Training - ArcGIS Training Manual-Basic - 2011

MinistryofFoodandDisasterManagement
DisasterManagementandReliefDivision
ComprehensiveDisasterManagementProgramme
Think Spatially
ArcGIS Basic
ArcGISBasic
Cover Image: A segment of

Dhaka City showing planned
(Gulshan) and unplanned
(Badda) area captured from
GoogleEarth.
Cover Design: Md. Shahidul

IslamwiththehelpofMSOffice
CoverPageTemplate
Layout Design: Md. Shahidul

Islam
Manual Development: Md.

Shahidul Islam [compiling from
ESRIsUsingArcMap]
Version1.1
July2011
ComprehensiveDisasterManagementProgramme(CDMPII),DMRD,MoFDM
ArcGISBasic
TableofContents
ModuleI:Introduction:GIS,RS,GPS............................................................................................................................4
ModuleII:ArcMapBasics(ArcGIS).............................................................................................................................12
ModuleIII:DisplayingData.........................................................................................................................................27
ModuleIV:WorkingwithLayers.................................................................................................................................38
ModuleV:SymbolizingFeatures.................................................................................................................................51
ModuleVI:WorkingwithLabels.................................................................................................................................67
ModuleVII:WorkingwithTables...............................................................................................................................78
ModuleVIII:QueryingMaps.....................................................................................................................................100
ModuleIX:GPSandGeoreferencing.105
ModuleX:MapLayoutandPrinting.........................................................................................................................117
ArcGISBasic
ModuleI
Introduction:GIS,RS,GPS
Inthismodule:
WhatisGeographicInformationSystems(GIS)
ComponentofGIS
GISSetup
VectorvsRaster
RemoteSensing(RS)
GlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)
ArcGISBasic
WhatisGIS?
In the strictest sense, a GIS is a computer system capable of assembling, storing, manipulating, and
displaying geographically referenced information, i.e. data identified according to their locations.
Practitionersalsoregardthetotal GISasincludingoperatingpersonnelandthe datathatgointothe
system.USGS
Ageographicinformationsystem(GIS)isacomputerbasedtoolformappingandanalyzingthingsthat
existandeventsthathappenonearth.GIStechnologyintegratescommondatabaseoperationssuchas
queryandstatisticalanalysiswiththeuniquevisualizationandgeographicanalysisbenefitsofferedby
maps.ESRI
GIS is an integrated system of computer hardware, software, and trained personnel linking
topographic, demographic, utility, facility, image and other resource data that is geographically
referenced.NASA
Therefore, a geographic information system (GIS) integrates hardware, software, and data for
capturing,managing,analyzing,anddisplayingallformsofgeographicallyreferencedinformation.GIS
allows us to view, understand, question, interpret, and visualize data in many ways that reveal
relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, globes, reports, and charts. A GIS helps you
answerquestionsandsolveproblemsbylookingatyourdatainawaythatisquicklyunderstoodand
easilyshared.
GISisatechnologicalfieldthatincorporatesgeographicalfeatureswithtabulardatainordertomap,
analyze,andassessrealworldproblems.ThekeywordtothistechnologyisGeographythismeans
thatsomeportionofthedataisspatial,inotherwords,datathatisinsomewayreferencedtolocations
ontheearth.Coupledwiththisdataisusuallytabulardataknownasattributedata.Attributedatacan
begenerallydefinedasadditionalinformationabouteachofthespatialfeatures.Anexampleofthis
would be schools. The actual location of the schools is the spatial data. Additional data such as the
school name, level of education taught, student capacity would make up the attribute data. It is the
partnership of these two data types that enables GIS to be such an effective problem solving tool
throughspatialanalysis.
GIS operates on many levels. On the most basic level, GIS is used as computer cartography, i.e.
mapping.TherealpowerinGISisthroughusingspatialandstatisticalmethodstoanalyzeattributeand
geographic information. The end result of the analysis can be derivative information, interpolated
informationorprioritizedinformation.
ArcGISBasic
ComponentsofGIS
Hardware:comprisestheequipmentneededtosupportthemanyactivitiesofGISrangingfromdata
collection to data analysis. The central piece of equipment is the workstation, which runs the GIS
softwareandistheattachmentpointforancillaryequipment.Datacollectioneffortscanalsorequire
theuseofadigitizer/ScannerforconversionofhardcopydatatodigitaldataandaGPSdataloggerto
collectdatainthefield.PlottercanbeusedforprintingwideformatMaps.
Software: is important for GIS. Application software is essential for GIS for creating, editing and
analyzing spatial and attributes data. To perform some special GIS processing needs extra software,
which comes as extension. There is also web GIS software that helps serve data through Internet
browsers.
Data:thecoreofanyGIS.TherearetwoprimarytypesofdatathatareusedinGIS.Ageodatabaseisa
databasethatisinsomewayreferencedtolocationsontheearth.Geodatabasesaregroupedintotwo
differenttypes:vectorandraster.Vectordataisspatialdatarepresentedaspoints,linesandpolygons.
Raster data is cellbased data such as aerial imagery and digital elevation models. Coupled with this
data is usually data known as attribute data. Attribute data generally defined as additional
information about each spatial feature housed in tabular format. Documentation of GIS datasets is
knownasmetadata.Metadatacontainssuchinformationasthecoordinatesystem,whenthedatawas
created,whenitwaslastupdated,whocreateditandhowtocontactthemanddefinitionsforanyof
thecodeattributedata.
People: Welltrained people knowledgeable in spatial analysis and skilled in using GIS software are
essentialtotheGISprocess.Thesecanbeanalyst,programmerandoperator
ArcGISBasic
GISSetup
MoreonData(VectorVsRaster)
Raster and vector are two very different but

common data formats used to store geospatial
data.
VectordatauseXandYcoordinatestodefinethe
locations of points, lines, and areas (polygons)
thatcorrespondtomapfeaturessuchasschools,
roads, and parcels. As such, vector data tend to
definecentersandedgesoffeatures.
Raster data, on the other hand, use a matrix of
square areas to define where features are
located. These squares, also called pixels, cells,
andgrids,typicallyareofuniformsize,andtheir
sizedeterminesthedetailthatcanbemaintained
in the dataset. Because raster data represent
square areas, they describe interiors rather than
boundaries as is the case with vector data.
Vector data are excellent for capturing and

storingspatialdetails,whilerasterdataarewell
suited for capturing, storing, and analyzing data
such as elevation, temperature, etc. that vary
continuously from location to location. Raster
data formats also are used to store aerial and
satelliteimagery.
ArcGISBasic
ConceptofLayers
DatacapturingforGIS
There are many sources for data capturing to feed into GIS. Here two options will be discussed very
briefly
(a) RemoteSensing(RS)datasets;(b)GlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)
WhatisRemoteSensing(RS)
RemoteSensingisthescienceandartofacquiringinformation(spectral,spatial,andtemporal)about
objects, area, or phenomenon, without coming into physical contact with the objects, or area, or
phenomenon under investigation. Without direct contact, some means of transferring information
throughspacemustbeutilized.
Herearetwomaintypesofremotesensing:passiveremotesensingandactiveremotesensing.Passive
sensors detect natural radiation that is emitted or reflected by the object or surrounding area being
observed. Reflected sunlight is the most common source of radiation measured by passive sensors.
Examples of passive remote sensors include film photography, infrared, chargecoupled devices, and
radiometers. Active collection, on the other hand, emits energy in order to scan objects and areas
whereuponasensorthendetectsandmeasurestheradiationthatisreflectedorbackscatteredfromthe
target. RADAR is an example of active remote sensing where the time delay between emission and
returnismeasured,establishingthelocation,height,speedsanddirectionofanobject.
Bysatellite,aircraft,spacecraftimages,dataiscreatedtoanalyzeandcomparethingslikevegetation
rates,erosion,pollution,forestry,weather,andlanduse.Thesethingscanbemapped,imaged,tracked
and observed. The process of remote sensing is also helpful for city planning, archaeological
investigations,militaryobservationandgeomorphologicalsurveying.
Resolution(Spatial):Spatialresolutionisameasureofthesmallestobjectthatcanberesolvedbythe
sensor,orthelineardimensiononthegroundrepresentedbyeachpixelorgridcellintheimage
ArcGISBasic
Resolution(Temporal):TemporalResolutionisthefrequencyofflyoversbythesatelliteorplanewhich
referstothelengthoftimeittakesforasatellitetocompleteoneentireorbitcycle.Therevisitperiodof
asatellitesensorisusuallyseveraldays.Thereforetheabsolutetemporalresolutionofaremotesensing
systemtoimagetheexactsameareaatthesameviewingangleasecondtimeisequaltothisperiod
WhatisGlobalPositioningSystem(GPS)
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a space-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) that
provides location and time information in all weather, anywhere on or near the Earth, where there is an
unobstructed line of sight to four or more GPS satellites. It is maintained by the United States
government and is freely accessible by anyone with a GPS receiver.
GPS was created and realized by the U.S. Department of Defense (USDOD) and was originally run with
24 satellites. It became fully operational in 1994.
In addition to GPS, other systems are in use or under development. The Russian GLObal NAvigation
Satellite System (GLONASS) was in use by only the Russian military, until it was made fully available to
civilians in 2007. There are also the planned Chinese Compass navigation system and the European
Union's Galileo positioning system.
BasicConceptofGPS
A GPS receiver calculates its position by precisely timing the signals sent by GPS satellites high above
the Earth. Each satellite continually transmits messages that include
thetimethemessagewastransmitted
preciseorbitalinformation(theephemeris)
thegeneralsystemhealthandroughorbitsofallGPSsatellites(thealmanac).
The receiver uses the messages it receives to determine the transit time of each message and computes
the distance to each satellite. These distances along with the satellites' locations are used with the
possible aid of trilateration, depending on which algorithm is used, to compute the position of the
receiver. This position is then displayed, perhaps with a moving map display or latitude and longitude;
elevation information may be included. Many GPS units show derived information such as direction and
speed, calculated from position changes.
Three satellites might seem enough to solve for position since space has three dimensions and a position
near the Earth's surface can be assumed. However, even a very small clock error multiplied by the very
large speed of light the speed at which satellite signals propagate results in a large positional error.
Therefore receivers use four or more satellites to solve for the receiver's location and time.
ArcGISBasic
GPSStructure
The current GPS consists of three major segments. These are the space segment (SS), a control segment
(CS), and a user segment (US.). The U.S. Air Force develops, maintains, and operates the space and
control segments. GPS satellites broadcast signals from space and each GPS receiver uses these signals
to calculate its three-dimensional location (latitude, longitude, and altitude) and the current time.
The space segment is composed of 24 to 32 satellites in medium Earth orbit. The control segment is
composed of a master control station, an alternate master control station, and a host of dedicated and
shared ground antennas and monitor stations. The user segment is composed of hundreds of thousands
of U.S. and allied military users of the secure GPS Precise Positioning Service and tens of millions of
civil, commercial, and scientific users of the Standard Positioning Service.
Space Segment: The space segment (SS) is composed

of the orbiting GPS satellites or Space Vehicles (SV)
in GPS parlance. There are six orbits with four
satellites each. The six orbits have approximately 55
inclination (tilt relative to Earth's equator) The orbits
are arranged so that at least six satellites are always
within line of sight from almost everywhere on
Earth's surface. In general terms, the angular

difference between satellites in each orbit is 30, 105,
120, and 105 degrees apart which, of course, sum to
360 degrees.
Orbiting at an altitude of approximately 20,200 km

(12,600 mi); orbital radius of approximately
26,600 km (16,500 mi).
Control Segment: The control segment is composed
of
1.
2.
3.
4.
The flight paths of the satellites are tracked by

dedicated U.S. Air Force monitoring stations in
Hawaii, Kwajalein, Ascension Island, Diego Garcia,

Colorado Springs, Colorado and Cape Canaveral
10
amastercontrolstation(MCS),
analternatemastercontrolstation,
fourdedicatedgroundantennasand
sixdedicatedmonitorstations
ArcGISBasic
User Segment: In general, GPS receivers are
composed of an antenna, tuned to the frequencies

transmittedbythesatellites,receiverprocessors,and
ahighlystableclock(oftenacrystaloscillator).They
mayalsoincludeadisplayforprovidinglocationand
speed information to the user. A receiver is often
described by its number of channels: this signifies
how many satellites it can monitor simultaneously.
Originally limited to four or five, this has
progressively increased over the years so that, as of
2007, receivers typically have between 12 and
20channels
GPSApplications
Newdatacapturing
Navigation
VehicleTrackingSystem
Georeferencingetc
11
ArcGISBasic
ModuleII
ArcMapBasics(ArcGIS)
As it implies, ArcMap is used to make maps. It is a

mapcentricsoftwareapplication.InArcMap,amap
document (.mxd) is how a map is stored, shared,
and managed on your computer. This map
document contains not only the traditional
cartographic elements of a map, but also the
environment,oruserinterface,youusetoworkwith
that map. ArcMap is where you can perform your
spatial analysis and querying along with editing, 3D
analysis,datadevelopment,anddisplay.
Inthismodule:
StartingArcMapandopeningamap
Usingthetableofcontents
Dataviewandlayoutview
Movingaroundthemap
Settingbookmarks
Openingmagnifierandoverviewwindows
Exploringdataonamap
Gettinghelp
SavingamapandexitingArcMap
12
ArcGISBasic
StartingArcMapfromtheStartmenu
1.ClicktheStartbuttonontheWindows
taskbar.
2.PointtoPrograms.
3.PointtoArcGIS.
4.ClickArcMap.
StartingArcMapfromArcCatalog
1.ClicktheLaunchArcMapbuttononthe
Standardtoolbar
TheArcMapWindow
13
ArcGISBasic
OpeningaMapfromArcMap
1.ClicktheOpenbuttonontheStandard
toolbar.
2.ClicktheLookindropdownarrowand
navigatetothefolderthatcontainsthe
map.
3.Clickthemapyouwanttoopen.
4.ClickOpen.
OpeningaMapfromArcCatalog
1.StartArcCatalogifitisntalreadyrunning.
2. In ArcCatalog, navigate to the folder that
containsyourmap.
3. Click the Thumbnails button to look at the
mapsthefoldercontains.
4.DoubleclickthemaptoopenitinArcMap.
TableofContents(TOC):Everymaphasatableofcontents.Itshowswhatlayersthemapcontains
and also how the map presents the geographic features in those layers. Some maps display all the
layersinonedataframe.Others,suchasthosewithinsetsandoverviews,willhavemorethanonedata
frame.TheTOCshowshowthelayersareorganizedintodataframes.Whenviewingamap,youlluse
theTOCprimarilytoturnlayersonandoff.Asyoubeginbuildingyourownmaps,youllfindthatthe
TOCisthefocalpointformanytasks,suchasaddinganddeletinglayersanddetermininghowtodraw
layers.YoucanchoosetodisplaythetableofcontentswiththeDisplay,Source,orSelectiontabs.
The table of contents lists all the layers on the map and shows what the features in each layer
14
ArcGISBasic
represent. The check box next to each layer indicates whether it is currently turned on or off, that is,
whetheritiscurrentlydrawnonthemapornot.Theorderoflayerswithinthetableofcontentsisalso
important;thelayersatthetopdrawontopofthosebelowthem.Thus,youllputthelayersthatform
thebackgroundofyourmap,suchastheocean,atthebottomofthetableofcontents.
Layersinthetableofcontentscanbefurtherorganizedintodataframes.Adataframesimplygroups,
inaseparateframe,thelayersthatyouwanttodisplaytogether.Youalwaysgetadataframewhen
you create a map; its listed at the top of the table of contents as Layers, but you can change the
nametosomethingmoremeaningfulifyoulike.Formanyofthemapsyoumake,youwontneedto
think much more about data frames; youll just add layers to your map and, depending on how you
ordertheminthetableofcontents,somelayerswilldrawontopofothers.Youwillwanttothinkmore
about data framesand adding additional oneswhen you want to compare layers side by side or
createinsetsandoverviewsthathighlightaparticularlocationorattribute.
ShowingtheTableofContents
1.ClickWindowontheMainmenu.
2.ClickTableOfContents
TurningaLayerOnorOff
1.Inthetableofcontents,checktheboxnext
tothelayersname.
Thelayershouldappearonyourmap.Ifyou
cantseethelayer,itmaybehiddenby
anotherlayerordisplayonlyataparticular
scale.
15
ArcGISBasic
ShowingaLayersLEGEND
1.Clicktheplusorminussigntotheleftofthe
layernameinthetableofcontentstoshow
orhideitslegend.
ShowingthecontentofaDataFrame
1.Clicktheplusorminussigntotheleftofthe
dataframeinthetableofcontentstoshow
orhidethelistoflayersitcontains.
16
ArcGISBasic
SwitchingtoDataView
1.ClicktheViewmenuontheStandard
toolbar.
2.ClickDataView.TheArcMapwindow
displaystheactivedataframe.
DataViewandLayoutView: ArcMapprovidestwodifferentwaystoview amap:dataviewand

