N t

Naturally
ll Fractured
F
t
d Reservoirs
R
i
Characterization is the key to success

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Table of Contents

Natural fractures
Conceptualizations
Reservoir characterization
General rules and responses
Fractures and faults
Fractures and logs
G
General
l issues
i
and
d approaches
h
Modeling approaches
Outlook

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Natural Fractures

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Natural Fractures
Formed historicallyy over time due to g
gradual formation
movement
Orientated along regional stress directions but can
deviate from the stress trend as a result of local stress
perturbation
Act as preferred flow pathways, which can be critical to
low permeability formations
Can be detrimental to the wellbore stability due to their
low strength and tendency to fail

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Actual Fractures

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Actual Fractures (From Seismic Observation and Image Logs)

Beddings and offsets (faults)

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Conceptualization

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Modeled Fractures

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Modeled Fractures (2)

Plates

Lines, pipes
Disks

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Locations of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs

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Reservoir Characterization

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Fractured Reservoir Characterization

Large conductivity
Single-single

Average k&p
Large storage

Dual-dual
Triple-triple
Dual-single

Triple-dual
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Percentage of Oil Recovery

13

Type A: high
storage in matrix
Type B: equal
storage
t
iin matrix
ti
and in fractures
Type C: high
storage in fractures

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Concept of Dual-Porosity/Single Permeability

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Typical Naturally Fractured Reservoirs

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Triple-Porosity Media

16

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General Rules and Issues

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Comparison between Fractured Media and Porous Media

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Why Need to Examine the NFR?

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NFR Responses

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Field Response

21

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Field Response of Various Media

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Identify Interporosity Flow from Pressure Derivative

Pressure

Pressure derivative
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Fractures and Faults

24

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Relation between Faults and Fractures

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Relation between Faults and Fractures (2)

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Relation between Faults and Fractures (3)

27

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Fractures and Logs

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Fractures & Logs

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Fractures & Logs (Porosity, Permeability and Connectivity)

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Fractures & Logs (Density)

31

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Fractures & Logs (Size, Aperture and Spacing)

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Fractures & Logs (Size, Aperture and Spacing)

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Fractures & Logs (Density, Rock Type, Stress, and Permeability)

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Fractures & Logs (Density from FMS and Core Data in Six Wells)

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An Example (Fractures & Logs)

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Fractures Characterization (Plan)

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Fractures & Logs (Raw)

38

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Fractures & Logs (Utilities)

39

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Fractures & Logs (Interpretation)

40

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Fractures & Logs

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Fractures & Logs (With Modeling)

42

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General Issues and Approaches

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A Comprehensive Approach

44

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A Comprehensive Approach (2)

45

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A Comprehensive Approach (3)

46

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A Comprehensive Approach (4)

47

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A Comprehensive Approach (5)

48

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A Comprehensive Approach (6)

49

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Modeling Approaches (Discrete Media)

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Vertical Fractured Model

51

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Vertical Fractured Model (2)

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Vertical Fractured Model (3)

53

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Vertical Fractured Model (4)

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Discrete Fractures and Percolation

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Discrete Fractures and Percolation (2)

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Discrete Fractures and Percolation (3)

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Discrete Fractures and Percolation (4)

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Discrete Fractures and Percolation (5)

59

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Discrete Fractures (Simple Calculation)

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Discrete Fractures (2)

61

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Discrete Fractures (3)

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Discrete Fractures (4)

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Discrete Fractures (5)

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Discrete Fractures (6)

65

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Discrete Fractures (7)

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Fracture Orientations

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Some Modeling Results

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Some Modeling Results (2)

69

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Some Modeling Results (3)

70

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Some Modeling Results (4)

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Modeling Approaches (Continua Media)

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Outlook

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74

Where to Go?
Understand fractures better
Simulate fracture behavior better
Restrict the negative side of fractures better (e
(e.g.
g
wellbore stability)
Make use of positive side of fractures better (e
(e.g.
g
enhanced oil/gas production)

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75

Exercises
1. What are the differences that set apart the
fractured reservoirs from homogeneous
reservoirs?
2. List typical
yp
storage
g and conductivity
y contrasts
between fractured reservoirs and non-fractured
reservoirs
3. Are naturally fractured reservoirs majority or
minority?

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