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CEGR 3255
Structural Materials Laboratory
Submitted By:
Sara Keranakis
Date Performed:
February 25, 2015
I, Sara Keranakis, have committed no violations of the UNC Charlotte Code of Student Academic Integrity in preparing and submitting
this report.
Signature: Sara Keranakis
Executive Summary
This lab had to do with mixing concrete and testing the wet concrete mixture. During this
lab the amount of mixture was found, the concrete was mixed, and the mixture was tested
according to the ASTM standards. The tests were done in a controlled environment under the
supervision of a lab instructor and lab assistant. The test were done as a whole and only one
sample was used.
The previous lab provided the mixture amounts that were used in the lab. The materials
were collected then mixed together. After the mixing was completed, the testing of the mixture
was carried out.
Three tests were done. These test were the slump test, pressure test and volumetric test.
The slump test calculated the amount of workability for the concrete mixture. For this lab a value
of 1.75 inches was recorded for this mixture. This is a low workability measurement meaning the
concrete mixture is slightly stiff. The other two tests allowed for the amount of air content to be
calculated. Each of these tests directly gave off the air content reading. For both test a value of
0.5 was recorded.
Along with these tests a gravimetric test was to be performed. During the time of this lab
the final weight of the concrete mixture in the bowl was not calculated. This did not allow for the
yield to be solved.
The following report is the procedures for the lab along with the results and analysis of
the concrete mixture.
Table of Content
Title Page................................................................................................................................i
Executive Summary..............................................................................................................ii
Table of Contents...................................................................................................................iii
Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1
Procedures..............................................................................................................................3
Mixing Mixture................................................................................................................3
Slump Test.......................................................................................................................4
Volumetric Test................................................................................................................4
Pressure Test....................................................................................................................5
Results....................................................................................................................................7
Mixing Mixture................................................................................................................7
Slump Test.......................................................................................................................7
Volumetric Test................................................................................................................7
Pressure Test....................................................................................................................8
Conclusions............................................................................................................................9
Slump Test.......................................................................................................................9
Volumetric Test................................................................................................................9
Pressure Test....................................................................................................................9
Reference10
Appendix.11
Introduction
Today most structures are composed with some type of concrete material. Concrete is
used in anything from highways to beams. Concrete is a mixture of water, admixtures,
cement and aggregates. In the first lab fine and coarse aggregates were studied to predict the
amount of each that should be used in the mixture of wet concrete.
The mixture of concrete was made with portland cement. This cement is made up of three
main components; Lime, Silica and Alumina. This cement is a type of hydraulic cement,
which means the cement does not disintegrate in water. Water helps the cement set and
harden throughout its span of lifetime. This process is done by hydration, which is a chemical
reaction of water and cement. A chemical reaction between water and cement during this
process yields the binding properties that allow the mixture to harden. The aggregates are
essentially rocks or fragments of rocks that combined with the cement paste make the
concrete mixture. The cement acts like a glue and fills all of the void spaces.
The previous lab was used to find the correct combination of aggregates, water and
cement. A sieve analysis was conducted on the fine and coarse aggregates that were used in
the concrete mixture. The particle sizes were discovered by the sieve analysis, along with the
specific gravity, weight, and the absorption of the fine and coarse aggregate. These properties
were used to find the correct ratio of each aggregate, water and air content that was need to
make the optimum mixture of cement.
The lab tested the concrete in its fresh or wet form. There were many test that were
conducted on the wet concrete. The concrete properties that were tested were the slump, air
content, yield, density and specific gravity.
The slump test of the concrete represents the workability of the concrete. This is the
ability for concrete to be flexible. In order to build with concrete it needs the ability to be
shaped and not deform from its shape once formed. Usually if there is too much water the
slump will be high. If there is less water there will be little to no slump. Normal slump can
range from three to four inches, which can mean that the concrete was mixed well.
There were three tests that measured the amount of air content in the concrete. The
volumetric test, the pressure test, and the gravimetric test gave data needed to calculate the
air content of the mixture. Wet concrete usually has around two or three percent of air
content. A high amount of air bubbles can lead to weaker concrete because it allows void
space, which can cause the concrete to have a lower compressive stress. The mixture had to
be mixed carefully to insure air bubbles were present. Air bubbles are important to have in
the concrete because of the freeze-thaw issues. Concrete needs to have room to expand and
contract in the colder temperatures. The last wet concrete test was the gravimetric test, which
gave data that will be used to calculate the yield, air content and density. This test determines
the density of the mixture that when combined with air content can calculate yield. Yield is
the volume of concrete produced from a mixture when the components are known. This
allows one to see if the mixture was over yield, producing more concrete than expected, or
under yield, producing less concrete than expected.
Procedures
The follow lab procedures all called for the wet mixture of water, cement, coarse
aggregate, and fine aggregate. The previous lab assisted in determining the amounts of these
components. The weight of each component was 17.6 pounds of water, 48.4 pounds of cement,
102.2 pounds of coarse aggregate, and 46.7 pounds of fine aggregate. Members of the lab
collected the materials and began mixing and testing the concrete by the following procedures.
Materials Used: Slump Cone and Base, Wet Concrete, Scoop or Trowel, Tamping Rod and Ruler
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Results
The results below include the data that was collected from the lab and all of the
calculations used to find the ending values.
Many tests were done throughout this lab on the wet concrete. These test allowed
us to tell many things about the concrete. The following section goes into detail explaining the
meanings of the result found in the lab.
Slump Test:
The slump test is done to find the degree of workability in the concrete mixture. The
tested wet concrete mixture had a slump of 1.75 inches. According to aboutcivil.com this amount
of slump is considered low workability. This means that there was not enough water. This error
could have come from a bad measurement of water or water could have been lost when pouring.
At the beginning of the test a small portion of water spilled out of the mixer. This may have led
to the low slump recorded in the lab.
References
"ConcreteSlumpTest."Procedure,Applications&TypesofSlump.1Jan.2014.Web.24
Feb.2015.<http://www.aboutcivil.org/concreteslumptest.html>.
ASTMC143(2009).StandardTestMethodforSlumpofHydraulicCementConcrete.
AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials,WestConshocken,PA
ASTMC173(2009).StandardTestMethodforAirContentofFreshlyMixedConcreteby
VolumetricMethod.AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials,WestConshocken,
PA
ASTMC192(2009).StandardPracticeforMakingandCuringConcreteTestSpecimensin
theLaboratory.AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials,WestConshocken,PA
ASTMC143(2009).StandardTestMethodforAirContentofFreshlyMixedConcreteby
thePressureMethod.AmericanSocietyforTestingandMaterials,West
Conshocken,PA
Somayaji,Shan.CivilEngineeringMaterials,SecondEdition.NewJersey:PrenticeHall,
2001.
Appendix
Air=21.5=0.5(2)