layoutview.Eachviewletsyoulookatandinteractwiththemapinaspecificway.Whenyouwantto
browse the geographic data on your map, choose data view. Data view is an allpurpose view for
exploring,displaying,andqueryingthedataonyourmap.Thisviewhidesallthemapelementsonthe
layoutsuch as titles, North arrows, and scalebars and lets you focus on the data in a single data
frame,forinstance,todoeditingoranalysis.Whenyourepreparingyourmaptohangonthewall,put
inareport,orpublishontheWeb,youllwanttoworkwithitinlayoutview.Layoutviewisforlaying
out your map. In layout view, youll see a virtual page upon which you can place and arrange map
elements.Inlayoutview,youcandoalmosteverythingyoucanindataview,plusdesignyourmap.
SwitchingtoLayoutView
1.ClicktheViewmenuontheStandard
toolbar.
2.ClickLayoutView.TheArcMapwindow
displaystheentiremap
17
ArcGISBasic
Zoominginorout
Zoomingtothefullextentofthedata
1.ClicktheZoomInorZoomOutbuttonon
theToolstoolbar.
2.Movethemousepointeroverthemap&
clickoncetozoomaroundapoint.Orclick
anddragarectangledefiningtheareayou
wanttozoominorouton.
3.ClicktheFullExtentbuttonontheToolstoolbar.
Panning
4.ClickthePanbuttonontheToolstoolbar.
5.Movethemousepointeroverthemapdisplayandclick
anddragthepointer.
Movingbackorforwardondisplay
6.ClicktheBackorForwardExtentbuttonsontheToolstoolbar.
Zoomingtotheextentofalayer
1.Rightclickthelayersyouwanttozoomto.
2.ClickZoomToLayer.
18
ArcGISBasic
Zoomingtospecificscale
1.TypethedesiredscaleontheStandard
toolbar.
SpatialBookmark:Aspatialbookmarkidentifiesaparticulargeographiclocationthatyouwantto
saveandrefertolater.Forexample,youmightcreateaspatialbookmarkthatidentifiesastudyarea.
Thatway,asyoupanandzoomaroundyourmap,youcaneasilyreturntothestudyareabyaccessing
thebookmark.Youcanalsousespatialbookmarkstohighlightareasonyourmapyouwantothersto
see.Youcancreateaspatialbookmarkatanytime.Asashortcut,youcanalsocreatebookmarkswhen
youfindandidentifymapfeatures.Spatialbookmarks,however,canonlybedefinedonspatialdata;
theycantbedefinedonanareaofthepageinlayoutview.Eachdataframeonyourmapmaintainsits
ownlistofbookmarks.Inlayoutview,thelistreflectsthebookmarksoftheactivedataframe.
CreatingaSpatialbookmark
1. Pan and zoom the map to the area for

whichyouwanttocreateabookmark.
2.ClicktheBookmarksmenu,andclickCreate.
3.Typeanameforthebookmark.
4.ClickOK.
19
ArcGISBasic
UsingaSpatialbookmark
1. Click the Bookmarks menu, and click the

nameofthebookmarkyouwanttouse.
Thebookmarkeddisplayappears.
CreatingspatialbookmarkusingIdentifydialogbox
1.ClicktheIdentifybuttonontheTool
toolbar.
2.Clickthemousepointeroverthemap
featuretoidentify.
3.Rightclicktheidentifiedfeatureinthe
IdentifyResultsdialogbox.
4.ClickSetBookmark.
Thebookmarkisnamedafterthefeature.
CreatingspatialbookmarkfromFinddialogbox
1.ClicktheFindbuttonontheToolstoolbar.
2.Fillinthedialogboxtofindthefeaturesyou
want.
3.RightclicktheValueintheFindResultslist.
4.ClickSetBookmark.
Thebookmarkisnamedafterthefeature.
20
ArcGISBasic
RemovingaSpatialbookmark
1. Click the Bookmarks menu, and click

Manage.
2.Clickabookmark.
3.ClickRemove.
OpeningaMagnifierWindow
1.ClicktheWindowmenuandclickMagnifier.
Youmustbeviewingthemapindataview
todisplayamagnifierwindow.
2. When the magnifier window appears, drag

itoverthedatatoseeamagnifiedview.
3.RightclickthetitlebarandclickSnapshotto
locktheview.
OpeninganOverviewWindow
1.ClicktheWindowmenuandclickOverview.
Youmustbeviewingthemapindataviewto
displayanoverviewwindow.
2. Drag, shrink, or expand the box in the

