Technical Note

A FORTRAN program for calculating the

thermodynamic and transport properties of diesel fuel
D. A. KOUREMENOS, C. D. R A K O P O U L O S A N D E. A. YFANTIS
National Technical University of Athens, Mechanical Engineerin9 Department, Thermal
Engineerin9 Section, 42 Patission Street, Athens 10682, Greece

Advanced models of the thermodynamic processes in

internal combustion engines require the exact estimation of the thermodynamic and transport properties
of combustion reactants and products. Although
many works have been reported on the properties of
air, fuel vapour and combustion products, a study on
the properties of the fuel liquid phase seems to be
lacking in the open literature. These properties are
very important for simulating the fuel droplet evaporation process, which plays an important role on diesel
engine combustion and emitted pollutant modelling.
In the present work the values of the thermodynamic
and transport properties of liquid diesel fuel are
computed, as a function of pressure and temperature,
by polynomial fitting against available experimental
data. This is accomplished in a fraction of a second
when using a personal computer with a very small
error. N-Dodecane is treated in the present study,
which forms a representative fuel of the diesel fuel in
most diesel engine cycle simulations. The relevant
computer program subroutines are given in an educational form, in FORTRAN-77 language.
Key Words: properties, liquid fuel, diesel engine.

INTRODUCTION
When a large number of computations are made and/or
high accuracy is required, engine cycle process calculations are carried out on a computer. Relationships which
model the composition and/or thermodynamic properties of unburned and burned gas mixtures have been
developed for computer use. The most complete models
are based on polynomial curve fits to the thermodynamic
Paper accepted July 1990. Discussion closes April 1991.

190

Adv. Eng. Software, 1990, Vol. 12, No. 4

data for each species in the mixture. In the NASA

equilibrium programs and other works x-4, the JANAF
table thermodynamic data 5 have been used. Polynomial
functions for various fuels (in the vapour phase) have
been fitted in a functional form 6'7, giving the isobaric
specific heat capacity and enthalpy in terms of temperature. Especially for pure hydrocarbon compounds, relationships have been produced by fitting to experimental
data 8.
The processes occuring in the cylinder of a diesel
engine9'x, such as evaporation of the liquid fuel, fuel-air
mixing, friction at a gas/solid interface and heat transfer
between the gas and walls are strongly influenced by the
transport properties. Viscosity, thermal conductivity and
mass diffusion coefficient of the gas mixture are computed for example in Refs 2, 11, 12. Reid and Sherwood 13
have presented relationships created by many workers
which calculate the properties of gases and liquids in
general. Borman and Johnson 14 presented relationships
for isobaric specific heat capacity, density, heat of
vapourization and vapour pressure of the liquid fuel
based on the experimental data reported in Refs 12,
15, 16.
In the present work a FORTRAN-77 program is set
up to compute the thermodynamic and transport properties of the diesel fuel in the liquid phase. N-Dodecane is
treated in the present study, since it forms a representative of the diesel fuel in most diesel engine cycle simulations. The relationships used here have been taken from
Ref. 17 in the case of vapour pressure, liquid density,
surface tension, liquid isobaric specific heat capacity and
liquid thermal conductivity. In the case of heat of
vapourization and liquid absolute viscosity they are
based on polynomial curve fits, made in the present
work, to the experimental data available from Ref. 17.
The specific enthalpy was then deduced from the isobaric
heat capacity relationships.
Advanced models of the thermodynamic processes in
diesel engines 18 22 require a detailed description of the
history of the fuel droplets injected into the combustion

~ ComputationalMechanicsPublications

chamber and the exact estimation of the thermodynamic

and transport properties of the liquid fuel. The present
work completely covers this latter feature. The computer
program is very fast and accurate and forms an important and useful tool as a part of a general package
program which simulates the in-cylinder processes in a
diesel engine cycle simulation.

