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MITOSIS

1.

Q
P
P
S
R

Cell Cycle

Name and state the purpose of each of these sub phases

P1

:G1
The cells builds up a large store of energy and synthesises cytoplasmic
organelles such as mitochondria and ribosomes.

:S
Replication of DNA

P2

: G2
The cell accumulates energy and completes its final preparations

: Mitosis
Process of nuclear division.

: Cytokinesis
Process of division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells.

2. State the definition of Mitosis.

MITOSIS

Process by which a nucleus divides to produce two daughter


cells, each containing the same number of chromosomes as the
parental cells.
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3. Rearrange the jumbled words .


The importances of mitosis are:

a. W O T H G R

Growth

b. ELLC

Cell replacement

ECALPNETERM

c. G E T O I R E N E N A

Regeneration

d. X E S A A U L D U T C I N E R R O P

Asexual reproduction

4. Label the diagram below.


i. Sister Chromatid

ii. Centromere

5. Underline the correct words in the bracket.

Cytokinesis is occurs ( just prior to , after ) mitosis. Between divisions, cells are in
( dormant-phase , interphase ) , an active period during which chromosomal DNA is
duplicated, the cell mass ( increases, decreases) and new organelles are produced.
Nuclear DNA is replicated only during ( G1 , G2 , S ) phase. The process of mitosis
occurs in the following order : prophase, ( anaphase , metaphase ) , ( anaphase ,
metaphase ) and telophase. The mitotic spindle is a complex of ( microtubules ,
microfilaments ) that ( prevents , assists ) chromosomes movement. The spindle is
attached to each chromosome at a site called the ( connector , centromere ). Following
nuclear division, the cytoplasm of the cells is divided. The soon-to-be daughter cells are
separated by the cleavage ( plane , furrow ) in animals cells and the cell
( plate , furrow ) in the plant cells.
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6. How does mitosis in plant cells differ from mitosis in animal cells ?
Cell division in plant and animal cells differs in two ways : (1) animal cells have
centrioles , whereas plants cells do not , and (2) animal cells have cleavage furrows ,
whereas plant cells have cell plates .

8. Complete the flow chart below

Tissue Culture Technique

Root of carrot

Transverse section of root

Cell ( 2 n )

Fragments cultured in nutrient medium

Cell division mitosis to form Callus

Cultured on agar medium and transferred to soil

Adult plant

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9. Explain briefly how Dolly the sheep was produced by cloning. Give your answer in the
form of a flow chart which shows the successive steps with explanatory notes for each
step.

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10. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CLONING

Advantage

Disadvantage

Cloned plant are uniform is size and shape

Clones are susceptible to new diseases

Plants can be produced all the year

Clones are easily destroyed if there is a


change in the environment

Plant

maintain

the

same

designed

characteristics of the mother plants


Tissue

culture

techniques

are

cost

effective
Clones can be produced in vast numbers in
a short time

MEIOSIS

11.
MEIOSIS

Process by which a nucleus divides to produce four daughter


cells, each containing half the number of chromosomes of
the parental cell.

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12. Fill in the blank using the words provided.


Synapsis

Sister Chromatids

Haploid

Haploid

Two

Diploid

Metaphase II

four

Homologous chromosomes
Prophase I

Diploid

1. At metaphase II phase of meiosis are these two cells, each with sister
chromatids aligned at the spindle equator.
2. The meiotic process by which homologues are paired during prophase I is called
Synapsis .
3. Crossing occurs during Prophase I
4. Meiosis consists of two nuclear divisions, producing four haploid cells.
5. The function of meiosis I is to separate Homologous chromosomes . The
function of meiosis II is to separate Sister Chromatids .
6. Meiosis I produces two Haploid cells.
7. Meiosis II produces four Haploid cells.

13. By using two different colours show the result of crossing-over.

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14. Complete the table below.

