that ASEAN member countries leave
dramatically the use of oil except Cambodia and Indonesia to generate electricity in the countries.
Natural gas and coal are then becoming primadona in the region. AS it said in the APAEC 1999-
2004 that one program is to develop clean and renewable technology, it is seemingly ASEAN is
reducing the development by each county. The increasing of that energy is only in Myanmar that
also still be questioned since the development of hydro energy resources will give gradually
environmental damage if it is built larger. It is only Indonesia and the Philippines then also
Thailand and Cambodia to develop clean and renewable energy not only from hydro power
generation. The using of coal and natural gas with its questioned marks especially for coal and
the less development than expected of clean and renewable energy in region are those must be
27
ADB (Asian Development Bank), Energy Outlook for Asia and the Pacific, (Manila: ADB, 2009), page 340-349.

11
 Teguh Prayogo Sudarmanto. ―Reviewing APAEC 1999-2004 and 2004-2009 as Clean and
Renewable Energy Resources Regime in ASEAN Region: Question for the Next APAEC‖.
The writer can contacted by email on pengelana.kecil@gmail.com

answered by ASEAN through APAEC in the future since those are met with the requirement of
three answered reason of using clean and renewable energy resources in the region explained in
the framework of concept.
B. Electrify the Activity in the Region through Power Grid and Then (?)
Below is in table depicted the final demand for energy by sector28 to point the characteristic
of energy usage in ASEAN member countries. In a year, the demand is used for industry,
transport, other sectors (agriculture, residencial and commercial area), and non-energy (used for
trade but to not be used as energy in the country). Depicting by percentage of using in a year.
No. Countries Industry Transport Other Sectors Non-Energy
1990 2000 2005 2006 1990 2000 2005 2006 1990 2000 2005 2006 1990 2000 2005 2006
1. Brunei D. 22.6 19.6 20.6 13.5 53.3 48.1 53.6 32.2 20.0 29.2 28.1 30.4 4.0 3.1 2.9 2.4
2. Cambodia 0.1 0.8 1.2 1.4 8.9 8.3 10.1 9.3 90.9 90.9 88.7 89.3 - - - -
3. Indonesia 21.1 25.6 25.7 25.8 13.9 18.4 19.3 18.8 55.1 47.9 46.4 46.5 9.9 8.1 8.6 9.0
4. Lao D.R 3.4 4.9 6.1 7.2 17.0 13.1 16.1 9.0 79.6 82.0 77.8 83.8 - - - -
5. Malaysia 36.5 36.1 39.0 40.8 37.8 39.1 38.5 36.8 19.9 17.5 17.0 16.9 5.8 7.3 5.4 5.5
6. Myanmar 4.2 7.8 8.2 8.3 4.8 10.5 10.4 10.1 90.0 80.8 80.3 80.4 1.0 0.8 1.1 1.1
7. Singapore 9.0 10.0 7.7 7.5 47.5 47.2 34.6 35.8 9.7 13.9 10.9 11.1 33.8 28.8 46.9 45.6
8. Thailand 28.1 32.4 33.0 32.9 35.5 33.4 32.0 30.3 35.1 26.2 23.7 23.9 1.4 7.9 11.3 13.3
9. Philippines 25.7 29.2 32.5 33.6 17.4 33.4 33.2 31.7 56.3 35.9 33.4 33.6 1.5 1.5 0.9 1.1
10 Vietnam 7.6 13.9 20.5 20.9 6.3 11.2 15.6 15.0 86.1 74.5 63.2 50.9 - 0.4 0.7 0.5
From the table it can be seen that there are some characteristics in conducting ASEAN
countries to behave differently; (a) for industry reason: (1) there will be some countries desire to
increase their capabilities as industrial country since the increase of energy usage percentage like
Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao D.R., Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, the Philippines, and Vietnam, (2)
there will be only two countries not to rely on their economics in industrial sector like Brunei
Darussalam and Singapore; (b) for transport it can be seen that: (1) some countries with managed
transportation system (there is transportation management system) will lower their inefficiency of
using energy—proved by managed decreasing energy percentage—like Malaysia, Myanmar,
Singapore, Thailand, and the Phillipines, (2) some countries with less managed transportation
system—proved by irregulated system to manage the trasnport-demand energy percentage—like
Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao D.R., and Vietnam; (c) for other sectors all
ASEAN countries still developing the way how to increase their conservational energy usage
leading by Malaysia and Singapore; (d) for non-energy sector it is used to make trading country
from energy as commodity like Indonesia, Thailand, and mainly Singapore, and (e) in comparing