T R B is the reduced temperature ( T / T B ) , were T B is the

normal boiling point. The average error occured is 5 ~.
Near the critical region, where maximum uncertainty
exists, errors of up to 12 Y/oare to be expected. Equations
(3a-c) have been deduced from equations (4a-c) to
follow. For T = 0 K, enthalpy is set equal to 0.0 kJ/kg.
Liquid specific isobaric heat capacity

DESCRIPTION OF THE MAIN PROGRAM

The FORTRAN-77 program called properties is listed in
Appendix A. Program PROPERTIES includes the
subroutines needed for the calculation of the thermodynamic and transport properties of N-Dodecane in
the liquid phase.
The main program asks the user for temperature and
pressure and returns the calculated values of the properties as in the example listed in Appendix B. Obviously
every subroutine, if needed, can be used separately from
the main program. Information such as input needed,
output returned and average error occured are given as
comments in the program listing. The errors presented
are defined as:
ERROR = ICALCULATED-EXPERIMENTALI/
EXPERIMENTAL
The relationships for the properties used here are given
in the next section in detail. The constants and units used
are given in the program listing.

(4a)

CP2 = E HEi TRBi

i = 0 -- 3

(4b)

C P L = CP1 + 12 x CP 2

P V t = A t + A 2 / T R + A 3 x In(TR) + A 4 x T R 6 (la)
P V 2 = B 1 + B 2 / T R + B 3 x ln(TR) + B 4 T R 6 (lb)

(lc)

P V R = EXP(PV1 + W x PV2)

T R is the reduced temperature ( T / T C R ) and P V R is the

reduced vapour pressure (PV/PCR), where T C R and
P C R are the critical temperature and pressure. The
above equations are used for reduced temperatures
greater than 0.3 having an average error of 3.5%. Equations (la-c) have been taken from Ref. 17.

Latent heat of vapourization

H V = M ( T C R - T) '38 for T R < 0.4

i=0-7forTR>0.4

H V = ~ K~ x T R i

(5b)

i=0-5

i=0+4

(2a)

DI = ~ Ei x PR i

i=0+4

(2b)

D2 = E F i x P R i

i= 0- 4
i=0+4

(2c)
(2d)

D E N S L = ~ D~ x T R ~ i = 0 + 3

(2e)

PR is the reduced pressure (P/PCR). The average error

occured is 1%. For reduced temperatures above 0.95,
errors of up to 8 % are to be expected. Equations (2a-e)
have been taken from Ref. 17.
Liquid specific enthalpy
EN1 = ~ Hll x TRBi/(i + 1)

i=0-3

(3a)

T R B i / ( i + 1)

i=03

(3b)
(3c)

forP= lbar

(6a)

log (D VISC/D V I S C A ) =
P x (NI + N2 D V I S C A '27s) for P > l b a r (6b)

The relationships are to be used for reduced temperatures less than 0.75 having an average error of less than
5 %. Eq (6a) has been developed in the present work by
least square fitting to the experimental data available
from Ref. 17.
Liquid thermal conductivity

CD 1 = R 1 +

Do = ~ Ci x P R i

E N T H = (EN1 + 12 EN2) T

(5a)

The average error occured is less than 2 % but for

reduced temperatures above 0.97 errors may increase to
10%. Equation (5a)has been taken from Ref. 17. Equation (5b) has been developed in the present work by least
square fitting to the experimental data available from
Ref. 17.

for T R < 1.894

COND = Q1 + Q2 x T

Liquid density

i x PR i

(4c)

The average error is 2 ~. Equations (4a-c) should be

used outside the critical region for best accuracy, but the
predicted values are identical to saturated liquid specific
heat capacities within the limits required for engineering
purposes. Equations (4a-c) have been taken from Ref. 17.