Name of Phase

Description

1. Prophase I

Homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrad

2. Anaphase I

Spindle fibers move homologous chromosomes to opposite sides

3. Telophase II

Nuclear membrane reforms, cytoplasm divides, 4 daughter cells


formed

4. Metaphase II

Chromosomes line up along equator, not in homologous pairs

5. Prophase I

Crossing-over occurs

6. Anaphase II

Sister chromatids separate

7.Metaphase I

Homologous chromosomes line up alone equator

8. Telophase I

Cytoplasm divides, 2 daughter cells are formed

15. Name the stages in the diagrams above.

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Answers :
1. Anaphase I
2. Anaphase II
3. Prophase I
4. Metaphase I
5. Metaphase II
6. Telophase I
7. Metaphase II
8. Telophase II

16. If a diploid cell has two chromosomes ( 2n = 4 ) , Draw and describe the events that
occur in each stage in mitosis and meiosis.

Chromosome
behaviour

Mitosis

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

Prophase

Prophase

Prophase

o Chromosomes

in o The

the condense and


become

of

at

centromere.

by

two

of

sister

up

joined

called synapsis

pair

process

the

haploid

daughter

chromosomes

chromatids
together

begins to condense

tightly o Homologous

coiled.
o Pair

chromatin o Each

cells

from meiosis I
undergoes
chromatin

the o Crossing-over

coiling to form

occurs

chromosomes,
each of which
is composed of
2 chromatin.

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Chromosome
behaviour

Mitosis

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

Metaphase

Metaphase

Metaphase

o Centromeres of all o The bivalent arrange o Chromosome


the

chromosomes

are lined up on the


metaphase plate

themselves

at

the

equator of the spindle.


o Centromeres

of

s attach to the
spindle fibers
at

the

chromosomes become

centromeres

attached to individual

and move to

spindle fibres.

the equator of
the cell.

Chromosome
behaviour

Mitosis

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

Anaphase

Anaphase

Anaphase

o Two

sister o Homologous

o Centromeres

chromatids of each

chromosomes

allowing

chromosomes

separate. One of the

chromatids

pairs is pulled to one

separate toward

pole and the other to

the poles

separate

at

the

centromere.
o The

sister

chromatids

the
to

the opposite pole.

are

pulled apart to the


opposite poles.

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Mitosis

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

Telophase

Telophase

Telophase

Chromosome o Chromosomes reach o Chromosomes


behaviour

opposite

poles

of

spindle.
o The
start
revert

reach

opposite

poles of spindle.
chromosomes

to

uncoil
to

o Four

haploid

cells

are

formed.
o The

and

chromosomes

their

extended state.

unwind

and

change

from

chromosomes
to chromatin

17. COMPARE AND CONTRAST

1. Complete the table below.


Meiosis I

Similarities

Meiosis II

1. The chromosomes become condense and shorter during prophase.


2. The chromosomes are arranged at the metaphase plate.
MEIOSIS I
Aspect compared
Homologous chromosomes pair Prophase
up and crossing over between
non-sister chromatids occurs.

Homologous chromosomes Metaphase


align at the metaphase plate of
the cell
Homologous
chromosomes Anaphase
separate and move to opposite
poles. Sister chromatids are still
attached together and move as

MEIOSIS II
Synapsis of homologous
chromosomes
and
crossing over between
non- sister chromatids
does not take place
Chromatids align at the
metaphase plate ( equator)
of the cell
Sister
chromatids
separate
becoming
daughter
chromosomes
that move to opposite
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a unit.
Two haploid daughter cells are Telophase
formed.
Each daughter cell has only
one
of
each
type
of
chromosome : either the
paternal or the maternal
chromosome.

poles.
Four haploid daughters
are formed.
Each daughter cell has the
same
number
of
chromosome
as
the
haploid cell produced in
meiosis I but each cell has
only one if the sister
chromatids.

18. Complete the table below.

Mitosis

Similarities

Meiosis

1. A nuclear division process


2. Nuclear division occur
MITOSIS
Somatic cells

Aspect compared

MEIOSIS
Gonadic cells

Place occur

Produce cells for growth Role

Produce gametes

and tissue repair


Once

Number of sitokinesis

Does not occur

Synapsis

Twice
of Occurs during
prophase I

homologous
chromosomes
Two

Number

of

daughter Four

cells
Diploid ( 2n )

Set of chromosomes

Identical to the parent cell

Genetic composition of Non_identical


daughter cells

Haploid ( n)
to

the

parent cell and to each


other

No variation produced

Variation

Produces

genetic

variation

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EXERCISES

1. Diagram 1.1 shows phases M and N during meiosis I.

M phase : Anaphase I

N phase : Metaphase I

Description :

Description :

The homologous chromosomes are The


pulled apart to the opposite poles

homologous

chromosomes

arrange themselves at the equator of


the spindle.

a. In the space provided,

i.

