Lssa 01 Basics HC

1
LSSA Basics
Contents
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Preparation for LSSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Starting LSSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Paradigm Rock & Fluid Canvas 2009 | Epos 4.0
LSSA Basics 1-1
Overview
This documentation outlines the mechanics of running the LSSA module. For the theory involved in the
process refer to the LSSA Technical Reference on page 1-1 documentation.
To use Geologs LSSA module, you should have some understanding of tensor petrophysics and also have a
thorough knowledge of Geolog's Well application.
While the LSSA Module is used under license of Baker Hughes Incorporated, there is no guarantee by
Baker Hughes Incorporated as to the reproducibility or accuracy of the answers derived from its use.
Preparation for LSSA

To successfully perform a Laminated Shaly Sand Analysis, the input data must be prepared. The following
list is provided as an example, although some variation may occur.
Depth shifting, despiking and smoothing of data (Tools and General > Log Edit menus) may be
performed as desired/required.
Wireline logs may require environmental corrections, the application of which is entirely at the
discretion of the analyst, but is strongly recommended. LSSA treats the data it is given as being
a true measurement of the formation.
Creation of one or more analysis intervals (zones), should interval processing be desired.
Various tools, including predefined crossplots (available under menu item Petrophysics >
Parameter Picking), are available to aid in zonation, model definition, and parameter
determination.
Starting LSSA
Ensure the prerequsites have been performed on the input data before starting the LSSA module. A LSSA
workspace has been added giving you immediate access to the views you need to run and analyze.
See Also
Geolog Launcher Barstarting Geolog and its applications;
Using Geologassistance with using and navigating the software, and general processing and
formatting functions;
The Module Launcherusing Geologs modules.
Wellworking in the Well application.
Projectworking in the Project application.
To start the LSSA module

1. Open the Well application.
2. Open the required well(s).
3. Select the required LSSA workspace:
select Well > Workspace > Restore
select the required unit defined lssa workspace
LSSA Basics 1-2
The LSSA workspace opens the module and the relevant views; lssa_input.layout,
lssa_results.layout, thomas-steiber.xplot, N-D.xplot, N-D_HC, and a text view.
4. Select Petrophysics > Thin Bed Analysis > Laminated Shaly Sand Analysis to display
the LSSA module.
5. Set the values for the parameters as described in Table 1-1, "LSSA Module Parameter
Descriptions" on page 1-3.
Table 1-1: LSSA Module Parameter Descriptions
Parameter Name
Default
Description
USE_VGR
Yes
Use Vsh from gamma ray.
USE_VSP
No
Use Vsh from SP.
USE_VCBW
No
Use Vsh from NMR CBW.
USE_VDN
No
Use Vsh from density/neutron.
USE_VDS
No
Use Vsh from density/sonic.
USE_VNS
No
Use Vsh from neutron/sonic.
USE_VCGR
No
Use Vsh from CGR.
USE_VEXT
No
Use Vsh from user input curve.
OPT_VSH
Minimum
Option for using minimum or average of Vsh.
OPT_VSH_LAM
Thomas-Stieber
Option for volume of Laminar Shale. Select from:

Thomas-Stieber:
Calculate VSH_LAm from Thomas-Stieber and Tensor models, Use
Thomas-Stieber result for final volumes.
Tensor:
Calculate VSH_LAM from Thomas-Stieber and Tensor models, Use
Tensor result for final volumes.
External:
User Input VSH_LAM_EXT curve, Tensor VSH_LAM calculated,
Use External curve for final volumes.
OPT_PHI
Den/Neut
Option for porosity calculation method. Select from:

Den:
Use density porosity.
Den/Neut:
Use Density-Neutron (LHSCC) Crossplot Total Porosity.
Den/NMR:
Use Density-NMR (LHCC) Total Porosity.
NMR_PHIT:
Use NMR Volumetrically Balanced Total Porosity Model.
NMR_PHIE:
Use NMR Effective Porosity.
Sonic
Use Sonic Total Porosity.
External:
Use external, user input total porosity curve.
LSSA Basics 1-3

Parameter Name
Default
Description
OPT_LHC
Vector
Light Hydrocarbon Correction option. Only available when OPT_PHI

is set to Den/Neut.
Select from:
None:
No correction is applied.
Vector:
Simple vector, OPT_LHC_FACT parameter is required.
Bigelow:
Simple anchor point, Bigelow Method.
Garmard-Poupon:
Gaymard-Poupon RMS gas correction.
Chartbook:
Density Neutron Chartbook gas corrections.
NEUT_TOOL
CNL
Neutron Tool Type. Select from CNL or SNP.