overview window to change the map
displayintheactivedataframe.
21
ArcGISBasic
ExploringDataonaMap:Sometimesjustlookingatamapisntenough.Youneedtoquerydatato
solveproblems.ArcMapletsyouexplorethedataonthemapandgettheinformationyouneed.You
can point at features to find out what they are, find features that have a particular characteristic or
attribute,examinealltheattributesofaparticularlayer,andmeasuredistancesonthemap.MapTips
alsoprovideaquickwaytobrowsemapfeatures.LikeToolTipsfortoolbarbuttons,MapTipspopupas
youpausethemousepointeroverafeature.
Identifyingfeaturesbypointingatthem
1.ClicktheIdentifybuttonontheTools
toolbar.
2.Clickthemousepointeroverthemap
featureyouwanttoidentify.
Thefeaturesinallvisiblelayersunderthe
pointerwillbeidentified.
Viewingalayersattributetable
1.Inthetableofcontents,rightclickthelayer
forwhichyouwanttodisplaytheattribute
table.
2.ClickOpenAttributeTable.
22
ArcGISBasic
Findingfeatureswithparticularattributes
1.ClicktheFindbuttonontheToolstoolbar.
2.TypethestringyouwanttofindintheFind
textbox.
3.ClicktheInlayersdropdownarrowandclick
thelayeryouwanttosearch.
4.UncheckFindfeaturesthataresimilartoor
containthesearchstringifthestringmust
matchexactly.
5.Searchforthestringinallfields,inaspecific
field,orintheprimarydisplayfield.
6.ClickFind.
MeasuringDistance
1.ClicktheMeasurebuttonontheTools
toolbar.
2.Usethemousepointertodrawaline
representingthedistanceyouwantto
measure.Thelinecanhavemorethanone
linesegment.
3.Doubleclicktoendtheline.
GettingHelp:AquickwaytolearnwhatArcMapcandoistogethelpaboutthebuttonsandmenu
commandsyouseeontheinterface.AfterclickingtheWhatsThis?button,youcanclickaniteminthe
windowtodisplayapopupdescriptionofit.SometimesadialogboxwillalsohaveaHelpbuttononthe
bottom; clicking it opens a Help topic with detailed information about the task youre trying to
accomplish.MuchoftheinformationinthisbookisavailableintheArcGISDesktopHelpsystem.The
Helptopicsareorganizedaroundthemaintasksyouwanttocompleteaswellastheconceptsbehind
thetasks.YoucanlookupgeneralHelptopicsintheHelpContents.YoucansearchtheIndexforspecific
tasks and issues. You can also use the Find tab to look up Help topics that have specific words or
phrases.
Tipsforbuttonsandmenus: Whenyoupausethemousepointer overabutton,thebuttonsname
appearsinasmallboxcalledaToolTip.Whenyoupositionthemousepointeroverabuttonormenu
command,adescriptionofwhatitdoesappearsinthestatusbar.
23
ArcGISBasic
UsingtheHelpContentstogetHelp
1.ClicktheHelpmenuandclickArcGIS
DesktopHelp.
2.ClicktheContentstab.
3.Doubleclickabooktoseealistofthe
topicsinthatcategory.
Doubleclickinganopenbookclosesitslist.
4.Clickthetopicyouwanttoread.
SearchingtheIndexforhelp
DesktopHelp.
2.ClicktheIndextab.
3.Typethesubjectaboutwhichyouwant
information.
4.Doubleclickthetopicyouwanttoread.
Ifseveraltopicsarerelatedtoyour
selection,theTopicsFounddialogbox
appears.Simplydoubleclickthetopicyou
wanttoread.
FindingHelptopicscontainingspecificword
DesktopHelp.
2.ClicktheSearchtab.
3.Typethewordthatshouldbecontainedin
thetopicsyouwanttofind.
4.ClickListTopics.
5.Doubleclickthetopicyouwanttoread.
24
ArcGISBasic
SavingaMapandExitingArcMap: After you finish working on a map, you can save it and exit
ArcMap.Yousaveamapasadocumentandstoreitonyourharddisk.Ifyouhaventsavedthemap
before,youllneedtonameit,preferablywithanamethatadequatelydescribesitscontents.ArcMap
automatically appends a file extension (.mxd) to your map document name. The data displayed on a
mapisnotsavedwithit.MaplayersreferencethedatasourcesinyourGISdatabase.Thishelpstokeep
map documents relatively small in size. So if you plan to distribute your map to others, theyll need
accesstoboththemapdocumentandthedatayourmapreferences.Ingeneral,itsagoodideatosave
yourmapperiodicallywhileeditingitjustincasesomethingunexpectedhappens.
SavingaMap
1.ClicktheSavebuttonontheStandard
toolbar.
Ifyouhaventsavedthemap
before,youllneedtoprovide
anameforit.
Savingamapasnewmap
1.ClicktheFilemenuandclickSaveAs.
2.Navigatetothelocationtosavethemap
document.
3.Typeafilename.
4.ClicktheSaveastypedropdownarrowand
clickArcMapDocuments.
5.ClickSave.
25
ArcGISBasic
Savingamapasamaptemplate
1.ClicktheFilemenuandclickSaveAs.
2.Navigatetothelocationtosavethemap
template.
3.Typeafilename.
clickArcMapTemplate.
5.ClickSave.
ExitingArcMap
1.ClicktheFilemenuandclickExit.
2.ClickYestosaveanychanges,Notodiscard
anychanges,orCanceltocontinueworking
onyourmap.
26
ArcGISBasic
ModuleIII
DisplayingData
Thefirststeptocreatingamapistolocatethedata
youwanttoputonit.Findingdatamaybeassimple
as using ArcCatalog to browse your organizations
GIS database or the spatial data distributed with
ArcMap.
InthisModule,youlllearnhowto:
Creatinganewmap
Addinglayers
Addingshapefiles
AddingdatafromtheInternet
Creatingandaddinganewfeatureclass
Aboutcoordinatesystems
Specifyingacoordinatesystem
Referencingdataonamap
27
ArcGISBasic
CreatingaNewMapfromStartupDialogBox
1.StartArcMap.
2.Clicktocreateanewemptymap,createa
mapfromatemplate,orbrowseforan
existingmap.
3.ClickOK.
CreatingaNewEmptyMap
1.ClicktheNewbuttonontheStandard
toolbartocreateanewemptymap.
Ifyouhaveamapopenalready,youllbe
promptedtosaveyourchanges.
1.StartArcCatalogfromtheStartmenu.
2.ArrangetheArcCatalogandArcMap
windowssoyoucanseebothonthescreen.
3.Navigatetothelayeryouwanttoaddtothe
map.
4.ClickanddragthelayerfromArcCatalog.
5.Dropthelayeroverthemapdisplayin
ArcMap.
Thelayeriscopiedtothemap.Any
subsequenteditsmadetothelayerondisk
willnotbereflectedonthismap.
AddingaLayerfromArcCatalog
28
ArcGISBasic
AddingLayerfromtheAddDataButton
1.ClicktheAddDatabuttonontheStandard
toolbar.
layer.
3.Clickthelayer.
4.ClickAdd.
Thenewlayerappearsonyourmap.
AddingaLayerfromanotherMap
1.Openthemapthatcontainsthelayeryou
wanttocopy.
andclickSaveAsLayerFile.
navigatetothefolderwhereyouwantto
savethelayer.
4.Typeanameforthelayer.
5.ClickSave.
toolbartoopenthemapyouwanttoadd
thelayerto.
7.ClicktheAddDatabutton.
layer.
9.Clickthelayer.
10.ClickAdd
29
ArcGISBasic
1.StartArcCatalogfromtheStartmenu.
2.ArrangetheArcCatalogandArcMap
windowssothatyoucanseebothonthe
screen.
3.Navigatetothedatasourceyouwanttoadd
tothemap.
4.Clickanddragthedatasourcefrom
ArcCatalog.
5.Dropthedatasourceoverthemapdisplay
inArcMap.ArcMapcreatesanewlayeron
themapthatreferencesthedatasource.
AddingDatafromArcCatalog
AddingDatainArcMap
1.ClicktheAddDatabuttonontheStandard
toolbar.
navigatetothefolderthatcontainsthedata
source.
3.Clickthedatasource.
4.ClickAdd.
ArcMapcreatesanewlayeronthemapthat
referencesthedatasource.
30
ArcGISBasic
andclickProperties.
2.ClicktheDefinitionQuerytab.
3.TypeanexpressionorclickQueryBuilder.
TheQueryBuilderletsyoucreatean
expressiontoidentifytheparticularfeatures
inthelayeryouwanttodisplay.For
example,youmightchoosetodisplayonly
thosecitieswithapopulationgreaterthan
1,000,000.
4.ClickOK.
DisplayingaSubsetoftheFeatures
Specifyingacoordinatesystem: If all the data you want to display on your map is stored in the same
coordinatesystem,you canjustaddittoamapandnot considerwhetherthelayerswill overlayproperly;they
will.If, however,youve collecteddata fromavarietyofsources,youll needtoknow whatcoordinate system
eachdatasetusesto ensureArcMapcandisplay themtogether. Whenyouaddalayertoan emptydataframe,
that layer sets the coordinate system for the data frame; you can change it later if necessary. As you add
subsequentlayers,theyare automaticallytransformedtothedataframescoordinatesystemaslongastheres
enoughinformationassociatedwiththelayersdatasourcetodetermineitscurrentcoordinatesystem.Ifthere
isntenoughinformation,ArcMapwillbeunabletoalignthedataanddisplayitcorrectly.Inthiscase,youllhave
tosupplythenecessarycoordinatesysteminformationyourself.
Forcoverages,shapefiles,andrasters,itsstoredondiskinaseparatefilenamedafterthedatasourcebutwitha
.prj file extension (for example, streets.prj). These files are optional files; thus you may still need to define the
coordinate system for one of these data sources. You can create a .prj file with ArcCatalog. If no coordinate
systeminformationisassociatedwithadatasource,ArcMapwillexaminethecoordinatevaluestoseeiftheyfall
withintherange:180to180forxvaluesand90to90foryvalues.Iftheydo,ArcMapassumesthattheseare
geographic coordinates of latitude and longitude.If the values are not in this range, ArcMap simply treats the
valuesasplanarx,ycoordinates.
31
ArcGISBasic
Displayingdatawithapredefinedcoordinatesystem
1.Rightclickthedataframethatyouwantto
setthecoordinatesystemofandclick
Properties.
2.ClicktheCoordinateSystemtab.
3.DoubleclickPredefined.
4.Navigatethroughthefoldersuntilyoufind
thecoordinatesystemyouwantandclickit.
5.ClickOK.
Alllayersinthedataframewillnowbe
displayedwiththatcoordinatesystem.
32
ArcGISBasic
Modifyingtheparametersofacoordinatesystem
1.Rightclickthedataframewhosecoordinate
systemyouwanttomodifyandclick
Properties.
2.ClicktheCoordinateSystemtab.
3.ClickModify.
4.Adjustthecoordinatesystempropertiesas
appropriate.
5.ClickOK.
6.ClickOKontheDataFrameProperties
dialogbox.
33
ArcGISBasic
Settingtheunitsforreportinglengthsand displayingcoordinates
1.Rightclickthedataframeandclick
Properties.
2.ClicktheGeneraltab.
3.ClicktheMapdropdownarrowandclickthe
appropriateunits.
Themapunitsoptionisonlyavailablewhen
yourdatahasnocoordinatesystem
informationassociatedwithit.
4.ClicktheDisplaydropdownarrowandclick
theappropriateunits.
5.ClickOK
Referencingdataonamap:Whenyouaddalayertoyourmap,ArcMapreferencesthedatasourcethe
layerisbasedon.Whenyousavethemap,thedatareferencesarestoredwithit.Thenexttimeyouopenyour
map,ArcMaplocatesthedatabasedonthereferences.IfArcMapcantfindadatasource,youllneedtoeither
locatethedatasourceyourselforignorethereference,inwhichcasethelayerwontbedrawn.Ifyouplanon
distributingyourmapstoothers,theyllneedaccesstothedatareferencedonit.Iftheyhaveaccesstothedata
forexample,datastoredonaservertheycansimplyupdatethereferencestothedataifnecessary.Iftheydont
have access to the data, youll probably have to distribute the data with your map. To help make it easier to
distributedatawithyourmap,ArcMapallowsyoutostorerelativepathnamestodatasourcesreferencedona
map.Thisletsyou,forexample,distributeyourmapanddatainthesamedirectory.Thereferencesstoredinthe
maparecorrectregardlessofwheretheyareplacedondisk.
Repairing and updating data links: When you first open a map, ArcMap searches for the data
34
ArcGISBasic
referencedbythelayersonthemap.Ifitcantfindthedataforexample,becausethedatahasbeen
movedthelayerwontdisplay.Youcanimmediatelytellwhichlayersonyourmaphavebrokenlinks
becauseyoullseearedexclamationmarknexttotheirnamesinthetableofcontents.Ifyouknowthe
newlocationofthedata,youcanrepairthelink.Youcanalsoupdatethelinktoalayersdatasource.
Youmightwanttodothiswhen,forexample,youwanttoretainthelayersdisplaypropertiesbutuse
anupdatedattributetable.
Storingrelativepathnamestodata
1.ClicktheFilemenuandclickDocument
Properties.
2.ClickDataSourceOptions.
3.ClickStorerelativepathnames.
4.ClickOK.
5.ClickOKontheDocumentPropertiesdialog
box.
35
ArcGISBasic
1.Locatethelayerwiththebrokenlinkinthe
tableofcontents.Itwillhaveared
exclamationmarknexttoit.
2.Rightclickthelayer,pointtoData,andclick
RepairDataSource.
navigatetothelocationofthedatasource.
5.ClicktheAddbutton.Thelinktothedata
sourceisnowupdated.
Repairingbrokendatasourcelinks
36
ArcGISBasic
Updatingalinktoadatasource
andclickProperties.
2.ClicktheSourcetab.
3.ClickSetDataSource.
navigatetothedatasource.
6.ClickAdd.
37
ArcGISBasic
ModuleIV
WorkingwithLayers
Youcanthinkofalayerasaspecificwaytodisplay
and work with geographic data. Layers exist within
mapsandcanbesavedindependentlyofmapsina
database or as a layer file (.lyr). In fact, many
organizations save layers for their staff to access
rather than providing direct access to the
organizationsgeographicdata.Thishelpstoensure
thatthoseaccessingthedataareviewingthesame
information.
Addinglayers
Changingalayerstext
Aboutthedrawingorder
Copyinglayers
Removinglayersfromthemap
Groupinglayers
Savingalayertodisk
Accessinglayerproperties
Displayingalayeratspecificscales
Creatingatransparentlayer
Changingtheappearanceofthetableofcontents
Usingdataframestoorganizelayers
38
ArcGISBasic
1.Inthetableofcontents,clickthelayerto
selectit.
2.Clickagainoverthename.Thiswillhighlight
thenameandallowyoutochangeit.
3.TypethenewnameandpressEnter.
NOTE:Thisdoesnotchangetheactual
filename.
1.Inthetableofcontents,clickthetextyou
wanttochange.
2.Clickagainoverthetextstring.
Thiswillhighlightthestringandallowyouto
changeit.
3.TypethenewdescriptionandpressEnter
AddingalayerfileinArcMap
1.ClicktheFilemenuandclickAddData,or
clicktheAddDatabuttonontheStandard
toolbar.
navigatetothefoldercontainingyourlayer
file.
3.Clickthelayerfile.
4.ClickAdd.
ArcMapaddsthelayertoyourtableof
contentsusingthespecialpropertiesitwas
savedwith.
Changingthenameofalayer
Changingthemapfeaturelabel
39
ArcGISBasic
Movingalayertochangeitsdrawingorder
1.Inthetableofcontents,clickanddragthe
layerupordown.
Ablackbarindicateswherethelayerwillbe
placed.Thisbarindentstoreflectthe
positioninthelayerhierarchywherethe
dropwilloccur.
2.Releasethemousepointertodropthelayer
initsnewposition.
Copyingalayerbetweendataframes
1.Rightclickthelayerorlayersyouwantto
copytoanotherdataframeandclickCopy.
2.Rightclickthedataframeyouwanttocopy
thelayerorlayersintoandclickPaste
Layer(s).
Youcanalsodraganddropalayerfromone
dataframetoanother.
Ifyouwanttomoveyourlayerinsteadof
copyingitwhileyoudraganddrop,hold
downtheCtrlkeywhenyoudropthelayer.
1.Rightclickthelayerorlayersyouwantto
copytoanotherdataframeandclickCopy.
toolbarandopenthemapyouwanttocopy
thelayerorlayersinto.
3.Rightclickthedataframeyouwanttocopy
thelayerintoandclickPasteLayer(s).
Ifyoudontwanttocloseyouroriginalmap,
openanotherArcMapsession
Copyingalayertoanothermap
40
ArcGISBasic
1.Rightclickthedataframeinwhichyouwant
tocreateagrouplayer.
2.ClickNewGroupLayer.
Anewgrouplayerappearsinthetableof
contents.
Removingalayer
orlayersyouwanttoremove.
2.ClickRemove.
RemovingSeveralLayers
1.Inthetableofcontents,clickthefirstlayer
youwanttoremove.
2.HolddowntheShiftorCtrlkeyandclickto
selectadditionallayers.
3.RightclicktheselectionandclickRemove.
CreatingaGroupLayer
GroupingLayers:Whenyouwanttoworkwithseverallayersasonelayer,yougatherthemtogether
into a group layer. For example, suppose you have two layers on a map representing railroads and
highways. You might choose to group these layers together and name the resulting layer
transportation networks. A group layer appears and acts like an individual layer in the table of
contents.Turningoffagrouplayerturnsoffallitscomponentlayers.Thepropertiesofthegrouplayer
overrideanyconflictingpropertiesofitsconstituentlayers.
41
ArcGISBasic
Groupinglayersinthetableofcontents
1.Doubleclickthegrouplayerinthetableof
contentstodisplayitsproperties.
2.ClicktheGrouptab.
3.ClickAdd.
navigatetothedatasourceyouwanttoadd
tothegroup.
6.ClickAdd.
Tip:Ifthelayeryouwanttoaddtoagroup
isalreadyonthemap,youcandragand
dropitinthegroup.
1.HoldtheCtrlkeyandhighlightmultiple
layersinthetableofcontents.
2.Rightclickoneofthechosenlayers.
3.ClickGroup.
Anewgrouplayerappearsinthetableof
contentscontainingtheselectedlayers.
Addinglayerstoagrouplayer
42
ArcGISBasic
Removingalayerfromgrouplayer
1.Doubleclickthegrouplayerinthetableof
contentstodisplayitsproperties.
2.ClicktheGrouptab.
3.Clickthelayerthatyouwanttoremove.
4.ClickRemove.
5.ClickOK.
SavingaLayertoDisk:OneofthemainfeaturesofalayeristhatitcanexistasafileinyourGIS
database.Thismakesiteasyforotherstoaccessthelayersyouvebuilt.Whenyousavealayertodisk,
yousaveeverythingaboutthelayer.Whenyouaddthelayertoanothermap,itwilldrawexactlyasit
wassaved.Thisisveryconvenientwhenothersatyourorganizationneedtomakemapsbutdontknow
howtorepresentoraccessthedatainyourdatabase.Alltheyneedtodoisaddthelayer
Passinglayerstoothers:Dontforget,thelayerfileisjustalinktotheactualdatasource.Soifyou
arepassingthelayertoothers,besuretheyalsohavethedatareferredtointhelayer.
Savingalayertodisk
andclickSaveAsLayerFile.
navigatetothelocationwhereyouwantto
savethelayer.
3.Optionally,changethelayername.
4.ClickSave
43
ArcGISBasic
Displayinglayerproperties
andclickProperties.
2.Clickthetabcontainingthepropertiesyou
wanttoadjust.
3.Whenfinished,clickOK.
Displayingalayeratspecificscales:Tohelpyouautomaticallydisplaylayersattheappropriate
scale,youcansetalayersvisiblescalerangetodefinetherangeofscalesatwhichArcMapdrawsthe
layer.Wheneverthescaleofthe dataframeisoutsidethelayersvisiblescalerange,thelayerwont
draw. In this way, you can control how the map looks atvarious scales. For example, you can hide a
detailed layer that might otherwise clutter your map when you zoom out. You can also progressively
display more detailed layers as you zoom in on an area, that is, as the scale of the data frame gets
larger. Setting a visible scale range is especially useful if you are creating a map for others to use
becauseitmakesbrowsingthemapeasier.
44
ArcGISBasic
Settingtheminimumvisiblescaleforalayer
1.Rightclickthelayerinthetableofcontents
andclickProperties.
3.ClickDontshowlayerwhenzoomed.
4.Typeaminimumscaleforthelayer.
Ifyouzoomoutbeyondthisscale,thelayer
willnotbevisible.
5.ClickOK.
Settingthemaximumvisiblescaleforalayer
1.Rightclickthelayerinthetableofcontents
andclickProperties.
3.ClickDontshowlayerwhenzoomed.
4.Typeamaximumscaleforthelayer.
Ifyouzoominbeyondthisscale,thelayer
willnotbevisible.
5.ClickOK.
45
ArcGISBasic
Settingavisiblescalebasedonthecurrentscale
1.Adjustthedataframedisplaytothe
appropriatescale.
2.Rightclickthelayerforwhichyouwantto
setavisiblescale.
3.PointtoVisibleScaleRangeandclickSet
MaximumScaleorSetMinimumScale.
Clearingalayersvisiblescale
1.Rightclickthelayerforwhichyouwantto
clearavisiblescalerange.
2.PointtoVisibleScaleRangeandclickClear
ScaleRange.
Creating a transparent layer: Giving a layer transparency is an easy way to show varying and
overlapping information. One situation in which transparency might be useful is if you needed to see
theinformationdisplayedintwooverlappingpolygonlayers.Similarly,anotheruseistoallowyouto
seeanimageunderapolygonlayer.
Changingalayerssourcedata:Thepropertiessavedwithinalayerfilecanbeappliedtoother
datasourcesattimes.Thisdataneedstobeinthesameformatwiththesameattributeinformation.
Youmightdothiswhenusingupdatedcensusdata,forexample.Thisdatawillbeinthesameformat;
therefore,thedatashoulddisplayusingthesamelayerpropertiesasthepreviousdata.Youmightalso
changesourcedatatoallowforaconsistentpresentationbetweencountiesusingdatawiththesame
tableandfeatureclasses.
46
ArcGISBasic
1.RightclickthelayerandclickProperties.
2.ClicktheDisplaytab.
3.Enterthetransparencyvalue,inpercent,you
wishthislayertobedisplayedwith.
4.ClickOK.
Ifyouareuncertainhowtransparentyou
wantthelayer,clickApplybeforeOK,and
keepchangingthetransparencyvalue
beforeyouclosethePropertiesdialogbox.
Settingthelayerstransparency
ShowingtheDisplay,Source,andSelectiontabs
1.ClicktheToolsmenuontheStandardtoolbar
andclickOptions.
2.ClicktheTableOfContentstab.
3.ChecktheboxestoshowtheDisplay,Source,
andSelectiontabs.
4.ClickOK.
47
ArcGISBasic
Viewingthedatasourceinthetableofcontents
1.ClicktheSourcetabinthetableofcontents.
Changing the appearance of the table of contents: You can adjust the look of the table of
contentstosuityourneeds.Forexample,youmightchangethetextsizeandfontsoitmakesagreater
visualimpactoriseasiertoread.Youalsomightwanttochangetheshapeofthelinesandpatchesthat
represent the features on a map. The table of contents has three tabs at the bottom, a Display tab,
Sourcetab,andaSelectiontab.TheDisplaytabshowsthedrawingorderofthelayersandallowsyou
to change the order. The Source tab sorts layers by where theyre stored on disk. The Selection tab
shows a list of the layers in the active data frame and lets you check the ones you want to make
selectable.SeeingtheSourcetabisusefulduringediting,whenyoueditalllayersinagivenfolderor
database.Ifyourenotplanningonusingyourmapforediting,youcanhidetheSourcetab.Youcant
changethedrawingorderoflayersfromtheSourcetab.
Settingthetextfontforlayers
andclickOptions.
3.UncheckUseWindowsDesktopSettings.
4.ClicktheFontdropdownarrowandclickthe
fontyouwanttouse.
5.ClicktheSizedropdownarrowandclickthe
fontsize.
6.ClickOK.
48
ArcGISBasic
Settingthelineandpatchforlayersymbology
andclickOptions.
3.ClicktheLineorAreadropdownarrowand
clicktheappropriateshape.
4.ClickOK.
Addingadataframe
1.ClicktheInsertmenu.
2.ClickDataFrame.
Thenewdataframewill
appearinthetableof
contentsandinthecenterof
thelayoutwheninlayout
view
Makingadataframeactive
1.Rightclickthedataframeinthetableof
contents.
2.ClickActivate.
Youcanalsoclicktheframeinlayoutviewto
activateit.
49
ArcGISBasic
Removingadataframe
1.Rightclickthedataframeinthetableof
contentsthatyouwanttoremove.
2.ClickRemove.
Inlayoutview,youcanselect
thedataframeandpressthe
Deletekeyonthekeyboard.
50
ArcGISBasic
ModuleV
SymbolizingFeatures
Choosinghowtorepresentyourdataonamapmay
be the most important mapmaking decision. How
yourepresentyourdatadetermineswhatyourmap
communicates. On some maps, you might simply
wanttoshowwherethingsare.Theeasiestwayto
dothisistodrawallthefeaturesinalayerwiththe
same symbol. On other maps, you might draw
features based on an attribute value or
characteristicthatidentifiesthem.Forexample,you
could map roads by type to get a better sense of
trafficpatterns.
Ingeneral,youcandrawmapfeatures:
Withasinglesymbol
Toshowacategorysuchasatype(uniquevalues)
Torepresentaquantitysuchaspopulation
(graduatedcolororsymbol,anddotdensitymaps)
Toshowmultipleattributes
Drawingallfeatureswithonesymbol
Drawingfeaturestoshowcategories
Managingcategories
Waystomapquantitativedata
Standardclassificationschemes
Settingaclassification
Representingquantitywithcolor,graduatedor
proportionalsymbols,andcharts
Drawingfeaturestoshowmultipleattributes
Workingwithadvancedsymbolization
51
ArcGISBasic
youwanttodrawwithasinglesymboland
clickProperties.
2.ClicktheSymbologytab.
3.ClickFeatures.
BecauseSinglesymbolistheonlyoption,
ArcMapautomaticallyselectsit.
4.ClicktheSymbolbuttontochangethe
symbol.
5.IntheSymbolSelectordialogbox,clickanew
symbolorchangespecificpropertiesofthe
symbol.
6.ClickOKontheSymbolSelectordialogbox.
7.Typealabelforthefeature.Thelabel
appearsnexttothesymbolinthetableof
contents.
8.ClickOK
Drawingalayerusingasinglesymbol
52
ArcGISBasic
Drawingalayershowinguniquevalues
youwanttodrawshowinguniquevaluesand
clickProperties.
3.ClickCategories.
ArcMapautomaticallyselectstheUnique
valuesoption.
4.ClicktheValueFielddropdownarrowand
clickthefieldthatcontainsthevaluesyou
wanttomap.
5.ClicktheColorSchemedropdownarrowand
clickacolorscheme.
6.ClickAddAllValues.
Thisaddsalluniquevaluestothelist.
Alternatively,clicktheAddValuesbuttonto
choosewhichuniquevaluestodisplay.
7.Ifyouwanttoeditthedefaultlabelsomore
descriptivelabelsappearinyourlegendand
thetableofcontents,clickalabelinthe
Labelcolumnandtypethelabelyouwant.
8.ClickOK.
Reversingthesortofuniquevalues
whoseuniquevaluesyouwanttosortand
clickProperties.
3.ClicktheValuecolumntoshowacontext
menu.
4.ClickReverseSortingtoreversethe
alphanumericsortingoftheentirelistof
classes.
5.ClickOK.
53
ArcGISBasic
whoseuniquevaluesyouwanttoreorder
andclickProperties.
3.Clickthevalueyouwanttomoveupordown
inthelist.
4.Usetheupanddownarrowstoeither
promoteordemotethevalueinthelist.
5.ClickOK.
Orderinguniquevalues
Combiningtwoormorecategoriesintoone
drawnwithuniquevaluesyouwantto
combinecategoriesforandclickProperties.
Ifyoudontalreadyseecategoriesinthe
scrollinglist,followthestepsforDrawinga
layershowinguniquevaluesearlierinthis
chapter.
3.Clickthefirstofthevaluesyouwantto
combine.HolddowntheShiftorCtrlkeyand
clicktheadditionalvaluesthatyouwantto
combine.
4.RightclickoverthevaluesandclickGroup
Values.Theselectedvalueswillnowbe
combinedintoonecategory.
5.Ifyouwantmoredescriptivelabelstoappear
inyourlegendandthetableofcontents,
clickalabelintheLabelcolumnandtypethe
labelyouwant.
6.ClickOK.
54
ArcGISBasic
Ungroupingcombinedcategories
1.Rightclickacombinedcategoryinthe
scrollinglist.
2.ClickUngroupValues.
Thesymbolsforeachoftheungrouped
valuesarethesameaswhentheywere
grouped
Settingastandardclassificationmethod
thatshowsaquantitativevalueforwhichyou
wanttochangetheclassification.
3.ClickQuantities.
4.ClicktheValuedropdownarrowandclickthe
fieldthatcontainsthequantitativevalueyou
wanttomap.
5.Tonormalizethedata,clickthe
Normalizationdropdownarrowandclicka
field.
ArcMapdividesthisfieldintotheValueto
createaratio.
6.ClickClassify.
7.ClicktheMethoddropdownarrowandclick
theclassificationmethodyouwant.
8.ClicktheClassesdropdownarrowandclick
thenumberofclassesyouwanttodisplay.
9.ClickOKontheClassificationdialogbox.
10.ClickOKontheLayerPropertiesdialogbox.
55
ArcGISBasic
Insertingyourownclassbreaksandsettingarange
forwhichyouwanttosetclassbreaksand
clickProperties.
Ifyouhavenotalreadysetaclassification
method,followthestepsinSettinga
standardclassificationmethodearlierinthis
chapter.
3.ClicktheRangeyouwanttoedit.
MakesuretoclicktheRange,nottheLabel.
4.Typeanewvalue.Thissetstheuppervalue
oftherange.
5.ClickOK
Deletingaclassbreak
1.ClickClassifyfromtheSymbologytabofthe
LayerPropertiesdialogbox.
2.Clicktheclassbreakyouwanttodelete.
Theselectedbreakishighlighted.
3.Rightclickoverthehistogramandclick
DeleteBreak.
56
ArcGISBasic
Excludingfeaturesfromtheclassification
1.ClickClassifyfromtheSymbologytabofthe
LayerPropertiesdialogbox.
2.ClickExclusion.
3.Doubleclickthefieldyoureusingtodraw
thelayer.
4.Clickanoperator.
5.ClickGetUniqueValuesanddoubleclickthe
valueyouwanttoexclude.
6.ClickOKtoexecutetheexpressionand
excludevalues.
57
ArcGISBasic
Symbolizingdatawithgraduatedcolors
youwanttodrawshowingaquantitativevalue
andclickProperties.
3.ClickQuantities.
ArcMapautomaticallyselects
Graduatedcolors.
wanttomap.
field.
createaratio.
6.ClickClassify.
thenumberofclassesyouwanttodisplay.
10.ClicktheColorRampdropdownarrowand
clickaramptodisplaythedatawith.
58
ArcGISBasic
Creatingyourowncolorrampforalayer
thatshowsaquantitativevalueandclick
Properties.
3.ClickQuantities.
4.Doubleclickthetopsymbolinthelistand
setthestartcolorfortheramp.
5.Doubleclickthebottomsymbolandsetthe
endcolor.
6.Optionally,doubleclickanymiddlesymbol
tosetitscolor.Thisletsyoucreatea
multipartcolorramp.
7.Clickallthemiddlesymbolsyouvesetthe
colorof.
Byselectingoneormoremiddlesymbols,
thecolorofthosesymbolsisincludedinthe
newramp.Otherwise,ArcMaponlyusesthe
topandbottomsymbols.
8.RightclickasymbolandclickRampColors.
9.Optionally,ifyouwanttousethenewcolor
ramponanotherlayer,rightclicktheColor
RampdropdownandclickSavetostyleto
saveyournewramptoyourdefaultstyle.
10.ClickOK.
59
ArcGISBasic
Representingquantitywithgraduatedsymbols
youwanttodrawshowingaquantitative
valueandclickProperties.
3.ClickQuantitiesandclickGraduatedsymbols.
wanttomap.
field.ArcMapdividesthisfieldintotheValue
tocreatearatio.
6.Typetheminimumandmaximumsymbol
sizes.
7.ClickClassify.
thenumberofclassesyouwant.
10.Optionally,clickExclusiontoremove
unwantedvaluesfromtheclassification(for
example,nullvaluesorextremeoutliers).
60
ArcGISBasic
Representingquantitywithproportionalsymbols
3.ClickQuantitiesandclickProportional
symbols.
wanttomap.
field.
createaratio.
6.Optionally,clickBackgroundandMinValue
tochangethesymbolpropertiesand
backgroundoftheproportionalsymbols.
7.ClickOK.
61
ArcGISBasic
Representingquantitywithproportionalsymbolas valuesaremeasurementonamap
3.ClickQuantitiesandclickProportional
symbols.
wanttomap.
field.ArcMapdividesthisfieldintotheValue
tocreatearatio.
6.ClicktheUnitdropdownarrowandclicka
unit.
7.ClickSquareorCircleasthesymbol.
Optionally,changethecolorofthesymbol
andclickBackgroundtochangethe
backgroundoftheproportionalsymbols.
8.ClickRadiusorArea.Forexample,click
Radiusifyourdatarepresentsthedistance
anearthquakewasfeltfromitsepicenter.
ClickAreaifthevaluerepresentsanarea.
9.ClickOK.
Drawingadotdensitymap
valueusingdotdensitiesandclickProperties.
3.ClickQuantitiesandclickDotdensity.
4.ClickthefieldorfieldsunderFieldSelection
thatcontainthequantitativevaluesthatyou
wanttomap.
5.Clickthearrowbuttontoaddfieldstothe
fieldlist.
62
ArcGISBasic
6.Doubleclickadotsymbolinthefieldlistto
changeitsproperties.
7.Typethedotsizeorclicktheslidertoadjust
thesize.
8.Typethedotvalueorclickthesliderto
adjustthevalue.
9.CheckMaintainDensitytopreservethedot
density.
Whenchecked,asyouzoomin,thedotsize
willincreasesoagivenareawillvisually
appearasdense.Otherwise,thedotsizewill
remainconstant.
10.Optionally,clickPropertiestosetthedot
placementoptionsanduseMasking.
11.ClickOK
youwanttodrawshowingquantitative
valueswithchartsandclickProperties.
3.ClickChartsandclickPie.
4.ClickthefieldsunderFieldSelectionthat
containthequantitativevaluesthatyou
wanttomap.
Choosingmorethanonefieldshowsthe
relationshiptothewhole.
fieldlist.
clickthecolorsyouwanttouseordouble
Drawingpiecharts
63
ArcGISBasic
clickasymbolinthelisttochangeits
properties.
7.Checktheboxtopreventthechartsfrom
overlapping.
8.ClickSize.
9.ClicktheVariationTypeyouwant.Youcan
eitherdrawallpiesthesamesizeorvarythe
sizebasedonthesumoftheattributesora
particularattributevalue.
10.Typeasizeorclickthearrowstosetthe
size.
11.ClickOK.
12.ClickOK.
valueswithbarorcolumnchartsandclick
Properties.
3.ClickChartsandclickBar/Column.
4.ClickoneormorefieldsunderFieldSelection
thatcontainthequantitativevaluesthatyou
wanttomap.
fieldlist.
clickthecolorsyouwanttouse.
Youcandoubleclickanindividualsymbolin
thelisttochangeitsproperties.
overlapping.
8.ClickSize.
9.Typeamaximumlengthorclickthearrows
tosetthelength.
10.ClickOK.
11.ClickOK.
Drawingbarorcolumncharts
64
ArcGISBasic
valueswithstackedchartsandclick
Properties.
3.ClickChartsandclickStacked.
4.ClickthefieldsunderFieldSelectionthat
containthequantitativevaluesthatyou
wanttomap.
Choosingmorethanonefieldshowsthe
relationshiptothewhole.
fieldlist.
clickthecolorsyouwanttouse.Youcan
doubleclickanindividualsymbolinthelist
tochangeitsproperties.
overlapping.
8.ClickSize.
9.Typeamaximumlengthorclickthearrows
tosetthelength.
10.ClickOK.
11.ClickOK.
Drawingstackedcharts
65
ArcGISBasic
Drawingalayertoshowbothcategoriesandquantities
youwanttodrawshowingmultiple
attributesandclickProperties.
3.ClickMultipleAttributes.
ArcMapautomaticallyselectsQuantityby
category.
4.ClickthefirstValueFieldsdropdownarrow
andclickthefieldthatcontainsthevalues
youwanttomap.
clickacolorscheme.
6.ClickAddAllValues.
7.ClickSymbolSizeorColorRamp,depending
onhowyouwanttosymbolizethe
quantitativevalue.Thisexampleshows
SymbolSize.
quantitativevalueyouwanttomap.
Setotheroptionsasdescribedinthe
Representingquantitysectionsofthis
chapter.
9.ClickOK.
10.ClickOK
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ArcGISBasic
ModuleVI
WorkingwithLabels
Labeling is the process of placing descriptive text