State the both stages in M and N

ii.

Describe the behaviour of both chromosomes in above stages.

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b. Diagram 1.2 shows the chromosome behaviour during Prophase I in


meiosis.

i.

State the M process


Crossing-over

ii.

State the part of chromatids where the M process occurs.


Chiasmata

c. Based on diagram 1.2, draw the chromosome behaviour during


Prophase II.

OR

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Statement :

Case :

Meiosis is a process to
produce gametes that take
place in sex organ.

In a family, there are


variability occurs in
offspring.

d. Based on the above statement, explain how the situation happens.

F1 : Parents have different of gametes .


F2 : Meiosis produced different of genetic mass in the gametes.
F3 : It occur when homologous chromosomes randomly arrange in
Meiosis I / Crossing-over in Meiosis I
F4 : Fertilization / combination of gametes in randomly

e. Diagram 1.3 shows the formation of cancer cell in epithelium.

Epithelium cells

Cancerous cells

Based on diagram 1.3 , explain how the cancer happens.

F1 : Normal cells absorbed UV rays


F2 : Uncontrolled mitosis // Increasing of cell rate greatly // change
of cell form

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2. Meiosis is involved in the production of gametes for sexual reproduction. Offspring


produced by sexual reproduction differ genetically from one another and from the
parents. Draw a diagram and explain briefly how meiosis makes genetic variation
possible.

3. Diagram shows the differences that occur in a family member.

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Based on diagram 8, identify the differences among the family members. Discuss how
the differences are inherited.
Example :
Father has curly hair.
Mother has straight hair
Daughter has curly hair.
Ei : Gametogenesis is the production of gametes in the gonads
Eii :
o Crossing-over/exchange of genetic material during meiosis I between
pairs of homologous chromosomes.
o Arrangement of homologous chromosomes during metaphase I occurs
randomly
o Total number of haploid chromosomes
Eiii :
o Fertilisation between gametes occurs randomly
o The number of combination between the ovum and any one sperm is very
great
Eiv : Recombinations of chromosomes resulting in the production of an
offspring
with various characteristics
Ev : Offsprings display phenotypes based on dominant alleles.

4.

Diagram 2.1 shows phase X and phase Y in the cell cycle of an organism.
Phase X consists of three sub-phases, P, Q and R. Phase Y involves two
processes, U and Y.

Diagram 2.1

(a)

(i)

Name process U.
Mitosis

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(ii)

State two roles of process U in an organism.

Replacing dead cells

Damaged tissues to be repaired

Increase the number of cells/ Growth development

Asexually reproduction
[ any two ]

(b)

Diagram 2.2 shows the various stages in process U.

Diagram 2.2

(i)

Based on Diagram 2.2 complete the correct sequence of stages in


process U.

Stage
IV

(ii)

Stage

Stage

II

III

Stage
I

Name the stages in process U.

Stage

Name of stage

Telophase

II

Metaphase

III

Anaphase

IV

Prophase
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(c) (i)

Name phase X in Diagram 2.1.


Interphase

(ii)

(d)

Describe what happens in the cell during phase X.

Chromatin undergoes replication

Enzyme and protein are synthesised

Cytoplasm and number of organelles increase

A technique which involves the cell cycle shown in Diagram 2.1 could
used in cattle farming. A researcher use the technique to increase the
number of beef cattle. Describe the technique.

Cell from the cattle is chose.

Nucleus is transferred from a somatic cell.

To an ovum / embryonic cell with the nucleus removed

The somatic nucleus transferred to ovum

The cells divides repeatedly, forming an embryo

The embryo is then implanted into a surrogate mother.

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