28
Ibid.

12
 Teguh Prayogo Sudarmanto. ―Reviewing APAEC 1999-2004 and 2004-2009 as Clean and
Renewable Energy Resources Regime in ASEAN Region: Question for the Next APAEC‖.
The writer can contacted by email on pengelana.kecil@gmail.com

all three factors, it can be seen the main economy activity of ASEAN member countries: (1)
home-based activity by not transport as much as possible and to stay at home as long as possible
that primariliy economy is in agricultural sectors and sevice but not using much transportation
means like Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao Democratic Republic, Myanmar, Vietnam, (2) home-going
based activity by middling the percentage in transport and in other sectors activity and also in
industrial sector like Thailand and the Philippines that perhaps mix their activity in agriculture,
sevice in tourism, and industry, (3) going based activity by leaning to percentage more in
transport like Brunei Darussalam, Malaysia, and Singapore that Brunei perhaps going to tourism
by using aeroplanes, Malaysia is mixing as industrial and service in tourism country, and
Singapore as service in trade country.
For every kind of different activity, ASEAN needs sustain energy resources. To emphasize
the need of energy in industry, residencial, commercial sector from direct using of conservative
energy producing with electricity is a must and can be done sooner than for example in
transportation, agriculture (to make pesticide), and non-energy commodity (trade). It means that
by recognizing this energy resources from electricity will reconstruct human thought that human
has to get the energy from electricity like not again using gas stove but electric stove. Because,
one point to note from emissing carbon to the atmosphere from energy resources is that human
needs to burn the resources before to collect energy from them. Although there is some invention
technology like liquid petroleum gas (LPG) which use conventional energy resources by burn but
no releasing carbon, the centralizing to electricity will lower the price to get them but in more
efficient manner.
Electrification itself is one of program explain both in APAEC 1999-2004 and APAEC
2004-2009. The region agreed to integrate the electricity distribution by developing
interconnected power grid. ASEAN itself from the proposing in 1999 has only developed three
power grid that linkage Singapore-Malaysia, Malaysia-Thailand, and Thailand-Lao Democratic
Republic.29 The study is still developed in Kalimantan to linkage Brunei-Indonesia-Malaysia as
APAEC 2004-2009 emphasizing this.30 This program the writer think will be overlapping the
program of natural gas pipeline since to distribute electricity does not need again distribution of

29
Ibid., page 56.
30
―The New APAEC in the Context of Sustainable Development‖, in APAEC 2004-2009, op. cit., page 5-6.

13
 Teguh Prayogo Sudarmanto. ―Reviewing APAEC 1999-2004 and 2004-2009 as Clean and
Renewable Energy Resources Regime in ASEAN Region: Question for the Next APAEC‖.
The writer can contacted by email on pengelana.kecil@gmail.com

natural gas in generating power. ASEAN power grid means that ASEAN will open the market for
getting eletricity, to help reducing the gap faced by the countries in the region does not have
natural capability in generating power due to lower energy resources. To open the market means
it not need the main resources, but to include only the product, electricity. The electrification
itself to electrify almost activity in region then must need the exact and clear implementation.
ASEAN will further face the problem of this failed program if ASEAN failed to reconstruct
human thought of using only electricity to use energy. For long term in the future, this problem
will become more real that the only energy resources left behind is renewable energy. If ASEAN
is not serious maintain cooperation especially in realizing proposal in APAEC, there will be
wider gap in using the energy resources. And, ASEAN must be ready for the inequalities of cost
of generating power through the failure of maintaining cooperation so that it will then some more
disputes in the future to obtain energy.
C. ASEAN Clean Renewable Energy and Optimizing the Benefit of Usage
As it is known in the framework of concept, the usage of clean and renewable energy will
give some benefits for human. One is to prosperer life, and the other is to mitigate from the
climate change. But, ASEAN is still facing problem regionally to coordinate the gap in
promoting the usage of clean and renewable energy. To promote renewably energy is still
difficult, even more clean technology. It will be such a cmore challenge to ASEAN. ASEAN
member countries‘ renewable resources are; (a) hydro power potential: Brunei Darussalam (0),
Cambodia (10 gigawatt or Gw), Indonesia (76 Gw), Lao (26.5 Gw), Malaysia (25 Gw), Myanmar
(108 Gw), Singapore (0), Thailand (54 Gw), the Philippines (9 Gw), Vietnam (68 Gw);31 (b)
geothermal installed in 2001: Brunei (0), Cambodia (0), Indonesia (0,8 Gw), Lao (0), Malaysia
(0), Myanmar (0), Singapore (0), Thailand (0,0003 Gw), the Philippines (1,96 Gw), Vietnam
(0).32 The writer does not continue to write the potency of ASEAN‘s renewable energy since it is
so abundant. As learnt from Guillermo R. Balce, Dsc., it si wiser to observe the energy policy in

31
Accessed from http://www.aseanenergy.org/publications_statistics/statistic/statistics.htm, accessed on Monday, 21
December 2009, at 18.22.
32
Guillermo R. Balce, Dsc., ―Renewable Energy Utilization in the ASEAN‖, presented at the Preparatory Meeting
for the National Sustainable Energy Research Congress, 2 April 2002, in Manila, the Philippines, accessed from
www.aseanenergy.org, accessed on Monday, 21 December 2009, at 19.43.