onto or next to features on your map. In ArcGIS,
labeling refers specifically to the process of
automatically generating and placing descriptive
text for map features. A label is a piece of text on
the map that is derived from one or more feature
attributes.Labelsarenotselectable,andyoucannot
edit the display properties of individual labels.
Labelingisusefultoadddescriptivetexttoyourmap
formanyfeatures.Labelingcanbeafastwaytoadd
text to your map, and it avoids you having to add
textforeachfeaturemanually.Inaddition,ArcMap
labeling dynamically generates and places text for
you. This can be useful if your data is expected to
changeoryouarecreatingmapsatdifferentscales.
Annotation is an alternative to labeling. If you only

want to add descriptive text for a few features, if
you want to reuse your text and make it appear in
the same place all the time, or if you do not have
attributedfeatures,itwillbebettertoaddyourtext
asannotation.Labelingyourfeaturesisagoodway
tocreateannotation.
Uselabelmanager
Labelingbasedonattributetable
Buildinglabelclassesfromsymbologyclasses
Buildlabelexpression
Examplesoflabelexpression
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ArcGISBasic
TheLabelingtoolbarandtheLabelManager
The Labeling toolbar is where you start labeling in ArcMap. From here you can control the labeling
process and open the Label Manager, which lets you view and change labeling properties for all the
labelsinyourmap.
AddingtheLabelingtoolbarandopeningtheLabelManager
1.ClicktheViewmenu,pointtoToolbars,and
clickLabeling.
2.ClicktheLabelManagerbutton
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ArcGISBasic
1.OpentheLabelManagerbyclickingtheLabel
ManagerbuttonontheLabelingtoolbar.
2.Checktheboxnexttothelayeryouwantto
label.
3.Choosealabelclassunderthelayer.
4.ClicktheLabelFielddropdownarrowand
clicktheattributefieldyouwanttouseasa
label.
5.ClickOK.
UsingtheLabelManager
Changinglabelsymbols
1.OpentheLabelManager.
2.ClickalabelclassintheLabelClasseslist.
3.Clickthebuttonsanddropdownmenusin
theTextSymbolboxtosetthefont,size,
color,orothersymbolpropertiesofyour
labels.
4.Optionally,clicktheSymbolbuttonto
changeotherpropertiesortochoosean
existingtextsymbolforyourlabels.
5.ClickOK
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ArcGISBasic
Buildinglabelclassesfromsymbologyclasses
2.ClickalayerintheLabelClasseslist.
3.IntheSelectsymbologycategoriesbox,
checktheboxnexttothesymbologyclass
youwanttousetomakeanewlabelclass.
4.ClicktheAddbutton.
5.ClickYesorNoontheOverwritelabelclasses
dialogbox,dependingonwhatyouwantto
dowithyourexistinglabelclasses.
6.ClickOK
Usinglabelstyles
3.ClicktheSymbolbutton.
4.Clickastandardlabelstylefromtheleftpane
oftheSymbolSelectordialogbox.
5.Optionally,modifythepropertiesofalabel
styleandclickSavetosaveyournewsymbol
inyourpersonalstylefolder.
6.ClickOKontheSymbolSelectordialogbox.
7.ClickOKontheLabelManagerdialogbox
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ArcGISBasic
Usinglabelclassestolabelfeaturesfromthe samelayerdifferently
2.ClickthelayerintheLabelClassesboxfor
whichyouwanttocreatelabelclasses.
3.Typeanameforyournewlabelclassinthe
Enterlabelnamebox.
4.ClickAdd.
5.UnchecktheDefaultlabelclasstoavoid
labelingsomefeaturestwice.
6.RightclickthenewlabelclassintheLabel
ClasseslistandclickSQLQuery.
7.Clicktheoperatorstobuildanexpression
thatidentifiesthesubsetoffeaturesyou
wanttolabel.
8.ClickOK.
clicktheattributefieldyouwanttouseasa
label.
10.Clickthebuttonsanddropdownmenusto
definethesymbolandplacementproperties
ofyourlabels.
11.Repeatsteps2through10ifyouwantto
createadditionallabelclasses.
12.ClickOK
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ArcGISBasic
Labelingbasedonasingleattributefield
clickthefieldyouwanttouseasalabel.
4.ClickOK.
Labelingbasedonmultipleattributefields
2.ClickalabelclassinLabelClasseslist.
3.ClickExpression.
4.ClickalabelfieldandclickAppendtousethe
textofthatfieldinyourlabels.
5.Optionally,usetheExpressionboxtoadd
additionalcharactersyouwanttoappearin
yourlabelsoraddVBScriptorJScript
functionstoformatyourlabels.
6.ClickVerifytomakesurethatthereareno
syntaxerrorsandtopreviewyourlabel
string.ClosetheLabelExpression
Verificationdialogbox.
7.ClickOK.
8.ClickOK.
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ArcGISBasic
Buildinglabelexpressions
Aboutlabelexpressions:Youcanuselabelexpressionstoadjusttheformattingofyourlabels.In
additiontoinsertingcharactersandscriptingfunctions,youcanalsouseArcGISformattingtagsinlabel
expressions.Theseare specialcharactersthat youcan usetochange theappearanceofall orpartof
yourlabels.Forexample,youmightusetheboldformattingtagtomakethefirstlineboldinastacked,
multilinelabel.
Alabelexpressionislimitedtoasingleline ofcode,unlessyouchecktheAdvancedboxontheLabel
Expression dialog box. Checking the Advanced box allows you to enter a function containing
programminglogicandspanningmultiplelinesofcode.SeeSpecifyingthetextoflabelsearlierinthis
chapterformoreinformationonapplyinglabelexpressions.
ExamplesareshownbelowforcommonusesofVBScriptfunctionsaswellasArcGISformattingtagsin
labelexpressions.Inaddition,acompletereferenceoftheArcGISformattingtagsisprovided.
Examplesoflabelexpressions
Thefollowingareexamplesoflabelexpressions:
UsetheVBScript&operatortoconcatenatestrings.Forexample,thisexpressioncreatesalabelwhere
thevalueofthePARCELNOfieldisprecededbythetext"Parcelno:":"Parcelno:"&[PARCELNO]
To control how decimal numbers are displayed, use the VBScript Round function. For example, this
expressiondisplaysafieldcalledArearoundedtoonedecimalplace:Round([AREA],1)
Toconvertyourtextlabelstoalluppercaseorlowercase,usetheVBScriptUCaseandLCasefunctions.
Forexample,thisexpressionmakesaNamefieldalllowercase:LCase([NAME])
Tocreatestackedtext,usetheVBScriptvbNewLineorvbCrLfconstantsbetweenthefieldnames:
"Name:"&[NAME]&vbNewLine&[ADDRESS_1]&vbNewLine&[ADDRESS_2]
UsetheVBScriptformatfunctionstoformatyourlabels.Forexample,thisexpressiondisplaysthelabel
ascurrency:"OccupancyRevenue:"&FormatCurrency([MAXIMUM_OC]*[RATE])
ThisVBScriptfunctionlabelscitieswiththeirnameonlyiftheirpopulationexceeds250,000:
FunctionFindLabel([NAME],[POPULATION])
if([POPULATION]>250000)then
FindLabel=[NAME]
endif
EndFunction
ArcGIStextformattingtags: LabelswillbedrawnusingthesymbolspecifiedintheLabelManager
orontheLabelstaboftheLayerPropertiesdialogboxYoucanmodifyoroverridetheappearanceof
thissymbolforparticularportionsoftheexpressionbyinsertingArcMaptextformattingtagsintothe
expression astextstrings.Thisletsyoucreatemixedformatlabelswhere,for example,onefieldin a
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ArcGISBasic
labelisunderlined.Youcanevenusetagswithcurvedtext.Thetagsthatyoucanusearelistedinthe
tablebelow.AcceptablevaluesforColor(RGB)arered,green,blue=0255,andacceptablevaluesfor
Color(CMYK)arecyan,magenta,yellow,black=0100;missingcolorattributesareassumedtobe0.
The defaults are 0 percent for Character spacing (no adjustment), 100 percent for Character width
(regularwidth)andWordspacing(regularspacing),and0pointsforLineleading(noadjustment).
Tagsyntax
Thefollowingsyntaxrulesapplytotagsinlabelexpressions.
Justlikeotherstatictextinlabelexpressions,formattingtagsmustbesurroundedbydoublequotesand
concatenatedtootherpartsoftheexpressionusingthe&operator:
"<BOL>"&[LABELFIELD]&"</BOL>"
TagsarenotinterpretedbyVBScript/JScript.Instead,theyarepassedontotheArcMapframeworkas
plaintext,tobedynamicallyformattedastheyaredrawn.Youdontneedtoquotetagsincludedinside
quotedstrings:
"Current<BOL>status</BOL>ofparcel:"&[LABELFIELD]
TheArcMaptextformattingtagsfollowExtensiblemarkuplanguage(XML)syntaxrules.Eachstarttag
must be accompanied by an end tag. Tags can be nested, but you must close the inner tag before
closinganoutertag:
"<BOL><UND>"&[LABELFIELD]&"</UND></BOL>"
The case of tag pairs must match exactly. So <BOL>...</BOL> is valid, as is <bol>...</bol>, but
<Bol>...</bol>isinvalid.
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ArcGISBasic
Inlabelexpressions,tagattributesmustbesurroundedeitherbysinglequotes(asshowninthetable
above)orbytwosetsofdoublequotes.ThefollowingexpressionisequivalenttotheFNTentryinthe
table:
"<FNTname=""Arial""size=""18"">"&[LABELFIELD]&"</FNT>"&and<arespecialcharactersandare
notvalidinyourtextifformattingtagsareused.Usetheequivalentcharactercodes&and<
instead. For example, this expression displays the values of the label field inside < > characters:
"<ITA><"&[LABELFIELD]&"></ITA>"
If you have special characters embedded in the values of the label field, you can replace them
dynamicallyusingasimplelabelscript:
FunctionFindLabel([LABELFIELD])
NewString=Replace([LABELFIELD],"&","&")
FindLabel="<ITA>"&NewString&"</ITA>"
EndFunction
Formattingtagscanbeembeddedinthevaluesofthefieldyouusetolabelalayersfeatures,whether
ornotyouusealabelexpression.Inthisway,youcanchangetheformatofanyportionofaparticular
valueinalabelfield.Inordertoembedformattingtags,thelabelfieldmustbeofstringtype.Tagsand
tagattributes
usedinfieldvaluesdonotneedtobesurroundedbyquotes,sothefollowingarevalidvaluesforalabel
field:
<ITA>Rochester</ITA>
<FNTsize='18'>C</FNT>olorado
Tagsarentrecognizedbythetableofcontents,Attributetablewindow,orIdentifyResultswindow,so
tagsaddedtofieldvaluesappearunformattedasrawtextinthesewindows.Formoreinformationon
workingwithformattingtags,seeUsingtextformattingtagsinthischapter.
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ArcGISBasic
ModuleVII
WorkingwithTables
A table is a database component that contains a