Only available when OPT_LHC is set to Gaymard-Poupon.
OPT_DMR
No
Correct for Density-NMR Light Hydrocarbon.

Only available when OPT_PHI is set to Den/NMR.
HI_SXO
Hydrogen Index Flushed Zone.

Only available when OPT_PHI is set to Den/NMR and OPT_DMR is
set to Yes.
HI_GAS
Hydrogen Index Gas.

set to Yes.
T1_GAS
T1 Relaxation Time of Gas.

set to Yes.
WT
TE Wait Time for pulse sequence.

set to Yes.
RHO_GAS
Density of Gas.
set to Yes.
RHO_WT
0.6
User defined Density Weighting.

Only available when OPT_PHI is set to Den/NMR.
OPT_LHC_FACT
0.5
Light Hydrocarbon Correction factor.

Only available when OPT_PHI is set to Den/Neut and OPT_LHC is set
to vector.
NPHI_ANC
0.8
LHCC Bigelow anchor point.

Only available when OPT_LHC is set to Bigelow
OPT_PHI_SON
Wyllie
Acoustic Porosity option. Select the required equation:

Wyllie:
RHG:
Only available when OPT_PHI is set to Sonic.
GR_MA
Gamma ray matrix (clean).

Only available when USE_VGR is set to Yes.
GR_SH
Gamma ray shale.

LSSA Basics 1-4

Parameter Name
Default
Description
EXP_GR
0.00001
Gamma ray exponent (0.00001\=linear).

CGR_MA
CGR matrix (clean).

Only available when USE_VCGR is set to Yes.
CGR_SH
CGR Shale.
EXP_CGR
0.00001
CGR Vsh Exponent (0.00001\=linear).

SP_MA
SP matrix (clean).
Only available when USE_VSP is set to Yes.
SP_SH
SP Shale.
PHI_SH_CBW
Porosity of shale, by CBW.

Only available when USE_VCBW is set to Yes; or OPT_PHI is set to
NMR_PHIT.
RHO_MA
2.65
Matrix density.
Only available when USE_VDN or USE_VDS are set to Yes; or
OPT_PHI is set to Den, Den/Neut or Den/NMR.
RHO_FL
Fluid density.
RHO_DSH
2.7
Dry shale density

Only available when OPT_PHI is set to Den, Den/Neut or Den/NMR.
RHO_SH
Wet shale density.

NPHI_MA
Matrix neutron porosity.

OPT_PHI is set to Den/Neut.
NPHI_FL
Fluid neutron porosity.

NPHI_DSH
0.35
Dry Shale neutron porosity.

NPHI_SH
Wet shale neutron porosity.

DT_MA
55
Matrix transit time.

OPT_PHI is set to Sonic.
DT_FL
189
Fluid transit time.

DT_SH
Shale transit time.

LSSA Basics 1-5

Parameter Name
Default
PHIT_SH
Description
T-S Model - Total porosity of shale.
Only available when OPT_PHI is set to External.
PHIT_MAX
0.35
T-S Model - Maximum sand porosity.
STCT
T-S Model - Structural shale constraint.

Only available when OPT_VSH_LAM is not set to External.
LMCT
0.7
T-S Model - Laminar shale constraint.

DPCT
T-S Model - Dispersed shale constraint.