D V I S C A = ~ . L i x Ti

Vapour pressure

ENE=~HEiX

i= 0+ 3

Liquid absolute viscosity

PROPERTIES SUBROUTINES

Da=~G

CP 1 = ~, Hli x T R B i

R2 x

TR +

CD 2 = S 1 q- S 2 x P R +
+ $4 x T R 2 / E X P ( P R / 5 )

(7b)

R 3 x TR 2

S3 x

(7a)

TR

COND = (Q1 + Q2 x T) x CDE/CD1

(7c)
forTR

> 1.894

(7d)

The average error is less than 12~. Equations (7a-d)

have been taken from Ref. 17.
Liquid surface tension
S U R T = Z (1 - T R ) 1'232

(8)

The average error is less than 11%. Equation (8) has been
taken from Ref. 17.
During the development of the program PROPERTIES, the correlations used compared favourably with
estimating methods presented in Ref. 13.

Adv. Eng. Software, 1990, Vol. 12, No. 4

191

CASE STUDY
A l t h o u g h the s t r u c t u r e a n d a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e p r o g r a m
has b e e n d e s c r i b e d , a n e x a m p l e is g i v e n in A p p e n d i x A
a n d listed in A p p e n d i x B. T h e t h e r m o d y n a m i c a n d
t r a n s p o r t p r o p e r t i e s of N - D o d e c a n e , in the l i q u i d phase,
are c a l c u l a t e d for T e m p e r a t u r e = 100 C a n d P r e s s u r e =
5 bar.
REFERENCES
1 Gordon, S. and McBride, B. J. Computer Programfor the Calculation of Complex Chemical Equilibrium Composition Rocket Performance, Incident and Reflected Shocks, and Chapman-Jouguet
Detonations, NASA publication SP-273, 1971 (NTIS number N7137775)
2 Svehla, R. A. and McBride, B. J. FORTRAN IV Computer Program for Calculation of Thermodynamic and Transport Properties
of Complex Chemical Systems, NASA technical note TND-7056,
1973 (NTIS number N73-15954)
3 Olikara, C. and Borman, G. L. A computer Program for Calculating Properties of Equilibrium Combustion Products with Some
Applications to L C. Enoines, SAE Paper 750468, 1975
4 Krieger, R. B. and Borman, G. L. The computation of apparent
heat release for internal combustion engines, Proc. Diesel Gas
Power Conf., 1966, ASME paper 66-WA/DGP-4
5 JANAF Thermochemical Tables, 2nd ed., NSRDS-NB537, U.S.
National Bureau of Standards, 1971
6 Hires, S. D., Ekchian, A., Heywood, J. B., Tabaczynski, R. J. and
Wall, J. C. Performance and NOx Emissions Modelling of a Jet
Ignition Prechamber Stratified Charge Engine, SAE paper 760161,
1976
7 By, A., Kempinski, B. and Rife, J. M. Knock in Spark Ionition
Engines, SAE paper 810147, 1981
8 Rossini, F. D., Pitzer, K. S., Arnett, R. L, Braun, R. M. and
Primentel, G. C. Selected Values of Physical and Thermodynamic
Properties of Hydrocarbons and Related Compounds, Carnegie
Press, Pittsburgh PA., 1953