series of rows and columns, where each row, or
record, represents a geographic featuresuch as a
parcel, power pole, highway, or lakeand each
column, or field, describes a particular attribute of
thefeaturesuchasitslength,depth,cost,andso
on.
Elementsofatable
Openingalayersattributetable
Loadingexistingtabulardataonto
amap
Arrangingcolumns
Controllingatablesappearance
Locatingandviewingrecords
Sortingrecords
Selectingrecords
Addingtablewithx,ycoordinates
Exportingrecords
Summarizingdata
Addinganddeletingfields
Editingattributes
Makingfieldcalculations
Aboutjoiningattributetables
Joiningattributetables
Relatingattributetables
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ArcGISBasic
Workingwithtables:Atableisadatabasecomponentthatcontainsaseriesofrowsandcolumns,
whereeachrow,orrecord,representsageographicfeaturesuchasaparcel,powerpole,highway,or
lakeand each column, or field, describes a particular attribute of the featuresuch as its length,
depth,cost,andsoon.Tablesarestoredinadatabaseforexample,INFO,MicrosoftAccess,dBASE,
FoxPro,Oracle,andSQLServer.
YoulltypicallyusetablesinArcMaptoinspecttheattributesofgeographicfeatures.Fromatable,you
canidentifyfeatureswithparticularattributesandselectthemonthemap.Overtime,youmightalso
updatetheattributestoreflectchangestogeographicfeatures.
Tables can also store information related to features such as warehouse inventories, monthly sales
figures,andmaintenancerecords.Byjoiningthisinformationtoyourspatialdata,youcanuncovernew
patterns and relationships that were not apparent before. For example, you might see which stores
havethe topmonthlysalesfigures,whatroadsrequiremaintenance inthenear future,orwhere the
largestnumberofendangeredspeciesislocated.
Elementsofatable
Openingalayersattributetable:Toexploretheattributesofalayeronamap,openitsattribute
table.Onceopen,youcanselectfeaturesandfindfeatureswithparticularattributes.
You can open more than one table at a time. For example, you can view an attribute table of
administrativeboundariesand,atthesametime,viewtheattributetableforcities.
77
ArcGISBasic
Openingalayersattributetable
forwhichyouwanttodisplayatable.
2.ClickOpenAttributeTable.Thelayers
attributetableopens.
78
ArcGISBasic
Loadingexistingtabulardataontoamap
1.ClicktheAddDatabutton.
2.Navigatetothetableyouwanttoaddand
clickit.
3.ClickAdd.
4.ClicktheSourcetabatthebottomofthe
tableofcontents.
5.RightclickthetableandclickOpen.
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ArcGISBasic
Changingacolumnswidth
1.Positionthemousepointerattheedgeof
thecolumnyouwanttoresize.
Thepointersiconchanges.
2.Clickanddragthecolumnsedgetothe
desiredwidth.
Ablacklineindicateswheretheedgeofthe
columnwillbelocated.
3.Droptheedgeofthecolumn.
Thecolumnisresized.
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ArcGISBasic
1.Clicktheheadingofthecolumnyouwantto
move.
2.Clickanddragthecolumnsheading.
Aredlineindicateswherethecolumnwillbe
positioned.
3.Dropthecolumn.
Afteryoudropit,thecolumnappearsinthe
newposition.
Changingacolumnsposition
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ArcGISBasic
Freezingacolumn
1.Clicktheheadingofthecolumn(s)youwant
tofreeze.
2.Rightclicktheselectedcolumnsheading
andclickFreeze/UnfreezeColumntofreeze
thecolumn.
Thecolumnisnowfrozen.
Settingthetextfontandsizeforatable
1.Onthetablewindow,clickOptionsandclick
Appearance.
2.ClicktheTableFontdropdownarrowand
clickthefontyouwanttouse.
3.ClicktheTableFontSizedropdownarrow
andclickapointsize.
4.ClickOK.
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ArcGISBasic
Settingthedefaulttextfontandsizeforalltables
1.ClicktheToolsmenuandclickOptions.
2.ClicktheTablestab.
3.ClicktheTableFontdropdownarrowand
clickthefontyouwanttouse.
4.ClicktheTableFontSizedropdownarrow
andclickapointsize.
5.ClickOK.
Settingtheselectionandhighlightcolorforatable
1.Onthetablewindow,clickOptionsandclick
Appearance.
2.Clicktheselectedrecordsdropdownarrow
andclickthecoloryouwanttouse.
3.Clickthehighlightedrecordsdropdown
arrowandclickthecoloryouwanttouse.
4.ClickOK
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ArcGISBasic
Settingthedefaultselectionandhighlightcolorforalltables
1.Rightclickthelayerortableinthetableof
contentsandclickProperties.
2.ClicktheFieldstab.
3.Clickanumericfieldinthelist.
4.ClickthebuttonintheNumberFormat
column.Onlynumericfieldshavethis
button.
5.Setthenumberofdecimalplaces,alignment,
andsoon.
6.ClickOKontheNumberFormatdialogbox.
7.ClickOKwhenfinished.
1.ClicktheToolsmenuandclickOptions.
2.ClicktheTablestab.
3.Clicktheselectedrecordsdropdownarrow
andclickthecoloryouwanttouse.
4.Clickthehighlightedrecordsdropdown
arrowandclickthecoloryouwanttouse.
5.ClickOK.
Formattingnumericfields
84
ArcGISBasic
Movingtoaspecificrecordnumber
1.Openthetable.
2.Typethenumberoftherecordyouwantto
movetoandpressEnter.
Thetablescrollstotherecord
Viewingalloronlytheselectedrecords
1.Openthetable.
2.ClickShowAlltoviewallrecordsorclick
ShowSelectedtoviewonlytheselected
ones.
85
ArcGISBasic
Findingrecordswithparticularattributevalues
1.Clicktheheadingofthecolumnthatcontains
thetextforwhichyouwanttosearch.
2.ClickOptionsandclickFind&Replace.
3.TypethetextyouwanttofindintheFind
whattextbox.
4.ClicktheTextMatchdropdownarrowand
clickthetypeofsearchyouwant.
5.ClickFindNext.
Thefirstrecordfoundcontainingyourtextis
selected.
6.Ifyouwanttofindanotherrecordcontaining
thesametext,clickFindNextagain.
7.ClickCanceltoclosethedialogbox.
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ArcGISBasic
Sortingrecordsbyonecolumn
1.Clicktheheadingofthecolumnwhose
valuesyouwanttousetosorttherecords.
2.Rightclicktheselectedcolumnsheading
andclickSortAscendingorSortDescending.
Thetablesrecordsaresorted.
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ArcGISBasic
Sortingrecordsbymorethanonecolumn
1.Rearrangethetablescolumnssothecolumn
whosevalueswillbesortedfirstappearsto
theleftofthecolumnwhosevalueswillbe
sortedsecond.
2.Clicktheheadingofthefirstcolumnyou
wanttousetosorttherecords.
3.PresstheCtrlkeyonthekeyboardandclick
thesecondcolumnsheading.
4.Repeatstep3untilyouveselectedall
columnsthatwillbeusedtosortthetables
records.
5.Rightclickaselectedcolumnheadingand
clickSortAscendingorSortDescending.
Thetablesrecordsaresorted
88
ArcGISBasic
Interactivelyselectingrecords
1.Opentheattributetableforalayeronyour
map.
2.Clicktheleftmostcolumninthetable
adjacenttotherecordyouwanttoselect.
Toselectconsecutiverecords,youcanclick
anddragthemouse.
3.PressandholdtheCtrlkeywhileclicking
additionalrecords
89
ArcGISBasic
Selectingrecordsbyattributes
1.ClickOptionsinthetableyouwanttoquery
andclickSelectByAttributes.
theselectionprocedureyouwanttouse.
3.Doubleclickthefieldfromwhichyouwant
toselect.
4.Clickthelogicaloperatoryouwanttouse.
5.ClicktheGetUniqueValuesbutton,then
scrolltoanddoubleclickthevalueinthe
UniqueValueslistyouwanttoselect.
Alternatively,youcantypeavaluedirectly
intothetextbox.
6.ClickVerifytoverifyyourselection.
7.ClickClose.
Yourselectionishighlightedinthetable.
UseApplyifyouintendtorunmorethan
onequeryorifyouwanttocheckyour
resultsbeforeclosingtheSelectBy
Attributesdialogbox.
Selectingallrecords
1.ClickOptionsinthetableandclickSelectAll.
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ArcGISBasic
Clearingtheselectedset
1.ClickOptionsinthetableandclickClear
Selection.
Switchingtheselectedset
1.ClickOptionsinthetableandclickSwitch
Selection.
Addingatablewithx,ycoordinates
1.ClickToolsontheMainmenuandclickAdd
XYData.
2.Clickthetabledropdownarrowandclicka
tablethatcontainsx,ycoordinatedata.If
thetableisnotonthemap,clickthe
Browsebuttontoaccessitfromdisk.
3.ClicktheXFielddropdownarrowandclick
thefieldcontainingxcoordinatevalues.
4.ClicktheYFielddropdownarrowandclick
thefieldcontainingycoordinatevalues.
5.ClickEdittodefinethecoordinatesystem
andunitsrepresentedinthexandyfields.
Thex,ycoordinateswillbeautomatically
transformedtomatchthecoordinate
systemofthedataframe.
6.ClickOK.
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ArcGISBasic
1.ClickOptionsinthetableyouwanttoexport.
2.ClickExport.
3.IntheExportDatadialogbox,clickthe
Exportdropdownarrowtochoosetoexport
SelectedrecordsorAllrecords.
Thisoptionisonlyavailableifrecordsare
selectedinthetableyouwanttoexport.
4.ClicktheBrowsebuttonandnavigatetothe
folderorgeodatabaseinwhichyouwantto
placetheexporteddata.
clicktheformattowhichyouwanttoexport
thedata.Forexample,clickPersonal
Geodatabasetables.
6.Typeanamefortheexportedtable.
7.ClickSave.
8.ClickOK.
Exportingrecords
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ArcGISBasic
1.Rightclickthefieldheadingofthefieldyou
wanttosummarizeandclickSummarize.
2.Checktheboxnexttothesummarystatistics
youwanttoincludeintheoutputtable.
3.Typethenameandlocationoftheoutput
tableyouwanttocreateorclicktheBrowse
buttonandnavigatetoaworkspace.
4.ClickOK.
5.ClickYeswhenpromptedtoaddthenew
tabletoyourmap
Summarizingdatainafield
Addingafieldtoatable
1.ClickOptionsinthetableyouwanttoadda
fieldto.
2.ClickAddField.
3.Typeanameforthefield.
4.ClicktheTypedropdownarrowandclickthe
fieldtype.
5.Setanyotherfieldproperties,suchasafield
alias,asnecessary.
6.ClickOK.
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ArcGISBasic
1.Inthetablewindow,rightclickoverthefield
headerofthefieldyouwanttodelete.
2.ClickDeleteField.
3.ClickYestoconfirmthedeletion.
Deletingafieldcannotbeundone.
1.Ifyouhaventstartedaneditsession,click
theEditormenuontheEditortoolbarand
clickStartEditing.
2.Openthetableyouwanttoedit.
3.ClickMovetoendoftable.
4.Clickacellinthelast,emptyrecordandtype
inanewvalue.
NOTE:Usethesestepstoaddnewrecordsto
tablesthatdonthaveassociatedgeographic
features.Ifyouwanttoaddfeaturestoyour
shapefileorgeodatabase,usetheCreate
NewFeaturetaskontheEditortoolbar.
Deletingafieldfromatable
Editingtextinrecords
clickStartEditing.
3.Clickthecellcontainingtheattributevalue
youwanttochange.
4.TypethevaluesandpressEnter.
Thetableisupdated.
Addingnewrecords
94
ArcGISBasic
clickStartEditing.
3.Selecttherecordsyouwanttocopy.Press
andholdtheCtrlkeywhileclickingtoselect
morethanonerecord.
4.ClickCopyontheStandardtoolbar.
5.ClickPasteontheStandardtoolbar.Thenew
recordsareaddedattheendofthetable.
clickStartEditing.
Youcanmakecalculationswithoutbeingin
aneditsession;however,inthatcase,there
isnowaytoundotheresults.
3.Selecttherecordsyouwanttoupdate.Ifyou
dontselectany,thecalculationwillbe
appliedtoallrecords.
4.Rightclickthefieldheadingforwhichyou
wanttomakeacalculationandclick
CalculateValues.
5.UsetheFieldslistandFunctionstobuilda
calculationexpression.Youcanalsoeditthe
expressioninthetextareabelow.
Alternatively,youcanjusttypeinavalueto
setthefieldto.Inthisexample,thestring
SingleFamilyisused.
NOTE:Usedoublequoteswhencalculating
strings.
Copyingandpastingrecords
Makingsimplefieldcalculations
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ArcGISBasic
6.ClickOK.
7.Dontforgettoendyoureditsession.Click
theEditormenuandclickStopEditing.
clickStartEditing.
Youcanmakecalculationswithoutbeingin
aneditsession;however,inthatcase,there
isnowaytoundotheresults.
3.Selecttherecordsyouwanttoupdate.Ifyou
dontselectany,thecalculationwillbe
appliedtoallrecords.
4.Rightclickthefieldheadingforwhichyou
wanttomakeacalculationandclick
CalculateValues.
5.CheckAdvanced.
6.TypeVBAstatementsinthefirsttextbox.
TheVBAstatementscanincludeArcMap
methods.TheVBAcodeshowninthefigure
getsthexcoordinateofthecentroidofeach
polygoninthelayerandwritesitouttoa
fieldcalledX_FIELD.
7.Typethevariableorvaluethatistobe
writtentotheselectedrecords.
8.ClickOK.
Makingadvancedfieldcalculations
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ArcGISBasic
Joiningtheattributesinonetabletoanother
1.Rightclickthelayerortableyouwantto
join,pointtoJoinsandRelates,andclickJoin.
2.ClickthefirstdropdownarrowandclickJoin
attributesfromatable.
3.Clicktheseconddropdownarrowandclick
thefieldnameinthelayerthatthejoinwill
bebasedon.
4.Clickthethirddropdownarrowtochoose
thetabletojointothelayer.Ifthetableis
notcurrentlypartofthemap,clickthe
Browsebuttontosearchforitondisk.
5.Clickthefourthdropdownarrowandclick
thefieldinthetabletobasethejoinon.
6.ClickOK.
Theattributesofthetableareappendedto
thelayersattributetable
1.Rightclickthelayercontainingajoinyou
wanttoremoveandpointtoJoinsand
Relates.
2.PointtoRemoveJoin(s)andclickthejoinyou
wanttoremove
Removingajoinedtable
97
ArcGISBasic
Managingjoinedtables
1.Rightclickalayerortableinthetableof
2.ClicktheJoins&Relatestab.
Allthejoinsforthelayerortablearelisted
ontheleftsideofthedialogbox.Youcan
addnewjoinsorremoveexistingones.
Relatingtheattributesinonetabletoanother
1.Rightclickthelayeryouwanttorelate,point
toJoinsandRelates,andclickRelate.
2.Clickthefirstdropdownarrowandclickthe
fieldinthelayer,therelatewillbebasedon.
3.Clicktheseconddropdownarrowandclick
thetableorlayertorelateto,orloadthe
tablefromdisk.
4.Clickthethirddropdownarrowandclickthe
fieldintherelatedtabletobasetherelate
on.
5.Typeanamefortherelate.
Youllusethisnametoaccesstherelateddata.
6.ClickOK.
Therelateisnowestablishedbetweenthe
twotables.Thenexttopicdiscusseshowto
accessrecordsusingtherelate.
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ArcGISBasic
1.Opentheattributetableforwhichyouveset
uparelate.
2.Selecttherecordsinthetableforwhichyou
wanttodisplayrelatedrecords.
3.ClickOptions,pointtoRelatedTables,and
clickthenameoftherelateyouwantto
access.
Therelatedtabledisplayswiththerelated
recordsselected
1.Rightclickalayerortableinthetableof
2.ClicktheJoins&Relatestab.
Alltherelatesforthelayerortablearelisted
ontherightsideofthedialogbox.Youcan
addnewrelatesorremoveexistingones.
Accessingrelatedrecords
Removingarelatedtable
1.Rightclickthelayercontainingarelateyou
wanttoremoveandpointtoJoinsand
Relates.
2.PointtoRemoveRelate(s)andclickthe
relateyouwanttoremove.
Managingrelatedtables
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ArcGISBasic
ModuleVIII
QueryingMaps
Maps convey a great deal of information. You can