14
 Teguh Prayogo Sudarmanto. ―Reviewing APAEC 1999-2004 and 2004-2009 as Clean and
Renewable Energy Resources Regime in ASEAN Region: Question for the Next APAEC‖.
The writer can contacted by email on pengelana.kecil@gmail.com

each ASEAN member country to see how they can realize the APAEC. Below is the policy
allowance and support for developing the renewable resources from Balce,33

33
Guillermo R. Balce, Dsc., ―Policy Instruments on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in the ASEAN
Member Countries‖, presented at the RE and EE Partnership Meeting for Southeast Asia, 17-18 July 2003, in
Manila, the Philippines, accessed from www.aseanenergy.org, accessed on Monday, 21 December 2009, at 19.43.

15
 Teguh Prayogo Sudarmanto. ―Reviewing APAEC 1999-2004 and 2004-2009 as Clean and Renewable Energy Resources
Regime in ASEAN Region: Question for the Next APAEC‖. The writer can contacted by email on pengelana.kecil@gmail.com

No Instrument Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao Malaysia Myanmar Singapore Thailand Philippines Vietnam
1 General policy X X X X X X X X
2 Promotion target X X X
3 Resource right assurance X
4 Government equity access X
5 Investment / financing X X X X
incentives
6 Fiscal incentive X X
7 Subsidy X X
8 Technology incentive X X X
9 Grid access assurance X X X X X X
10 Power purchase assurance X X X X X X
11 Pricing assurance X X (only for X X
palm oil)
12 Environmental benefit
incentive
Balce analises that Brunei Darussalam and Singapore have no renewable energy resources so that in his table there is no analysis.
Cambodia and Myanmar have lot of hydro power that they bring just general policy. For Indonesia, Lao Democratic Republic, and
Vietnam, they have just developed large market so that the response to this market is substantial. While, Malaysia, Thailand, and the
Philippines, they cover the policy with promotional funds. It is difficult then to coordinate the usage of clean and renewable energy
resources, learnt from the information above.

16
 Teguh Prayogo Sudarmanto. ―Reviewing APAEC 1999-2004 and 2004-2009 as Clean
and Renewable Energy Resources Regime in ASEAN Region: Question for the Next
APAEC‖. The writer can contacted by email on pengelana.kecil@gmail.com

PART III: CONCLUSION

The usage of clean and renewable energy resources is a must to sustainably develop the
future of human‘s life. Human needs to do sustainable development because human is facing the
problem of how integrating human to the nature. Human‘s activity is philosophically and
scientifically debated as the reason of climate change. The need of meeting economic, social
progress, and environment present in sustainable development can promote the thought to do
activity better. Combusting carbon dioxide is the fundamental human‘s activity to the debate.
One strategy has to be developed is by using clean and renewable energy resources which is
meeting the need of mitigating the climate change and the scarcity in conventional energy
resources. To give impact, human is not allowed to do this alone. Human needs to do this
socially massive. Spreading the spirit by discussing altogether is needed to make this aswer
happens. At global level, this can be done by making a regime talks about the issue.
In ASEAN region, the governments have more power to make norms through law.
APAEC 1999-2004 was the first regime to propose six programmes related to governments‘
energy cooperation. By pointing the concept of the usage of clean and renewable energy
resources as the answer even for the question faced by ASEAN countries, it is one better way to
see those programmes in this perspective. Then to see also when APAEC 2004-2009 chipped
the five basic principles must be held by the governments in realizing the programmes in
APAEC 1999-2004. The three challenges faced: (a) less irresponsive and ineffective natural gas
and clean coal technology cooperation also with the project of ASEAN interconnected natural
gas pipeline, (b) inequalities in developing transboundary market through ASEAN
electrification in ASEAN interconnected power grid, and (c) less increasing the usage of clean
and renewable energy usage in the region CONTESTING the regime in implementing the norms
or even since creating the norms to better finishing the energy problem in the region. It is not
because of the ASEAN‘s way. It is proving that there needs some better improvements in the
next APAEC to more emphasizing these three challenges. ASEAN Vision 2020 is near. Perhaps,
ASEAN needs to talk further on asking what if there is power grid in ASEAN and also natural
gas pipeline to critically review their next proposal. ASEAN member country may also critically

17
 Teguh Prayogo Sudarmanto. ―Reviewing APAEC 1999-2004 and 2004-2009 as Clean
and Renewable Energy Resources Regime in ASEAN Region: Question for the Next
APAEC‖. The writer can contacted by email on pengelana.kecil@gmail.com

review how they can participate well in the cooperation. To do these review, ASEAN NEEDS to
develop more studies related to the issue in each country and make the data transparently.

