Chapter 47: Animal Development

Term
Model organisms
Fertilization
Acrosomal reaction
Acrosome
Fast block to polyspermy
Cortical reaction
Slow block to polyspermy
Capacitation

Zona pellucida
No fast block to polyspermy
Hyaluronidase enzyme
ZP3
Cleavage
Blastomeres
Blastula
Yolk
Vegetal pole
Animal pole
Holoblastic cleavage
Meroblastic cleavage
Morphogenesis
Gastrulation

Organogenesis
Embryonic layers
Ectoderm
Endoderm
Mesoderm

Definition
used to study development; chosen for the ease
with which they can be studied in the laboratory
formation of a diploid zygote from a haploid egg and
a haploid sperm
triggered when the sperm comes in contact with the
egg
releases hydrolytic enzymes that digest material
surrounding the egg
sperm-egg fusion and depolarization of egg
membrane
initiates fusion of egg and sperm
formation of fertilization envelope
secretions in the mammalian female reproductive
tract alter sperm motility and structure; must occur
before sperm are able to fertilize an egg
extracellular matrix of the egg
identified in mammals
released by sperm
from the zona pellucid; a glycopreotein that serve as
a sperm receptor
follows fertilization; a period of rapid cell division
without growth
smaller cells formed from partitioning of cleavage of
the cytoplasm of one large cell
a ball of cells with a fluid-filled cavity (blastocoel)
stored nutrients
has more yolk
has less yolk
complete division of the egg; occurs in species
whose eggs have little or moderate amounts of yolk
incomplete division of the egg; occurs in species
with yolk-rich eggs
Process by which cells occupy their appropriate
locations
Movement of cells from the blastula surface to the
interior of the embryo; rearranges the cells of a
blastula into a three-layered embryo (gastrula)
Formation of organs
Three layers produced by gastrulation
Forms the outer layer
Lines the digestive tract
Partly fills the space between the endoderm and
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Archenteron
Blastopore
Dorsal lip
Epiblast
Hypoblast
Primitive streak
Blastocyst
Inner cell mass
Trophoblast
Extraembryonic membrane
Monotremes
Amnion

Amniotes
Chorion
Yolk sac
Allantois
Organogenesis
Notochord
Neural plate
Neural tube
Neural crest cells
Somites
Coelom

ectoderm
Newly formed cavity
Where archenteron opens to; becomes the anus
Part above the crease along the region where the
gray crescent formed
Upper layer of the embryo formed prior gastrulation
Lower layer of the embryo formed prior gastrulation
The midline when thickened
Human equivalent of the blastula
Cluster of cells at one end of the blastocyst
Outer epithelial layer of the blastocyst; does not
contribute to the embryo; initiates implantation
Formed after expansion of trophoblast after
implantation
Egg-laying mammals
Sac of fluid surrounding the embryo; protects
embryo from dessication and allows reproduction on
dry land; encloses the amniotic fluid
Reptiles, mammals, birds
Functions in gas exchange
Encloses the yolk
Disposes of waste products and contributes to gas
exchange
Various regions of the embryonic layers develop into
rudimentary organs
Forms from mesoderm early in vertebrate
organogenesis
Forms from neural ectoderm early in vertebrate
organogenesis
Forms when neural plate curves inward; will
become the central nervous system
Develop along the neural tube of vertebrates and
form various parts of the embryo
Blocks formed from mesoderm lateral to the
notochord
Body cavity; formed from splitting of mesoderm
lateral to somites

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