learn a lot about an area just by looking at a map.
Yet, sometimes those things that are most
interesting and revealing are not immediately
apparent by looking at a map. You can begin to
discover new spatial relationships when you start
asking questions such as: Where is...? Wheres the
closest?Whatsinside?AndWhatintersects?
DisplayingMapTips
Identifyingfeatures
Hyperlinking
Selectingfeaturesinteractively
SelectingfeaturesbysearchingwithaSQL
expression
BuildingaSQLexpression
100
ArcGISBasic
DisplayingMapTips
forwhichyouwanttodisplayMapTipsand
clickProperties.
2.ClicktheDisplaytabandcheckShow
MapTips.
3.ClicktheFieldstab.
4.ClickthePrimaryDisplayFielddropdown
arrowandclicktheattributefieldyouwant
todisplayastheMapTip.
5.ClickOK.
6.Movethemousepointeroverafeatureto
seetheMapTip.
CreatingandaccessinghyperlinksstoredinalayerfileorArcMapdocument
1.ClicktheIdentifybuttonontheTools
toolbar.
2.Clickafeature.
3.IntheIdentifyResultswindow,rightclickthe
featureyouwanttosetahyperlinkforand
clickAddHyperlink.
4.ToaddahyperlinktoaWebpage,clickLink
toaURLandtypeaURL.Tolinktoa
document,clickLinktoaDocumentand
typeapathnametothedocument.
5.ClicktheHyperlinktoolontheToolstoolbar
andclickafeature.
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ArcGISBasic
Usinganattributefieldasahyperlink
containingafieldwithhyperlinksandclick
Properties.
2.ClicktheDisplaytab.
3.CheckSupportHyperlinksusingfield.Click
thedropdownarrowandclickafield.
4.ClickDocumentorURL.
5.ClickOK.
6.OntheToolstoolbar,clicktheHyperlink
button.
7.Movethemousepointeroverafeatureand
clicktodisplaythehyperlink.
1.ClickToolsontheMainMenuandclick
Options.
3.IntheTableOfContentstaboptions,check
theSelectionbox.
4.ClickOK
MakingtheSelectiontabvisible
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ArcGISBasic
Selectingafeaturebyclickingitinthemap
1.ClicktheSelectiontabinthetableof
contents.
2.Clickthelayersyouwanttoselectfrom.
3.ClickSelection,pointtoInteractiveSelection
Method,thenclickCreateNewSelection.
4.ClicktheSelectFeaturestool.
5.Clickthefeatureyouwanttoselect.
6.Toselectadditionalfeatures,holddownthe
Shiftkeywhileclickingthefeatures.
Toremoveafeaturefromtheselectedset,click
theSelectionmenu,pointtoInteractive
SelectionMethod,andclickRemoveFrom
CurrentSelection.Clickaselectedfeatureand
itisdeselected.
Selectfeaturesbydraggingabox
1.ClicktheSelectiontabinthetableof
contents.
2.Clickthelayersyouwanttoselectfrom.
3.ClickSelectionintheMainMenu,pointto
InteractiveSelectionMethod,thenclickCreate
NewSelection.
4.ClickSelectionintheMainMenuandclick
Options.
5.Specifyhowyoudliketoselectfeatureswith
theboxandclickOK.
6.ClicktheSelectFeaturesbutton.
7.Clickanddragaboxaroundthefeaturesyou
wanttoselect.
Shiftkeyasyoudragthebox.
Toremoveafeaturefromtheselectedset,click
theSelectionmenu,pointtoInteractive
SelectionMethod,andclickRemoveFrom
CurrentSelection.Dragaboxaroundthe
featuresyouwanttodeselect.
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ArcGISBasic
Selectingafeaturebyclickingitinthetable
1.Rightclickalayerinthetableofcontents
andclickOpenAttributeTable.
2.Selectafeatureinthetablebyclickingtothe
leftofarecord.
Ctrlkeyandclickthefeatures.Todeselecta
feature,holddowntheCtrlkeyandclickthe
feature.
1.ClickSelectionandclickSelectByAttributes.
2.ClicktheLayerdropdownarrowandclickthe
layercontainingthefeaturesyouwantto
select.
aselectionmethod.
4.Doubleclickafieldtoaddthefieldnameto
theexpressionbox.
5.Clickanoperatortoaddittotheexpression.
6.ClickGetUniqueValuestoseethevaluesfor
theselectedfield.Doubleclickavaluetoaddit
totheexpression.
7.Toseeifyoureusingpropersyntaxorifthe
criteriayouveenteredwillselectany
features,clicktheVerifybutton.
8.ClickApply.
ThestatusbaratthebottomoftheArcMap
windowtellsyouhowmanyfeaturesare
selected.
9.Ifyourefinishedselectingfeatures,click
Close.
Searchbyattribute
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ArcGISBasic
ModuleIX
GPSandGeoreferencing
To georeference something means to define its

existence in physical space. That is, establishing its
location in terms of map projections or coordinate
systems. The term is used both when establishing the
relation between raster or vector images and
coordinates but also when determining the spatial
locationofothergeographicalfeatures.Exampleswould
include establishing the correct position of an satellite
image within a map or finding the geographical
coordinates of a place name or street address. This
procedure is thus imperative to data modeling in the
field of geographic information systems (GIS) and other
cartographicmethods.Whendatafromdifferentsources
needtobecombinedandthenusedinaGISapplication,
it becomes essential to have a common referencing
system.
GPSfieldSurvey
CreatingWaypoints
CreatingTracks
Aboutgeorefrencing
Aligningtherasterwithcontrolpoint
Transformingtheraster
Interpretingtherootmeansquareerror
Resamplingtherasterdatasets
Rasterrectification
Georeferencingarasterdataset
Handsonexercises
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ArcGISBasic
GPSFieldSurvey
For this survey, you will use Magellan Triton

400handheldGPS.Youwillrecordsomepoint
feature (office, mosque, ATM etc) and line
feature (road, canal, telephone line, sewerage
line etc). You can also capture Ground Control
Point with GPS for next exercise of how to
performgeoreferencing.Asyouwillgooutside
ofabuildingorshadedarea,yourGPSwillget
information from available satellite at this
point.Youwillseebatteryiconattheupperleft
corner of the GPS screen that denotes Battery
(Power) strength and in the upper right
corners bar indicate the strength of satellite
signals.Atindoor,itremainsdeemed(lightred
color), which means there is no satellite signal
and at outdoor, after some time, it will show
green colored bar, which means GPS is
receiving signal from sufficient number of
Satellites (at least 4) to fix a position on the
ground.
SatelliteStatusScreen
Using PAGE / GO TO button, you can navigate