18
 Teguh Prayogo Sudarmanto. ―Reviewing APAEC 1999-2004 and 2004-2009 as Clean
and Renewable Energy Resources Regime in ASEAN Region: Question for the Next
APAEC‖. The writer can contacted by email on pengelana.kecil@gmail.com

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books
ADB (Asian Development Bank). 2009. Energy Outlook for Asia and the Pacific. (Manila: ADB).
Depledge, Joanna. 2005. The Organization of Global Negotiations: Constructing the Climate Change
Regime, (London: Earthscan).
Goldemberg, José. 2006. ―The Case for Renewable Energies‖. Dalam Assmann, Dirk, Ulrich Laumanns,
dan Dieter Uh (ed.). Renewable Energy: A Global Review of Technologies, Policies, and Markets.
(London: Earthscan).
IEA (International Energy Agency). 2009. ―CO2 Emissions: Sectoral Approach – Coal/peat‖. Dalam
IEA, CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Highlights 2009. (Paris: IEA). Diakses dari
http://www.iea.org/co2highlights/co2highlights.pdf. Diakses pada Selasa, 8 Desember 2009 pukul
12.12.
Leary, Neil, dkk. (ed.). 2008. Climate Change and Adaptation, (London: Earthscan).
Mawhinney, Mark. 2002. Sustainable Development: Understanding the Green Debates, (Oxford:
Blackwell Science Ltd.).

Articles and Sources from the Internet

Agger, Ben Agger. 1991. ―Critical Theory, Poststructuralism, and Postmodernism: Their Sociological
Relevance‖. On Annual Review of Sociology Vol. 17. Accessed from
http://www.jstor.org/stable/2083337).
Der Derian, James. 1996. ―Post Theory: The Eternal Return of Ethics in International Relations‖. In
Doyle, Michael W., and G. John Ikenberry (eds.). New Thinking in International Relations
Theory. (Westview Press).
―350 Science‖. Accessed from http://www.350.org/about/science. Accessed on Monday, 21 December
2009, at 12.49.
―ASEAN Energy Resources‖. Accessed from http://www.aseanenergy.org/publications_statistics
/statistic/resources/page_01.htm. And ―Life Expectance of Reserves‖. Accessed from
http://www.aseanenergy.org/publications_statistics/statistic/resources/page_04.htm. Accessed on
Monday, 21 December 2009, at 15.09.
―ASEAN Vision 2020‖. Accessed from http://www.aseansec.org/1814.htm. Accessed on Monday, 21
December 2009, at 13.22.

19
 Teguh Prayogo Sudarmanto. ―Reviewing APAEC 1999-2004 and 2004-2009 as Clean
and Renewable Energy Resources Regime in ASEAN Region: Question for the Next
APAEC‖. The writer can contacted by email on pengelana.kecil@gmail.com

―Programme Area of APAEC 1999-2004‖. Accessed from http://www.aseanenergy.org/

publications_statistics/apaec_1999-2004/programme_area. htm. Accessed on Monday, 21
December 2009, at 11.21.
―Programme Area Number 3 of APAEC 1999-2004‖. Accessed from http://www.aseanenergy.org/
publications_statistics/apaec_1999-2004/programme/p3_coal. htm. Accessed on Monday, 21
December 2009, at 15.11.
―The New APAEC in the Context of Sustainable Development‖. In APAEC 2004-2009. Accessed from
http://www.aseansec.org/pdf/APAEC0409.pdf. Accessed on Monday, 21 December 2009, at
13.11.
―The Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia 1976‖. Accessed from http://www.aseansec.
org/1217.htm. Accessed on Monday, 21 December 2009, at 13.12.
―Understanding 350‖. Accessed from http://www.350.org/understanding-350. Diakses Accessed on
Monday, 21 December 2009, at 14.51.
―What effects are global warming feedbacks likely to have?‖. Dalam FAQ: Climate Change. Accessed
from http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9913-faq-climate-change.html?full=true. Diakses
pada Monday, 7 Desember 2009 pukul 12.12.

Other Sources
Balce, Dsc., Guillermo R. ―Renewable Energy Utilization in the ASEAN‖. Presented at the Preparatory
Meeting for the National Sustainable Energy Research Congress, 2 April 2002, in Manila, the
Philippines. Accessed from www.aseanenergy.org. Accessed on Monday, 21 December 2009, at
19.43.
Balce, Dsc., Guillermo R. ―Policy Instruments on Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency in the
ASEAN Member Countries‖. Presented at the RE and EE Partnership Meeting for Southeast Asia,
17-18 July 2003, in Manila, the Philippines. Accessed from www.aseanenergy.org. Accessed on
Monday, 21 December 2009, at 19.43.

20