9 Benson, R. S. and Whitehouse, N. D. Internal Combustion Engines,

Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1979
10 Heywood, J. B. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals,
McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1988
I I Chapman, S. and Cowling, T. G. The Mathematical Theory ~"
Non-Un!form Gases, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge,
1955
12 Hirschfelder, J. O., Curtiss, C. F. and Bird, R. B. Molecular Theory
of Gases and Liquids, John Wiley, New York, 1954
13 Reid, R. C. and Sherwood, T. K. The Properties of Gases and
Liquids, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1966
14 Borman, G. L. and Johnson, J. H. Unsteady vaporization histories
and trajectories of fuel drop injected into swirling air, Paper 598C,
SAE National Powerplant Meeting, Philadelphia, 1962
15 Maxwell, J. B. Data Book on Hydrocarbons, Van Nostrand, Amsterdam, 1950
16 Priem, R. J. Vaporization of Fuel Drops Including the Heating-Up
Period, Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Wisc., 1955
17 American Petroleum Institute Technical Data Book, 1979
18 Kouremenos, D. A. and Rakopoulos, C. D. The operation of a
turbulence chamber diesel engine, with LPG fumigation, for
exhaust emissions control, VDI Forshung im lngenieurwesen, 1986,
52(6), 185 190
19 Kouremenos, D. A., Rakopoulos, C. D. and Karvounis, E.
Thermodynamic analysis of direct injection diesel engines by
Multi-Zone Modelling, ASME-WA Meeting, Boston, 1987 and
AES 3(3), 67 77
20 Kouremenos, D. A., Rakopoulos, C. D. and Hountalas, D. T.
Thermodynamic analysis of indirect injection diesel engines by
two-zone modelling of combustion, Trans. of the ASME and 1990,
Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power, 112(1),
138-149
21 Kouremenos, D. A., Rakopoulos, C. D. and Hountalas, D. T.
Computer simulation with experimental validation of the exhaust
nitric oxide and soot emissions in divided chamber diesel engines,
ASME-WA Meeting, San Francisco, 1989, and AES 10(1), 15 28
22 Kouremenos, D. A., Rakopoulos, C. D. and Kotsiopoulos, P.
Performance and emissions characteristics of a diesel engine using
supplementary diesel fuel fumigated to the intake air, Heat Recovery Systems & CHP, 1989, 9(5), 457 465

APPENDIX A: PROGRAM LISTING

1
2

4
5

192

PROGRAM PROPERTIES
OPEN ( 4 , F I L E = ' C R . R E S ' , S T A T U S = ' N E W ' )
WRITE (*,I)
FORMAT ( I X , ' T e m p e r a t u r e [C] = ')
READ (*,*) TEMPC
WRITE (*,2)
FORMAT (iX,'Pressure [bar]= ')
READ (*,*) PRES
P R E S = P R E S * I .E5
CALL LHVAP(TEMPC, HV)
CALL V A P R E S ( T E M P C , P V )
CALL D E N S L I Q ( T E M P C , P R E S , D E N S L )
CALL SURTEN(TEMPC, SURT)
CALL VI SC (TEMPC, PRES, DVI SC)
CALL C O N D U C ( T E M P C , P R E S , COND)
CALL CPLIQ (TEMPC, CPL)
CALL E N T H A L ( T E M P C , E N T H )
WRITE (4,3) T E M P C , P R E S / I . E 5
FORMAT (iX,'Temperature [C]=',F6.2,3X,'Pressure
WRITE (4,14)
WRITE (4,4) P V / I . E 5
FORMAT (iX,'Vapour Pressure [bar]=',Fl2.8)
WRITE (4,5) DENSL
FORMAT (iX,'Liquid D e n s i t y [kg/m3]=',FS.3)
WRITE (4,7) ENTH/1000.

Adv. En 9. Software, 1990, Vol. 12, No. 4

[bar]='

F6

2)

7
8
9
10
ii
12
13
14
16
17

FORMAT
WRITE
FORMAT
WRITE
FORMAT
WRITE
FORMAT
WRITE
FORMAT
WRITE
FORMAT
WRITE
FORMAT
WRITE
FORMAT
WRITE
FORMAT
WRITE
FORMAT
WRITE
CLOSE
STOP
END

(iX,'Liquid Specific E n t h a l p y [kJ/kg]=',Fl2.5)