to satellite status screen. The Satellite Status
Screen graphically displays the satellites and
their signal strength that is being used to
compute your location. This screen shows
when you are getting strong, weak, or poor
signalreception.Greensatelliteiconsrepresent
satellites that are being used to compute your
position while yellow (good), white (medium),
and red (poor) icons show signal strengths of
other available satellites. Signal levels are also
represented at the bottom of the screen as
coloredbars.
ThenumbersindicatetheGPSsatelliteID.
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ArcGISBasic
CreatingWaypoints
1.PressENTER.
2. Select Create Waypoint to capture point
featureorPOI(PointofInterest)
3.Editthewaypointasdesired.Usethecursor
control UP or DOWN to highlight the field
you want to edit and press ENTER. Use the
cursor control LEFT or RIGHT to select the
page you want to edit. (Available pages are
Information,Media,andAlerts.)
4. When the edits, if any, are done, use the
cursorcontrolUPorDOWNtohighlightthe
savetodiskbutton(highlightedinthescreen
totheright).PressENTER
ViewingasavedWaypoint
1.
2.
3.
4.
FromtheMapscreen,pressMENU.
SelectGoTo.
SelectWaypoint
Youwillgetalistofwaypoint(s)ifthereare
existingsavedwaypoints.
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ArcGISBasic
CreatingTrack(Linefeature)
1.PressENTER.
2. Select Start New Track to capture line
feature.
3.ClickYesasyouwillbeaskedforClearActive
Track & Start New Track. Now start walking
alongthealignmentofthefeatureyouwant
to capture. There are two options for fixing
coordinatesautomaticallybydistanceorby
time. As we will take both point and line
features using the same GPS, it is better to
chooseoptionbydistance.Ifweselect10m
interval, then GPS will store coordinates
after each 10m traveling to draw the
track/path/trail.
4.AfterfinishingyourtravelagainPressENTER
and choose save track from the menu to
storeyouralignment.
ViewingasavedTrack
1.
2.
3.
4.
FromtheMapscreen,pressMENU.
SelectGoTo.
SelectTrail
You will get a list of Trail (s) if there are
existingsavedTrails.
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ArcGISBasic
AboutGeoreferencing
Rasterdataiscommonlyobtainedbyscanningmapsorcollectingaerialphotographsandsatelliteimages.
Scannedmapdatasetsdon'tnormallycontainspatialreferenceinformation(eitherembeddedinthefile
orasaseparatefile).Withaerialphotographyandsatelliteimagery,sometimesthelocationalinformation
deliveredwiththemisinadequateandthedatadoesnot alignproperlywithotherdatayoumayhave.
Thus,tousesomerasterdatasetsinconjunctionwithyourotherspatialdata,youmayneedtoalign,or
georeference,toamapcoordinatesystem.Amapcoordinatesystemisdefinedusingamapprojection(a
methodbywhichthecurvedsurfaceoftheearthisportrayedonaflatsurface).
Whenyougeoreferenceyourrasterdataset,youdefineitslocationusingmapcoordinatesandassigna
coordinatesystem.Georeferencingrasterdataallowsittobeviewed,queried,andanalyzedwithother
geographicdata
Thegeneralstepsforgeoreferencingarasterdatasetare:
1. AddtherasterdatasetthatyouwanttoalignwithyourprojecteddatainArcMap.
2. Addcontrolpointsthatlinkknownrasterdatasetpositionstoknownpositionsinmapcoordinates.
3. Savethegeoreferencinginformationwhenyouresatisfiedwiththealignment(alsoreferredtoas
registration).
4. Optionally,permanentlytransformtherasterdataset.
AligningtheRasterwithControlPoint
Generally, you will georeference your raster dataset using existing spatial data (target data), such as a
vectorfeatureclass,thatresidesinthedesiredmapcoordinatesystem.Theprocessinvolvesidentifyinga
series of ground control pointsknown x,y coordinatesthat link locations on the raster dataset with
locationsinthespatiallyreferenceddata(targetdata).Controlpointsarelocationsthatcanbeaccurately
identifiedontherasterdatasetandinrealworldcoordinates.Therearemanydifferenttypesoffeatures
thatcanbeusedasidentifiablelocations,suchasroadorstreamintersections,themouthofastream,the
cornerofabuildingetc.
Thecontrolpointsareusedtobuildapolynomialtransformationthatwillconverttherasterdatasetfrom
its existing location to the spatially correct location. The connection between one control point on the
raster dataset (the from point) and the corresponding control point on the aligned target data (the to
point)isalink.
Theexamplebelowshowsafromcontrolpoint(yellowcross)placedonthevectortargetdataatastreet
crossingandtheassociatedcontrolpoint(greencross)placedontherasterdataset.Theassociatedlinkis
representedbythebluelinejoiningthecontrolpoints.
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ArcGISBasic
Thenumberoflinksyouneedtocreatedependsonthecomplexityofthetransformationyouplantouse
totransformtherasterdatasettomapcoordinates.However,addingmorelinkswillnotnecessarilyyield
abetterregistration.Ifpossible,youshouldspreadoutthelinksovertheentirerasterdatasetratherthan
concentratingtheminonearea.Typically,havingatleastonelinkneareachcorneroftherasterdataset
andafewthroughouttheinteriorproducesthebestresults.
Generally,thegreatertheoverlapbetweentherasterdatasetandtargetdata,thebetterthealignment
resultsbecauseyoullhavemorewidelyspacedpointswithwhichtogeoreferencetherasterdataset.For
example,ifyourtargetdataonlyoccupiesonequarteroftheareaofyourrasterdataset,thepointsyou
couldusetoaligntherasterdatasetwouldbeconfinedtothatareaofoverlap.Thus,theareasoutsidethe
overlapareaarenotlikelytobeproperlyaligned.
Keep in mind that your georeferenced data is only as accurate as the data to which it was aligned. To
minimize errors, you should georeference to data that is at the highest resolution and largest scale for
yourneeds.
TransformingtheRaster
When you've created enough links, you can transformor warpthe raster dataset to permanently
matchthemapcoordinatesofthetargetdata.Youhavethechoiceofusingapolynomial,spline,oradjust
transformation to determine the correct map coordinate location for each cell in the raster.
The polynomial transformation uses a polynomial that is built upon control points and a least square
fitting (LSF) algorithm. It is optimized for global accuracy but does not guarantee local accuracy. The
polynomialtransformationyieldstwoformulas:oneforcomputingtheoutputxcoordinateforaninput
(x,y) location and one for computing the ycoordinate for an input (x,y) location. The goal of the least
squarefitistoderiveageneralformulathatcanbeappliedtoallpoints,usuallyattheexpenseofslight
movement of the to positions of the control points. The number of the noncorrelated control points
requiredforthismethodmustbe3forafirstorder,6forasecondorder,and10forathirdorder.The
firstorderpolynomialtransformationiscommonlyusedtogeoreferenceanimage.
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ArcGISBasic
Belowistheequationtotransformarasterdatasetusingtheaffine(1storder)polynomialtransformation.
Youcanseehowsixparametersdefinehowaraster'srowsandcolumnstransformontomapcoordinates.
Interpretingtherootmeansquareerror
When the general formula is derived and applied to the control point, a measure of the errorthe
residual erroris returned. The error is the difference between where the from point ended up as
opposedtotheactuallocationthatwasspecifiedthetopointposition.Thetotalerroriscomputedby
taking the root mean square (RMS) sum of all the residuals to compute the RMS error. This value
describes how consistent the transformation is between the different control points (links). When the
error is particularly large, you may want to remove and add control points to adjust the error.
AlthoughtheRMSerrorisagoodassessmentoftheaccuracyofthetransformation,dontconfusealow
RMS error with an accurate registration. For example, the transformation may still contain significant
errors due to a poorly entered control point. The more control points of equal quality used, the more
accurately the polynomial can convert the input data to output coordinates. Typically, the adjust and
splinetransformationsgiveanRMSofnearzeroorzero;however,thisdoesnotmeanthattheimagewill
beperfectlygeoreferenced.
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ArcGISBasic
Resamplingtherasterdataset
When you rectify or transform a raster dataset, project it, resample it, convert the raster dataset from one
projection to another, or change the cell size, you are performing a geometric transformation. Geometric
transformationistheprocessofchangingthegeometryofarasterdatasetfromonecoordinatespacetoanother.
Typesofgeometrictransformationsincluderubbersheeting(usuallyusedforgeoreferencing),projection(usingthe
projection information to transform the data from one projection to another), translation (shifting all the
coordinatesequally),rotation(rotatingallthecoordinatesbysomeangle),andchangingthecellsizeofthedataset.
Afterthegeometrictransformationisappliedtotheinputraster,thecellcentersoftheinputrasterrarelylineup
withthecellcentersontheoutputraster;however,valuesneedtobeassignedtothecenters.
Although you might think each cell in a raster dataset is transformed to its new map coordinate location, the
process actually works in reverse. During georeferencing, a matrix of empty cells is computed using the map
coordinates.Then,eachemptycellisgivenavaluebasedontheresamplingprocess.
Thethreemostcommonresamplingtechniquesarenearestneighborassignment,bilinearinterpolation,andcubic
convolution. These techniques assign a value to each empty cell by examining the cells in the ungeoreferenced
rasterdataset
Nearest neighbor assignment is the fastest resampling technique and is appropriate for categorical or thematic
data,sinceitdoesnotalterthevalueoftheinputcells.Oncethelocationofthecellscenterontheoutputraster
dataset is located on the input raster, nearest neighbor assignment determines the location of the closest cell
centerontheinputrasterandassignsthevalueofthatcelltothecellontheoutputraster.
Thenearestneighborassignmentdoesnotchangeanyofthevaluesofcellsfromtheinputrasterdataset.Thevalue
2intheinputrasterwillalwaysbethevalue2intheoutputraster;itwillneverbe2.2or3.Sincetheoutputcell
valuesremainthesame,nearestneighborassignmentshouldbeusedfornominalorordinaldatawhereeachvalue
representsaclass,member,orclassificationthismaybecategoricaldatasuchasalanduse,soil,orforesttype.
Bilinear interpolation uses the value of the four nearest input cell centers to determine the value of the output
raster.Thenewvaluefortheoutputcellisaweightedaverageofthesefourvalues,adjustedtoaccountfortheir
distance from the center of the output cell in the input raster. This interpolation method results in a smoother
lookingsurfacethancanbeobtainedusingnearestneighbor.
Cubicconvolutionissimilartobilinearinterpolation,excepttheweightedaverageiscalculatedfromthe16nearest
inputcellcentersandtheirvalues.Cubicconvolutionwillhaveatendencytosharpenthedatamorethanbilinear
interpolationsincemorecellsareinvolvedinthecalculationoftheoutputvalue.Therefore,thisresamplingmethod
isoftenusedwhenresamplingimagery,suchasaerialphotographyandsatelliteimagery.
Bilinearinterpolationorcubicconvolutionshouldnotbeusedoncategoricaldatasincethecategorieswillnotbe
maintained in the output raster dataset. However, all three techniques can be applied to continuous data, with
nearest neighbor producing a blocky output, bilinear interpolation producing smoother results, and cubic
convolutionproducingthesharpestresults.
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ArcGISBasic
Shouldyourectifyyourraster
You can permanently transform yourraster dataset after georeferencing it by using the Rectify command on the
GeoreferencingtoolbarorbyusingtheWarptool.Youcanalsostorethetransformationinformationseparatelyina
newfileusingtheUpdateGeoreferencingcommandontheGeoreferencingtoolbar
Rectifying or warping will create a new raster dataset that is georeferenced using the map coordinates and the
spatialreference.YoucansavethisasaGRID,IMG,TIFF,BMP,GIF,JPEG,JPEG2000,orPNGformat.ArcGISdoesnt
requireyoutopermanentlytransformyourrasterdatasettodisplayitwithotherspatialdata;however,youshould
choose to if you plan to perform analysis with it or want to use it with another software package that doesnt
recognizetheexternalgeoreferencinginformationcreatedintheworldfile
Updating the georeferencing will store the transformation information in external filesit will not create a new
rasterdataset,whichiswhathappenswhenyoupermanentlytransformyourrasterdataset.
Georeferencingarasterdataset
MethodA:UsingReferencedDataset
1.
2.
3.
4.
StartArcMap.
Addthelayersresidinginmapcoordinatesandtherasterdatasetyouwanttogeoreference.
Inthetableofcontents,rightclickatargetlayer(thereferenceddataset)andclickZoomtoLayer.
FromtheGeoreferencingtoolbar,clicktheLayerdropdownarrowandclicktherasterlayeryou
wanttogeoreference.
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ArcGISBasic
5. ClickGeoreferencingandclickFitToDisplay.
Thiswilldisplaytherasterdatasetinthesameareaasthetargetlayers.YoucanalsousetheShift
andRotatetoolstomovetherasterdatasetasneeded.Toseeallthedatasets,youmayhaveto
adjusttheirorderinthetableofcontents.
6. ClicktheAddControlPointstool
toaddcontrolpoints.
7. Toaddalink,clickthemousepointeronaknownlocationontherasterdataset,thenonaknown
locationonthedatainmapcoordinates(thereferenceddata).
YoumayfinditusefultoaddyourlinksinaMagnificationwindow.Whenworkingwithtworaster
datasets,youmaywanttoopentheEffectstoolbarandadjustthetransparencyorturnlayerson
andoffinthetableofcontentstovieweachimageasyouaddyourlinks.
8. Addenoughlinksforthetypeoftransformation.
Youneedaminimumofthreelinksforasplineor1storderpolynomial(affine),sixlinksfora2nd
orderpolynomial,andtenlinksforanaffineor3rdorderpolynomial.
9. ClickViewLinkTable
toevaluatethetransformation.
You can examine the residual error for each link and the RMS error. If youre satisfied with the
registration,youcanstopenteringlinks.
10. ClickGeoreferencingandclickUpdateGeoreferencingtosavethetransformationinformationwith
therasterdataset.
This creates a new file with the same name as the raster dataset but with an .aux.xml file
extension.Italsocreatesaworldfileforsomeofthefileformats,including.tifand.imgfiles.
MethodB:UsingSpecificX,YMapCoordinates
1. ClickViewLinkTable
ontheGeoreferencingtoolbar.
2. ClicktheAddControlPointstool
.
3. Clickthemouseovertheknownlocationintheunreferencedimagetoaddthefirstcoordinatein
thelink.
4. RightclicktheimageandclickInputXandY.
5. EnterthereferencecoordinatesontheEnterCoordinatesdialogbox.
6. ClickOK.
HandsonexerciseusingmethodB
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ArcGISBasic
CollectionofSatelliteImage
GoogleEarth(GE)isaverygoodsourceforhighresolutionimage.Itisfreesofar.Forthisgeoreferncing
exercise,aportionofDhakaCityissavedfromGEandthenfourdistinctlocationsareidentifiedforcontrol
points.Thesecontrolpoints(CP)canalsobemanagedfromGPSfieldsurvey.ForExample,thefollowing
imageisshowingfourcontrolpointslikeGCP1GCP4.Butyouareadvisedtoselectbyyourownchoice.
NowopenanexcelfileandputtheforCPtoconvertDegreeMinuteSecondtoDegreeDecimal
GCP
1
2
3
4
X
M
21
22
22
21
D
90
90
90
90
S
40.69
14.19
24.81
47.66
D
23
23
23
23
Y
M
48
48
48
48
90.3613
90.37061
90.37356
90.36324
S
41.2
50.92
24.68
16.63
23.81144
23.81414
23.80686
23.80462
GCP2
90.37061E
GCP1
90.3613E
GCP3
GCP4
90.37356E
90.36324E
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ArcGISBasic
If you want to do georeferencing for images other than Google Earth, which you have purchased or
collectedfromRSdatasetsproviders,youcouldalsogetCPfromGE.OthersourcesofCPareGPSsurvey
oralreadygeoreferencedvectororrasterdatasets.
1. Now open the image to be georeferenced

inArcGISusingAddDatabutton.
2. Identify at least four control points on the
image
3. FindcorrespondinglocationsonGEandget
Lat/Lon for those locations; if Lat/Lon is in
DMS, convert it to degree decimal with
excel spreadsheet [follow the example
given in previous page. The Lat/Lon of
thoseCPscanalsobetakenfromGPSfield
Survey or from already georeferenced
Vector/Rasterdataofthesamearea.
4. Open georeferencing tool bar if it is not
already there by clicking view toolbars
georeferencing
5. Click Add Control Points button from
GeoreferencingToolBar
6. ClicktheCrossHairatthefirstCPandthen
right click first and then left click on the
optionInputXandYtoenterthevalueof
X(lon)andY(lat),whichyouhavegotfrom
GEorGPSfieldsurvey.
7. Followstep56fortherestoftheCPs.
8. After entering the values of all CPs, click
View Link Table button to open table of
entered CPs and check Residual and RRMS
error to ensure the quality of CPs and
adjust accordingly, if needed by deleting
andenteringnewCPs.
9. ClickGeoreferencingcomboboxandselect
UpdateGeoreferencingtoassociatelat/lon
informationwiththeimage.
10. Georeferencingisdone.
NowyoucanexerciseMethodAfor
georeferencing.
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ArcGISBasic
ModuleX
MapLayoutandPrinting
Beforeyoubegintosymbolizedataforamap,youll
needtothinkabouthowyouwantthemaptolook
whenitsprintedorpublished.
Youshouldconsiderquestionssuchas:
Will the map stand alone, or will it be part of a
seriesofmapsthatshareasimilardesign?
Whatsizewilltheprintedversionofthemapbe?
Howwillthepagebeoriented?
Howmanydataframeswillthemaphave?
Willthemaphaveothermapelementssuchasa
title,aNortharrow,andalegend?
Will the map contain graphs or reports to
complementthegeographicviewofthedata?
Howwillscalebeindicatedonthemap?
Howwillthemapelementsbeorganized?
Aboutmaptemplates
Startingamapfromatemplate
Savingamapasatemplate
Settingupthepage
Usingrulers,guides,andgrids
Addingdataframes
Addingmapelementsrelatedtodataframes
Creatinggridsandgraticules
Addingothermapelements
Printingamap
Exportingamap
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ArcGISBasic
MapOutputs
Layingoutandprintingmaps:
Youshouldconsiderquestionssuchas:
Willthemapstandalone,orwillitbepartof
aseriesofmapsthatshareasimilardesign?
Whatsizewilltheprintedversionofthemap
be?
Howwillthepagebeoriented?
Howmanydataframeswillthemaphave?
Willthemaphaveothermapelementssuch
asatitle,aNortharrow,andalegend?
Will the map contain graphs or reports to
complement the geographic view of the

data?
Howwillscalebeindicatedonthemap?
Howwillthemapelementsbeorganizedon
thepage?
The shape and orientation of the geographic

features youre depicting may influence the
sizeandshapeofthe dataframeonthemap
as well as the orientation of the map on the
page.
Aesthetic criteria, limitations of the media

that you use to reproduce the map, and the
number and size of other elements that you
addtothemapwillbearuponyourchoiceof
pagesizeandorientation.
In addition to a data frame, most maps

contain one or more other map elements.
These include titles, North arrows, legends,
scale bars, scale text, graphs, reports, text
labels,andgraphics.
Aboutmaptemplates: If you are creating a series of maps and it is important that they have the
same look and feel, you can use a map template to standardize the layout. If the series contains the
samebackgrounddata,youcanincludethatdatainthetemplate.Usingatemplatecansaveyoutime
sinceyoudonthavetomanuallyreproducethecommonpartsofthemaps.Youcanalsousethemap
templates that come with ArcMap to quickly make a decent looking map, with a minimal amount of
layoutworkonyourpart.Justchooseatemplatethathasthelookyouwant,addyourdata,andmake
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ArcGISBasic
whateverchangesyouwant,andyourmapisdone.
Startingamapfromatemplate:Maptemplatesmakeiteasytoreusethesamelayoutoreventhe
same data on a series of maps. You can use the templates that come with ArcMap to make maps
quicklyallyouneedtodoisadddata,atitle,andanyothersupportinginformationthatyouchoose.
When you open a template, you get a new untitled ArcMapdocument plus any layout or data thats
savedinthetemplate.
OpeningatemplatewhenyoufirststartArcMap
1.StartArcMap.
2.ClickStartusingArcMapwithAtemplate.
3.ClickOK.
4.Clickatemplate.
5.ClickOK.
OpeninganewtemplatewhileinArcMap
1.ClickFileandclickNew.
2.Clickatemplateandclick
OK.
Savingamapasatemplate: Ifyoucreateamapthatyoud liketouseasatemplate,orif you

modifyanexistingtemplate andwanttouseitagain,you cansaveitasatemplate. You cansavea
maptemplate anywhereonyournetwork. Whenyouwanttousethe template,youcanopenitfrom
ArcCatalogorArcMap. Ifyousaveatemplateinthe ArcMapTemplatesfolder(by defaultinthefolder
\Bin\TemplateswhereyouveinstalledArcGIS),itwillshow upinthelistoftemplateson theNewmap
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ArcGISBasic
documentdialogbox.Youcanalsocreate subfoldersinthisfolder,and theyllshowupasseparate tabs

