Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
1.
Q
P
P
S
R
Cell Cycle
P1
:G1
The cells builds up a large store of energy and synthesises cytoplasmic
organelles such as mitochondria and ribosomes.
:S
Replication of DNA
P2
: G2
The cell accumulates energy and completes its final preparations
: Mitosis
Process of nuclear division.
: Cytokinesis
Process of division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.
MITOSIS
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a. W O T H G R
Growth
b. ELLC
Cell replacement
ECALPNETERM
c. G E T O I R E N E N A
Regeneration
d. X E S A A U L D U T C I N E R R O P
Asexual reproduction
ii. Centromere
Cytokinesis is occurs ( just prior to , after ) mitosis. Between divisions, cells are in
( dormant-phase , interphase ) , an active period during which chromosomal DNA is
duplicated, the cell mass ( increases, decreases) and new organelles are produced.
Nuclear DNA is replicated only during ( G1 , G2 , S ) phase. The process of mitosis
occurs in the following order : prophase, ( anaphase , metaphase ) , ( anaphase ,
metaphase ) and telophase. The mitotic spindle is a complex of ( microtubules ,
microfilaments ) that ( prevents , assists ) chromosomes movement. The spindle is
attached to each chromosome at a site called the ( connector , centromere ). Following
nuclear division, the cytoplasm of the cells is divided. The soon-to-be daughter cells are
separated by the cleavage ( plane , furrow ) in animals cells and the cell
( plate , furrow ) in the plant cells.
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6. How does mitosis in plant cells differ from mitosis in animal cells ?
Cell division in plant and animal cells differs in two ways : (1) animal cells have
centrioles , whereas plants cells do not , and (2) animal cells have cleavage furrows ,
whereas plant cells have cell plates .
Root of carrot
Cell ( 2 n )
Adult plant
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9. Explain briefly how Dolly the sheep was produced by cloning. Give your answer in the
form of a flow chart which shows the successive steps with explanatory notes for each
step.
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Advantage
Disadvantage
Plant
maintain
the
same
designed
culture
techniques
are
cost
effective
Clones can be produced in vast numbers in
a short time
MEIOSIS
11.
MEIOSIS
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Sister Chromatids
Haploid
Haploid
Two
Diploid
Metaphase II
four
Homologous chromosomes
Prophase I
Diploid
1. At metaphase II phase of meiosis are these two cells, each with sister
chromatids aligned at the spindle equator.
2. The meiotic process by which homologues are paired during prophase I is called
Synapsis .
3. Crossing occurs during Prophase I
4. Meiosis consists of two nuclear divisions, producing four haploid cells.
5. The function of meiosis I is to separate Homologous chromosomes . The
function of meiosis II is to separate Sister Chromatids .
6. Meiosis I produces two Haploid cells.
7. Meiosis II produces four Haploid cells.
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Name of Phase
Description
1. Prophase I
2. Anaphase I
3. Telophase II
4. Metaphase II
5. Prophase I
Crossing-over occurs
6. Anaphase II
7.Metaphase I
8. Telophase I
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Answers :
1. Anaphase I
2. Anaphase II
3. Prophase I
4. Metaphase I
5. Metaphase II
6. Telophase I
7. Metaphase II
8. Telophase II
16. If a diploid cell has two chromosomes ( 2n = 4 ) , Draw and describe the events that
occur in each stage in mitosis and meiosis.
Chromosome
behaviour
Mitosis
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Prophase
Prophase
Prophase
o Chromosomes
in o The
of
at
centromere.
by
two
of
sister
up
joined
called synapsis
pair
process
the
haploid
daughter
chromosomes
chromatids
together
begins to condense
tightly o Homologous
coiled.
o Pair
chromatin o Each
cells
from meiosis I
undergoes
chromatin
the o Crossing-over
coiling to form
occurs
chromosomes,
each of which
is composed of
2 chromatin.
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Chromosome
behaviour
Mitosis
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Metaphase
Metaphase
Metaphase
chromosomes
themselves
at
the
of
s attach to the
spindle fibers
at
the
chromosomes become
centromeres
attached to individual
and move to
spindle fibres.
the equator of
the cell.
Chromosome
behaviour
Mitosis
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Anaphase
Anaphase
Anaphase
o Two
sister o Homologous
o Centromeres
chromatids of each
chromosomes
allowing
chromosomes
chromatids
separate toward
the poles
separate
at
the
centromere.
o The
sister
chromatids
the
to
are
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Mitosis
Meiosis I
Meiosis II
Telophase
Telophase
Telophase
opposite
poles
of
spindle.
o The
start
revert
reach
opposite
poles of spindle.
chromosomes
to
uncoil
to
o Four
haploid
cells
are
formed.
o The
and
chromosomes
their
extended state.
unwind
and
change
from
chromosomes
to chromatin
Similarities
Meiosis II
MEIOSIS II
Synapsis of homologous
chromosomes
and
crossing over between
non- sister chromatids
does not take place
Chromatids align at the
metaphase plate ( equator)
of the cell
Sister
chromatids
separate
becoming
daughter
chromosomes
that move to opposite
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a unit.
Two haploid daughter cells are Telophase
formed.
Each daughter cell has only
one
of
each
type
of
chromosome : either the
paternal or the maternal
chromosome.
poles.
Four haploid daughters
are formed.
Each daughter cell has the
same
number
of
chromosome
as
the
haploid cell produced in
meiosis I but each cell has
only one if the sister
chromatids.
Mitosis
Similarities
Meiosis
Aspect compared
MEIOSIS
Gonadic cells
Place occur
Produce gametes
Number of sitokinesis
Synapsis
Twice
of Occurs during
prophase I
homologous
chromosomes
Two
Number
of
daughter Four
cells
Diploid ( 2n )
Set of chromosomes
Haploid ( n)
to
the
No variation produced
Variation
Produces
genetic
variation
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EXERCISES
M phase : Anaphase I
N phase : Metaphase I
Description :
Description :
homologous
chromosomes
i.
ii.
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i.
ii.
OR
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Statement :
Case :
Meiosis is a process to
produce gametes that take
place in sex organ.
Epithelium cells
Cancerous cells
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Based on diagram 8, identify the differences among the family members. Discuss how
the differences are inherited.
Example :
Father has curly hair.
Mother has straight hair
Daughter has curly hair.
Ei : Gametogenesis is the production of gametes in the gonads
Eii :
o Crossing-over/exchange of genetic material during meiosis I between
pairs of homologous chromosomes.
o Arrangement of homologous chromosomes during metaphase I occurs
randomly
o Total number of haploid chromosomes
Eiii :
o Fertilisation between gametes occurs randomly
o The number of combination between the ovum and any one sperm is very
great
Eiv : Recombinations of chromosomes resulting in the production of an
offspring
with various characteristics
Ev : Offsprings display phenotypes based on dominant alleles.
4.
Diagram 2.1 shows phase X and phase Y in the cell cycle of an organism.
Phase X consists of three sub-phases, P, Q and R. Phase Y involves two
processes, U and Y.
Diagram 2.1
(a)
(i)
Name process U.
Mitosis
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(ii)
Asexually reproduction
[ any two ]
(b)
Diagram 2.2
(i)
Stage
IV
(ii)
Stage
Stage
II
III
Stage
I
Stage
Name of stage
Telophase
II
Metaphase
III
Anaphase
IV
Prophase
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(c) (i)
(ii)
(d)
A technique which involves the cell cycle shown in Diagram 2.1 could
used in cattle farming. A researcher use the technique to increase the
number of beef cattle. Describe the technique.
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