(4,8) CPL/1000.
(iX,'Liquid Specific Heat C a p a c i t y [ k J / k g / K ] = ' , F S . 3 )
(4,9) HV/1000.
(iX,'Latent Heat of V a p o u r i z a t i o n [kJ/kg]=',FS.3)
(4,10) DVISC*I000.
(iX,'Liquid Dynamic V i s c o s i t y [cP]=',Fl2.8)
(4,11) ( D V I S C / D E N S L ) * I . E 6
(IX,'Liquid K i n e m a t i c V i s c o s i t y [cSt]=',Fl2.8)
(4,12) SURT
(iX,'Surface Tension [N/m]=',FI2.8)
(4,13) COND
(iX,'Liquid Thermal C o n d u c t i v i t y [W/m/K]=',F8.4)
(4,14)
*******************************************************
(4,16)
(IX,'WHEN A VALUE OF A P R O P E R T Y IS SET UP TO 0.0 THE')
(4,17)
( I X , ' E Q U A T I O N S USED ARE OUT OF R E L I A B I L I T Y REGION')
(4,14)
(4)

C* FUEL P R O P E R T I E S
C*

NAME

: N-DODECANE

C*
C*
C*
C*

FORMULA
MOLECULAR WEIGHT
F R E E Z I N G P O I N T (at 1 arm)
B O I L I N G P O I N T (at 1 atm)
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
CRITICAL PRESSURE
CRITICAL VOLUME
C R I T I C A L C O M P R E S S I B I L I T Y FACTOR
S P E C I F I C G R A V I T Y 60F/60F
ACENTRIC FACTOR
W A T S O N C H A R A C T E R I Z A T I O N FACTOR

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

C*

C*
C*
C*
C*
C*
C*

C12H26
MW=170.33
TF=474.44 R=263.56 K=-9.59 C
TB=881.00 R=489.43 K=216.28C
TCR=II84.gR=658.26 K=385.11C
PCR=264. psia=lS.2E5 N/m2
V C R = 0 . 0 6 6 9 f t 3 / I b = 4 . 1 7 6 5 E - 3 m3/k
ZCR=0.237
SGR=0.7526
W=0.5622
K=12.74

C
C

BLOCK

DATA

COMMON/CRIT/PCR,TCR,VCR,ZCR,TB
COMMON/BBBI/BOO,BOI,BO2,BO3,BIO,BII,BI2,BI3,B20,B21
COMMON/BBB2/B22,B23,B30,B3!,B32,B33,B40,B41,B42,B43
C O M M O N / C O N S / A , B , C , D , A A , B B , C C , DD
DATA PCR,TCR,VCR,ZCR,TB/264.0,1184.9,0.0669,0.237,881.O/
DATA B 0 0 , B 0 1 , B 0 2 , B 0 3 , B I 0 , B I I , B I 2 , B I 3 , B 2 0 , B 2 1 /

+1.6368,-1.9693,2.4638,-1.5841,-0.04615,0.21874,-0.36461,
0.25136,2.1138E-3,-8.0028E-3/
DATA B 2 2 , B 2 3 , B 3 0 , B 3 1 , B 3 2 , B 3 3 , B 4 0 , B 4 1 , B 4 2 , B 4 3 /

I2.8763E-3,-II.3805E-3,-O.7845E-5,-8.2328E-5,14.8059E-5,
9.5672E-5,-0.6923E-6,5.2604E-6,-8.6895E-6,2.1812E-6/
DATA A,B,C,D,AA,BB,CC,DD/0.84167,-I.4704,1.67165,-0.59198,
-0.003826,-0.000747,0.041126,-0.01395/
END
C
Adv. Eng. Software, 1990, Vol. 12, No. 4

193

C
S U B R O U T I N E LHVAP(TEMPC,HV)
C * * S u b r o u t i n e L H V A P estimates the latent h e a t of v a p o r i z a t i o n * * * * * * * *
C * * T E M P C [C], HV [ J / k g ] * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
C * * E r r o r <2% ; for reduced t e m p e r a t u r e s a b o v e 0.97 : error < i 0 % * * ~ * * *

COMMON/CRIT/PCR,TCR,VCR,ZCR,TB
IF

(TEMPC.GT.385.)

GOTO 65

TEMPF=9.*TEMPC/5.+32.