on this dialog boxwhen you click each tab youll see the templates in that folder. If you work with
manydifferenttemplates,thisisagreatwayto organizethem.
Savingatemplate
1.ClickFileandclickSaveAs.
clickArcMapTemplates.
3.Navigatetothefolderwhereyouwantthe
templatesaved.
4.Typeanameforthenewtemplate.
5.ClickSave.
NOTE:Youcanonlysaveamapasa
templateifyourmapwasbuiltusing
Normal.mxtasthebasetemplate.Ifit
wasnt,clicktheEditmenuandclickSelect
AllElementswhileinlayoutview.Thencopy
andpastetheelementsintoanewempty
map.Thenyoucansavethenewmapasa
template
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ArcGISBasic
Savingatemplatesoitwillappearinanewtab
1.ClickFileandclickSaveAs.
2.ClickthedropdownarrowandclickArcMap
Templates.
3.NavigatetotheTemplatesfolder.
4.ClicktheNewFolderbutton.
5.Typethenameofthenewfolderthisname
willappearontheNewmapdocument
dialogboxasatab.
6.Doubleclickthenewfolder.
7.Typethenameofthenewtemplate.
8.ClickSave.
Nexttimeyoustartamapfromatemplate,
youllseeanewtabwithyourtemplate
ontheNewmapdocumentdialogbox
Switchingtolayoutview
1.ClickViewandclickLayoutView.
OR
ClicktheLayoutViewbuttononthebottom
leftcornerofthemapdisplayarea.
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ArcGISBasic
Settingupthepagesizeandprinterproperties
1.RightclickthevirtualpageandclickPage
andPrintSetup.
YoucanalsoopenthePageandPrintSetup
dialogboxfromtheFilemenuorthePrint
dialogbox
2.ClicktheNamedropdownnarrowandclick
theprinteryouwanttouse.
3.ClickthePaperSizedropdownarrowand
clickthepagesizethatsrightforyourmap.
4.ClickOK.
BecausetheUsePrinterPaperSettingsboxis
checked,themapWidthandHeighttext
boxesareupdatedwiththenewpagesize,
andthePageOrientationissetaccordingly
Makingthemappagesizeindependentofthesystemprinter
1.UncheckUsePrinterPaperSettingsonthe
PageandPrintSetupdialogbox.
2.ClicktheStandardSizesdropdownarrowand
clickthepagesizethatsrightforyourmap.
3.Optionally,todefineacustompagesize,
typethepagesizeforyourmapintheWidth
andHeighttextboxes.
4.ClickOK.
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ArcGISBasic
1.CheckShowPrinterMarginsonLayoutinthe
PageandPrintSetupdialogbox.
2.ClickOK.
Settingthepageorientation
1.OnthePageandPrintSetupdialogbox,click
aPaperorPageOrientation(Landscapeor
Portrait)tosetthepageorientation.
2.ClickOK.
Showingorhidingprintermargins
Renamingadataframe
1.Clickthedataframeinthetableofcontents.
2.Waitamoment,thenclickthedataframea
secondtime.
3.Typeanewnameforthedataframe.
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ArcGISBasic
1.Inthetableofcontents,rightclickthedata
frameandclickProperties.
2.ClicktheFrametab.
3.ClicktheBorderdropdownarrowandclicka
symbol.
4.ClicktheColordropdownarrowandclicka
color.
5.TypeanXandYgaptooffsettheborder
fromtheedgeofthedataframe.
6.TypeaRoundingpercentagetoroundthe
cornersoftheborder.
7.ClickOK.
Addingabackgroundtoadataframe
2.ClicktheFrametab.
3.ClicktheBackgrounddropdownarrowand
clickabackground.
color.
5.TypeanXandYgaptooffsetthebackground
fromtheedgeofthedataframe.
cornersofthebackground.
7.ClickOK.
Addingabordertoadataframe
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ArcGISBasic
Addingadropshadowtoadataframe
2.ClicktheFrametab.
3.ClicktheDropShadowdropdownarrowand
clickadropshadow.
color.
5.TypeanXandYoffsettoshiftthedrop
shadowawayfromtheborderofthedata
frame.
cornersofthedropshadow.
7.ClickOK
Turningrulersonandoff
1.Rightclickthepage.
2.PointtoRulersandclickRulers.
Therulersareonbydefault.
Snappingtorulers
2.PointtoRulersandclickSnaptoRulers.
125
ArcGISBasic
Settingtheunitsanddivisionsonrulers
1.Rightclicktheruler.
2.ClickOptions.
Iftherulerisnotshowinginyourlayout
view,thenclickToolsontheMainmenu,
clickOptions,andclicktheLayoutViewtab.
3.ClicktheUnitsdropdownarrowandclicka
unitofmeasure.
4.ClicktheSmallestDivisiondropdownarrow
andclickthesizeofthesmallestdivision.
5.ClickOK.
Turningguidesonandoff
2.PointtoGuidesandclickGuides.
126
ArcGISBasic
Snappingtoguides
2.PointtoGuidesandclickSnaptoGuides.
Whenyoumovemapelementstothe
vicinityofaguide,themapelementwill
snaptotheguide.
Addingaguide
1.Clicktheruleratthelocationwhereyou
wanttoaddaguide.Itdoesnthavetobe
exact,becauseyoucanmovetheguide.
Movingaguide
1.Pointtoaguidemarkerontheruler.Your
pointerwillchange.
2.Clickanddragtheguidemarkertoanew
locationontheruler.
Theguideappearswithadottedlineuntil
youreleasethemousebutton.
Removingaguide
1.Pointtoaguidemarkerontheruler.Your
pointerwillchange.
2.RightclicktheguidemarkerandclickClear
Guide
127
ArcGISBasic
Removingallguidesfromaruler
1.Rightclicktheruler.
2.ClickClearAllGuides.Alloftheguidesare
removedfromtheruler.
Usingguidestodefineamapsmargins
1.Clicktherulerstoaddguideswhereyou
wantthemapsmarginstobe.
2.Optionally,movetheguidestofinetune
theirposition
Turningthegridonandoff
2.PointtoGridandclickGrid.
Snappingtothegrid
2.PointtoGridandclickSnaptoGrid.
128
ArcGISBasic
1.ClickToolsandclickOptions.
2.ClicktheLayoutViewtabontheOptions
dialogbox.TheOptionsdialogboxappears.
3.ClicktheHorizontalSpacingdropdownarrow
andclickanumberofunitstospecifythe
horizontalspacingofthesnappinggrid.
4.ClicktheVerticalSpacingdropdownarrow
andclickanumberofunitstospecifythe
verticalspacingofthesnappinggrid.
5.ClickOK
Changingthegridsize
Changingthesnappingtolerance
2.ClickOptions.
3.Typeanumberofunitsforthesnapping
tolerance.
4.ClickOK.
129
ArcGISBasic
1.ClickInsertontheMainmenuandclickData
Frame.Youcanaddanydatatothenewdata
frame.
1.InLayoutView,clickthedataframetoselect
it.
2.ClickEditandclickCopy.
3.ClickEditandclickPaste.
4.Clickthecopy,locatedontopoftheoriginal
dataframe,anddragittoanewplaceonthe
page.
Addinganewdataframetoamap
Duplicatingadataframe
130
ArcGISBasic
1.Clickthedataframetoselectit.
2.Clickaselectionhandleanddragittochange
thesizeofthedataframe.HoldShiftwhile
resizingtomaintaina1:1sizeratio.
Resizingadataframe
Usingonedataframetoshowthelocationofanother
1.Clicktheoverviewdataframetoselectit.
2.Rightclicktheoverviewdataframeandclick
Properties.
3.ClicktheExtentRectanglestab.
4.Clickthedetaildataframe(inthiscasecalled
MyDataFrame)intheOtherdataframeslist
andclicktherightarrowbuttontosenditto
theShowextentrectangleforthesedata
frameslist.
5.ClickFrametochooseaborderfortheextent
rectangle
border.
7.ClickOKontheFramePropertiesdialogbox.
8.ClickOKontheDataFramePropertiesdialog
box.
131
ArcGISBasic
132
ArcGISBasic
1.ClickInsertandclickNorthArrow.
2.ClickaNortharrow.
3.ClickOK.
4.ClickanddragtheNortharrowintoplaceon
yourmap.
5.Optionally,resizetheNortharrowbyclicking
anddraggingaselectionhandle.
AddingaNortharrow
133
ArcGISBasic
Addingascalebar
1.ClickInsertandclickScaleBar.
2.Clickascalebar.
3.Optionally,clickPropertiestomodifythe
scalebarsproperties.
4.ClickOK.
5.Clickanddragthescalebarintoplaceon
yourmap.
6.Optionally,resizetheScalebarbyclicking
anddraggingaselectionhandle.
Ifyouresizethewidth,thedistance
measuresalongthescalebarare
recalculated.Ifyouresizetheheight,the
heightofthebarisalteredandthetextsize
isalteredaccordingly.
134
ArcGISBasic
Customizingascalebarsscaleandunits
1.RightclickthescalebarandclickProperties.
2.ClicktheScaleandUnitstab.
3.ClickthearrowbuttonstosettheNumberof
divisions.
4.ClickthearrowbuttonstosettheNumberof
subdivisions.
5.ClicktheWhenresizingdropdownarrowand
clickhowyouwantthescalebartorespond
whenthemapscalechanges.
Adjustdivisionvaluethedivisionvaluewill
varywiththemapscale.Thenumberof
divisionsandthewidthofthescalebar
remainconstant.
Adjustnumberofdivisionsthenumberof
divisionswillvarywiththemapscale.The
divisionvalueandthewidthofthescalebar
remainconstant.
Adjustwidththewidthofthescalebarwill
varywiththemapscale.Thedivisionvalue
andnumberofdivisionsremainconstant.
6.Choosetheunitsforthescalebar.
7.ClickSymbolandchooseatextstyleforthe
scalebarlabels.
8.ClickOK.
135
ArcGISBasic
Customizingascalebarsnumbersandmarks
1.RightclickthescalebarandclickProperties.
2.ClicktheNumbersandMarkstab.
3.ClicktheNumbersFrequencydropdown
arrowtochoosewherealongthebarto
placethenumbers.
4.ClicktheNumbersPositiondropdownarrow
tochoosewheretoplacenumbersrelative
tothebar.
5.ClicktheMarksFrequencydropdownarrow
tochoosewherealongthebartoplacetic
marks.
6.ClicktheMarksPositiondropdownarrowto
choosewheretoplaceticmarksrelativeto
thebar.
7.ClicktheDivisionHeightarrowbuttonsto
increaseordecreasetheheightofdivision
ticmarks.
8.ClicktheSubdivisionHeightarrowbuttonsto
increaseordecreasetheheightof
subdivisionticmarks.
9.ClickOK.
136
ArcGISBasic
Addingscaletext
1.ClickInsertandclickScaleText.
2.Clickasampleofthestyleofscaletextto
addtothemap.
3.Optionally,clickPropertiestocustomizethe
scaletext.
4.ClickOK.
5.Clickanddragthescaletextintopositionon
yourmap.
6.Optionally,resizethescaletextbyclicking
anddraggingaselectionhandle
137
ArcGISBasic
1.ClickInsertandclickLegend.
TheLegendWizardappears.Ifyoudontsee
it,enabletheLegendWizardasdescribedin
thetiptotheleft.
2.Bydefault,allthelayersonthemapwill
appearaslegenditemsinthelegend.
Toremovealegenditem,clickit,andthen
clicktheleftarrowbutton.
3.Usetheupanddownarrowbuttonstoorder
thelegenditems.
4.ClickNext.
Addingalegend
5.Typeatitleforthelegend.
6.Setthetextcolor,size,andfontasdesired.
7.ClickNext.
138
ArcGISBasic
border.
clickabackground.
10.ClicktheDropShadowdropdownarrow
andclickadropshadow.
11.ClickNext
12.ClickaLegendIteminthelisttomodifythe
symbolpatch.
13.SetthePatchpropertiesasdesired.
14.ClickNext.
15.SettheSpacingbetweenlegendelements
bytypingavalueintotheappropriatebox.
16.ClickFinish.
139
ArcGISBasic
1.Rightclickthelegendonthemapandclick
Properties.
2.ClicktheItemstab.
3.ClickalegenditemintheLegendItemslist.
4.Clicktheupanddownarrowstomovethe
itemupordowninthelegend.
5.Optionally,clickStyleandchangetheItems
styleinthelegend.
6.Optionally,checkPlaceinnewcolumnto
placethehighlightediteminanewcolumn.
7.Optionally,changethenumberofcolumnsin
thelegendforthehighlightedlegenditemby
clickingtheupanddownarrowkeys.
8.Optionally,removeanitemfromthelegend
byclickingitandclickingtheleftarrowkey.
9.ClickOK.
Changingthepatchesinalegend
1.Doubleclickthelegendonthemaptoopen
theLegendPropertiesdialogbox.
2.ClicktheLegendtab.
3.Clickthedropdownarrowtoselectanew
patchshape.
4.ClickOK.
Changingtheitemsinalegend
140
ArcGISBasic
Framingamapelement
1.Rightclicktheelementonthemapandclick
Properties.
2.ClicktheFrametab.
border.
clickabackground.
5.ClicktheDropShadowdropdownarrowand
clickadropshadow.
6.ClickOK.
141
ArcGISBasic
Convertingmapelementstosimplegraphics
1.Rightclickanelement,suchasalegend,and
clickConvertToGraphics.
Theelementisnowagroupedgraphic.
2.RightclickthegraphicandclickUngroup.
Theindividualgraphicsthatcomprisethe
mapelementcannowbeeditedseparately
142
ArcGISBasic
1.Inthetableofcontents,doubleclickthe
dataframeforwhichyouwanttoadda
graticule.
2.ClicktheGridstabontheDataFrame
Propertiesdialogbox.
3.ClickNewGrid.
TheGridsandGraticulesWizardshould
appear.Ifnot,seethetiptotheleft.
4.ClickGraticule.
5.Typeanameforthenewgrid.
6.ClickNext.
7.ClickanAppearanceoption.
8.TypetheIntervalsyouwant.
9.ClickNext.
Addingagraticule
143
ArcGISBasic
10.ChecktheAxesyouwantandsethowthey
shouldappear.
11.ClicktheFontbuttonbesideTextStyleto
setthetextstyle.
12.ClickNext.
13.ClicktheGraticuleBorderyouwant.
14.CheckPlaceaborderoutsidethegrid.
15.Clicktospecifywhetherthegraticuleis
staticorupdateswithchangestothedata
frame.
16.ClickFinish.
144
ArcGISBasic
dataframeyouwanttoaddameasuredgrid
to.
3.ClickNewGrid.
4.ClickMeasuredGrid.
6.ClickNext.
8.ClickPropertiestosetacoordinatesystem
forthegridthatdiffersfromthatofthedata
frame.
10.ClickNext.
Addingameasuredgrid
145
ArcGISBasic
11.ChecktheAxesyouwantandsethowthey
shouldappear.
12.ClicktheFontbuttonbesideTextStyleto
setthetextstyle.
13.ClickNext.
14.ClicktheMeasuredGridBorderyouwant.
16.Clicktospecifywhetherthemeasuredgrid
isstaticorupdateswithchangestothe
dataframe.
17.ClickFinish.
dataframeyouwanttoaddareferencegrid
to.
3.ClickNewGrid.
4.ClickReferenceGrid.
6.ClickNext.
Addingareferencegrid
146
ArcGISBasic
9.ClickNext.
10.SettheTabStyle.
11.SettheTabConfiguration.
12.ClickNext.
13.CheckPlaceaborderbetweengridandaxis
labels.
15.Clicktospecifywhetherthegraticuleis
staticorupdateswithchangestothedata
frame.
16.ClickFinish.
147
ArcGISBasic
1.Withthetitleselected,clicktheFont
dropdownarrowandclickafontintheDraw
toolbar.
2.ClicktheFontSizedropdownarrowandclick
afontsize.
3.ClickBold,Italic,orUnderlinetochangethe
styleofthetext.
4.ClicktheTextColordropdownarrowand
clickacolor
Addingagraphicelement
Addingatitle
1.ClickInsertandclickTitle.
2.Typeatitleforthemap.
3.Clickanddragthetitleintoplaceonyour
map.
4.Optionally,modifytheappearanceofthe
titletext
Modifyingatitle
1.Clickthegraphicsdropdownarrowonthe
Drawtoolbar.
2.ClicktheNewRectanglebutton.
3.Clickthemapanddragaboxwhereyou
wanttherectangle.
Thegraphicelementappearsonthemap
148
ArcGISBasic
Applyingcolortoagraphicelement
1.Clickagraphicelementtoselectit.
2.ClicktheFillColordropdownarrowonthe
Drawtoolbar.
3.Clickacolor.
Thefillcolorisappliedtothegraphicelement.
Applyingalinecolortoagraphicelement
1.Clickagraphicelementtoselectit.
2.ClicktheLineColordropdownarrowonthe
Drawtoolbar.
3.Clickacolor.
Thelinecolorisappliedtothegraphicelement.
Placingagraphicelementbehindotherelements
1.Clickthegraphicelementtoselectit.
2.Rightclickthegraphicelement,pointto
Order,andclickSendtoBack.
149
ArcGISBasic
Addinganeatline
1.ClicktheInsertmenuandclickNeatline.
2.ClickthePlacementoptionyouwant.
3.CheckGroupneatlinewithelement(s)ifyou
wanttogrouptheelementswiththe
neatline.
4.ClicktheBorderdropdownarrowandclick
thetypeofneatlineyouwant.
5.ClickOK
Addingapicture
1.ClickInsertandclickPicture.
150
ArcGISBasic
2.Navigatetothefolderthatcontainsthe
picture.
3.Optionally,selectthetypeofpicturethat
youwanttoadd.
4.Clickthepicturethatyouwanttoadd.
5.ClickOpen.
6.Clickanddragthepictureintopositionon
yourmap.
7.Optionally,resizethepicturebyclickinga
selectionhandleanddraggingit.
Aligningmapelements
1.Clickoneofthemapelementstoselectit.
2.HoldtheShiftkeyandclicktheothermap
element.Nowbothelementsareselected.
3.Rightclickoneoftheselectedelements,
pointtoAlign,andclickAlignCenter.
4.Clickthealignedmapelementsanddrag
themintopositiononyourmap
151
ArcGISBasic
1.Clickoneofthemapelementstoselectit.
2.HoldtheShiftkeyandclicktheothermap
element.
Nowbothelementsareselected.
3.Rightclickoneoftheselectedelementsand
clickGroup.
1.ClickFileandclickPrintPreview.
2.Examinethepreview.Ifitlooksright,click
Print.
Groupingmapelements
Previewingandprintingamap
152
ArcGISBasic
3.Verifythatyoureprintingtothecorrect
printerwiththeprinterengineyouwant.
4.Optionally,clicktheSetupbuttontodisplay
thePageandPrintSetupdialogboxand
chooseanotherprinterengine.ClickOK.
5.ClickOK.
1.ClicktheChangeLayouttoolontheLayout
toolbar.
2.Clickthetabcontainingthetemplateyou
wanttousetochangethelayout.
3.Clickthetemplateyouwanttouse.
4.ClickFinishifthenumberofdataframeson
themapmatchesthenumberofdataframes
inthetemplate.
ClickNextifthenumberofdataframeson
themapdoesntmatchthenumberofdata
framesinthetemplateandproceedtothe
nextsteptoarrangethedataframesonthe
map.
5.Clickthedataframeyouwanttopositionon
themap.
6.ClickMoveUporMoveDowntochangeits
positioninthelist.
Orderthedataframestopositionthem
appropriatelyonthelayout.Ifyourmaphas
moredataframesthanthetemplate
providesspacefor,theextradataframeswill
bepositionedatthelowerleftcornerofthe
map.
7.ClickFinish
Changingthelayout
153
ArcGISBasic
1.ClickFileandclickExportMap.
2.Navigatetowhereyouwanttosavethe
exportfile.
clickthetypeoffilethatyouwanttoexport.
4.Typeanamefortheexportfile.
5.Optionally,clickthearrowtoexpandthe
Optionsandsettheparametersforthefile
typethatyouchose.
6.ClickSave
Exportingamap
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