1

CONTENTS
Preface
Table of symbols and notational conventions
1
Basic concepts in grammar
xi
xiii
i
i. i
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
Words and lexemes

Constituent structure
Syntactic classes and functions
Paradigmatic relations and kernel clauses
Sentence and clause
Morphological processes
Inflectional and lexical morphology
Components of a linguistic description
Descriptive grammar vs prescriptive grammar
i
2
5
9
18
21
25
33
47
2
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
The structural approach to linguistic analysis

General principles
Exemplification: the grammatical subject
Particular grammars and general grammatical theory
Exemplification: English verb inflection
50
50
58
72
77
3
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
The parts of speech

The traditional classification
Nature of the units classified
Associated phrase classes
Open and closed classes
90
90
99
108
120
4
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
Verbs and verb phrases

Verbs
Structure of the verb phrase
Systems of the VP
Operators, auxiliaries and catenatives
Tense
124
124
128
131
136
143
vii
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Contents
4.6
4.7
4.8
Progressive aspect
Perfect aspect
Analytic mood
153
158
164
5
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
The structure of kernel clauses

Complements and adjuncts
Objects and predicative complements
The complex-transitive construction
The ditransitive construction
PP and AdvP complements
Subordinate clause complements
Adjuncts
Vocatives
177
177
181
194
195
200
207
223
225
Nouns and noun phrases

Nouns
Subclasses of noun
Dependents in NP structure
Determiners
Number
Countability and boundedness
Definiteness, specificness and genericness
Pre-head modifiers
Complements
Post-head modifiers
Peripheral dependents
The relationship between pre- and post-head
modification
The relationship between PossP and 0/phrase
dependents
227
227
229
232
233
239
245
248
256
260
261
264
7
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
Pronouns
Types and distinctive properties of pronouns
Pronouns, anaphora and deixis
Pronouns and ellipsis
Personal, reflexive and possessive pronouns
Other subclasses of pronoun
272
272
274
284
287
296
8
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
Adjectives and adjective phrases

Adjectives
Some non-central subclasses of adjectives
Determinatives
Dependents in AdjP structure: complements
299
299
303
304
305
6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
6.10
6.11
6.12
6.13
266
268
Contents
8-5
Dependents in AdjP structure: modifiers
Verbs, nouns and adjectives: the boundaries

between them
9-1 Verbs vs nouns: gerunds
9-2 Verbs vs adjectives: participles
9-3 Nouns vs adjectives
308
io
10.1
10.2
10.3
10.4
10.5
10.6
10.7
Adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions

Adverbs and adverb phrases
Prepositions
The position of prepositions
Conjunctions and their relation to prepositions
On so-called 'complex prepositions'
Complementation and modification in PP structure
Prepositions in relation to verbs, adjectives and adverbs
312
312
318
324
330
330
336
337
338
34i
345
346
Clause type
Clause type and illocutionary force
11.2 Declaratives
" 3 Imperatives and related constructions: jussives
11.4 Interrogatives
u - 5 Exclamatives
11.6 Interrogative tags
11.7 Echoes
350
350
Coordination and subordination

Compound and complex sentences
Coordination
12.3 Classification of subordinate clauses
12.4 Relative constructions
!2-5 Comparative constructions
378
378
11
11.1
12.1
12.2
*3
131
13.2
J3-3
134
Negation
Clausal and subclausal negation
Affirmatives and non-affirmatives
The semantic scope of negation
The interpretation of negation
Thematic systems of the clause

Voice: active and passive
The indirect object transformation
H.3 Extraposition
14
14.1
14.2
357
359
365
373
375
376
381
387
393
405
419
4*9
423
428
432
437
438
448
45l
IX
Contents
Thematic reordering
Subject-complement switch in the identifying
construction
14.6 The cleft and pseudo-cleft constructions
14.7 The there construction
144
H-5
References
Index
454
457
459
467
471
A77

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CONTENTS

Basic concepts in grammar

Words and lexemes

The structural approach to linguistic analysis

The parts of speech

Verbs and verb phrases

The structure of kernel clauses

Nouns and noun phrases

Adjectives and adjective phrases

Dependents in AdjP structure: modifiers

Verbs, nouns and adjectives: the boundaries

Adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions

Coordination and subordination

Thematic systems of the clause

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