50

65
60

TR=(TEMPF459.7)/TCR
I F ( T R . G E . 0 . 4 ) GOTO 50
TRA=(725.2-TEMPF)/303.9
HV=366095.*TRA**0.38
G O T O 60
POLYI=666.511-7457.69*TR35956.7*TR**2.
POLY2=-95009.2*TR**3.I48446.*TR**4.
POLY3=-I37210.*TR**5.469506.4*TR**6.-14897.7*TR**7.
HVRED=POLYI+POLY2+POLY3
HV=32113.6*HVRED
GOTO 60
HV=0.0
RETURN
END

C
C
SUBROUTINE VAPRES(TEMPC,PV)
C * * S u b r o u t i n e VAPRES e s t i m a t e s the vapor * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
C * * T E M P C [C], PV [ N / m 2 ] * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
C**For reduced t e m p e r a t u r e s above 0.3 : error * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
C O M M O N / C R I T / P C R , T C R , V C R , ZCR,TB

TT=(TEMPC*9./5.+491.7)/TCR
PRLN0=5.92714-6.09648/TT-I.28862*ALOG(TT)+0.169347*TT**6.
PRLNI=IS.2518-15.6875/TT-13.4721*ALOG(TT)+0.43577*TT**6.
PRLN=PRLN0+0.5622*PRLN1
PVR=EXP(PRLN)
PV=6894.7591*PVR*PCR
RETURN
END
C
C
SUBROUTINE DENSLIQ(TEMPC,PRES,DENSL)
C * * S u b r o u t i n e DENSLIQ e s t i m a t e s the liquid d e n s i t y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
C * * T E M P C [C], PRES IN/m2], DENSL [ k g / m 3 ] * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
C**Error <1% ; for reduced t e m p e r a t u r e s above 0.95 : error <8%*******

COMMON/CRIT/PCR,TCR,VCR,ZCR,TB
COMMON/BBBI/B00,B01,B02,B03,BI0,BII,BI2,BI3,B20,B21

COMMON/BBB2/B22,B23,B30,B31,B32,B33,B40,B41,B42,B43
TT=(TEMPC*9./5.+491.7)/TCR
PP=PRES/6894.7591/PCR
A02=B00+BI0*PP+B20*PP**2.+B30*PP**3.+B40*PP**4.
AI2=B01+BII*PP+B21*PP**2.+B31*PP**3.+B41*PP**4.
A22=B02+BI2*PP+B22*PP**2.+B32*PP**3.+B42*PP**4.
A32=B03+BI3*PP+B23*PP**2.+B33*PP**3.+B43*PP**4.
CC2=A02+AI2*TT+A22*TT**2.+A32*TT**3.
DENSL=675.27569*CC2
RETURN
END
C
194

Adv. En9. Software, 1990, Vol. 12, No. 4

C
SUBROUTINE CPLIQ(TEMPC,CPL)
C**Subroutine CPLIQ estimates the liquid heat capacity***************
C**TEMPC [C], CPL [J/kg/K]*******************************************
C**Error ************************************************************
COMMON/CRIT/PCR,TCR,VCR,ZCR,TB
COMMON/CONS/A,B,C,D,AA,BB,CC,DD
TT=TEMPC*9./5.+491.7
TT=TT/TB
CPI=A+B*TT+C*TT**2.+D*TT**3.
CP2=AA+BB*TT+CC*TT**2.+DD*TT**3.
CPL=4186.7*(CPI+I2.*CP2)
RETURN
END
C
C
SUBROUTINE ENTHAL(TEMPC,ENTH)
C**Subroutine ENTHAL estimates the liquid enthalpy*******************
C**TEMPC [C], ENTH [J/kg] ; ENTH0(0 K)=0.0 **************************
C**Error ************************************************************

COMMON/CRIT/PCR,TCR,VCR,ZCR,TB
COMMON/CONS/A,B,C,D,AA, BB,CC,DD
TT=TEMPC*9./5.+491.7
TR=TT/TB

ENTHI=A+B*TR/2.+C*TR**2./3.+D*TR**3./4.
ENTH2=AA+BB*TR/2.+CC*TR**2./3.+DD*TR**3./4.
ENTH=2326.*(ENTHI+I2.*ENTH2)*TT
RETURN
END
C
SUBROUTINE VISC(TEMPC,PRES,DVISC)
C**Subroutine VISC estimates the absolute viscosity of liquid********
C**TEMPC [C], PRES [N/m2], DVISC [Ns/m2]*****************************
C**Error ************************************************************
IF(TEMPC.GT.245.) GOTO i00
TT=9.*TEMPC/5.+32.
PP=PRES/6894.7591
DV01=3.21248-3.81521E-2*TT+2.40018E-4*TT**2.
DV02=-8.33717E-7*TT**3.~I.4875E-9*TT**4.
DV03=-l.05978E-12*TT**5.
DV0=DV01+DV02+DV03
DVOE=0.0239+0.01638*DV0**0.278
ALOGV=PP*DVOE/1000.
DVRED=10.**ALOGV
DVISC=DVRED*DV0/1000.
GOTO ii0
100
DVISC=0.
ii0
RETURN
END
C

Adv. En9. Software, 1990, Iiol. 12, No. 4

195

C
SUBROUTINE CONDUC(TEMPC,PRES,COND)
C * * S u b r o u t i n e C O N D U C e s t i m a t e s the liquid thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y * * * * * * *
C * * T E M P C [C], PRES [N/m2], C O N D [ W / m / K ] * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
C**Error ************************************************************

COMMON/CRIT/PCR,TCR,VCR,ZCR,TB

20
30

TT=TEMPC*9./5.+32.
TR=(TT~459.7)/TCR
PR=PRES/6894.7591/PCR
I F ( P R . L E . I . 8 9 4 ) GOTO 20
CI=I8.42-7.764*TR-I.681673*TR**2.
C2=I7.770.65*PR-7.764*TR-2.054*TR**2./EXP(0.2*PR)
CONDI=0.07727-4.558E-5*TT
COND=I.729578*CONDI*C2/C1
G O T O 30
COND=I.729578*(0.07727-4.558E-5*TT)
RETURN
END

C
C
S U B R O U T I N E S U R T E N ( T E M P C , SURT)
C * * S u b r o u t i n e SURTEN e s t i m a t e s the s u r f a c e t e n s i o n * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
C * * T E M P C [C], SURT * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
C**Error ************************************************************

COMMON/CRIT/PCR,TCR,VCR,ZCR,TB
IF

(TEMPC.GT.385.)

GOTO

45

TR=(TEMPC*9./5.+491.7)/TCR
45
55

SURT=0.0528806*(I.-TR)**I.232
G O T O 55
SURT=0.0
RETURN
END

A P P E N D I X B: O U T P U T L I S T I N G

Temperature [C]=I00.00
P r e s s u r e [bar]=
5.00
************************************************
V a p o u r P r e s s u r e [bar]=
0.02096625
L i q u i d D e n s i t y [kg/m3]= 692.406
L i q u i d S p e c i f i c E n t h a l p y [kJ/kg]=
886.17670
L i q u i d S p e c i f i c Heat C a p a c i t y [kJ/kg/K]=
2.470
L a t e n t Heat of V a p o u r i z a t i o n [kJ/kg]= 3 1 1 . 0 6 1
L i q u i d D y n a m i c V i s c o s i t y [cP]=
0.32196700
L i q u i d K i n e m a t i c V i s c o s i t y [cSt]=
0.73384540
S u r f a c e T e n s i o n [N/m]=
0.01886226
L i q u i d T h e r m a l C o n d u c t i v i t y [W/m/K]=
0.1169
************************************************
WHEN A V A L U E OF A P R O P E R T Y IS SET UP TO 0.0 THE
E Q U A T I O N S USED ARE OUT OF R E L I A B I L I T Y R E G I O N
************************************************

196

Adv. Eng. Software, 1990, Vol. 12, No. 4