RH_SH
Horizontal Resistivity of Shale.
RV_SH
Vertical Resistivity of Shale.
RT_SS_MAX
100
Maximum Sand Resistivity.
RT_SS_MIN
0.2
Minimum Sand Resistivity.
TLI
Top log interval.
TLT
Top log interval temperature.
FTGRAD
Formation temperature gradient.
RWS
Resistivity of Formation Water sample.
RWT
Temperature of RWS value.
RMFS
Resistivity of Mud Filtrate.

Only available when OPT_LHC is set to Gaymard-Poupon or
Chartbook.
MFST
Temperature of RMFS value

Chartbook.
OPT_SW
Archie
Sw equation option. Select from:

Waxman-Smits:
Waxman Smits equation (Cwe from B*Qv).
Dual Water:
Dispersed Dual Water (Cwe from SwbSD & Cwb HSK).
Archie:
Archie equation.
OPT_QV
HSK
QV Options. Choose from HSK or CEC.

Only available when OPT_SW is set to Waxman-Smits.
OPT_RWB
HSK
Rwb Options. Choose from HSK or User Input.

Only available when OPT_SW is set to Dual Water.
OPT_AMN
Star
Archie Parameter options. Select from:

Archie:
User inputs a, m, n.
Star:
User Inputs m*, n*.
Only available when OPT_SW is set to Waxman-Smits or Dual Water.
Archie 'a' or W-S and DDWM 'a*'
Archie 'm' or W-S and DDWM 'm*'
Archie 'n' or W-S and DDWM 'n*'
LSSA Basics 1-6

Parameter Name
Default
Description
CEC
Cation exchange capacity.

Only available when OPT_SW is set to Waxman-Smits and OPT_QV is
set to CEC.
RWB
Resistivity of clay bound water.

Only available when OPT_SW is set to Dual Water and OPT_RWB is
set to User Input.
RWBT
75
Temperature of Rwb
set to User Input.
OPT_SWLIM
No
Constrain effective water saturation?
SWE_MIN
0.08
Minimum effective water saturation in clean sand

Only available when OPT_SWLIM is set to Yes.
OPT_PERM
Permeability calculation options
CONST_TA
10000
User Defined Timur Equation, A Coefficient

Only available when OPT_PERM is set to 6.
EXP_TB
4.4
User Defined Timur Equation, B exponent

EXP_TC
User Defined Timur Equation, C exponent

EXP_TD
User Defined Timur Equation, D exponent

EXP_CTA
User Defined Coates-Timur equation, A exponent

EXP_CTB
User Defined Coates-Timur equation, B exponent

CONST_CTC
10
User Defined Coates-Timur equation, C constant

RHO_HC
0.95
Hydrcarbon density for permeability options 5 and 7

Only available when OPT_PERM is set to 5 or 7.
OPT_NET
No
Calculate Net Pay?
SWE_CUT
0.5
Swe Cutoff for Pay Calculation

Only available when OPT_NET is set to Yes.
PHIE_SS_CUT
0.08
Sand Effective Porosity cutoff for pay calculation.

PERM_CUT
Permeability Cutoff for pay calculation.

Only available when OPT_NET is set to Yes and OPT_PERM is greater
than 0.
NET_PAY_INI
Initial Input Value Net Pay

NET_SS_INI
Initial Input Value Net Sand

CUM_PHIE_INI
Initial Input Value for Cumulative Effective Pore Volume

CUM_HC_INI
Initial Input Value for Cumulative HC Volume

LSSA Basics 1-7

Parameter Name
Default
TOPS
OPT_OUTPUT
Description
Zones Names for summary file
No
Required output curves. Select from:

Yes:
All Output curves are required.
No:
Only main output curves are required.
DEPTH
Depth
GR
Gamma Ray.
CGR
Compensated Spectral Gamma Ray.

SP
Spontaneous Potential.
NPHI_SS
Neutron porosity (sandstone units).

Only available when USE_VDN or USE_VNS is set to Yes or OPT_PHI
is set to Den/Neut.
RHOB
Bulk Density.
Only available when USE_VDN or USE_VNS is set to Yes or OPT_PHI
is set to Den, Den/Neut or Den/NMR.
DT
Sonic (compressional).
Only available when USE_VDS or USE_VNS is set to Yes or OPT_PHI
is set to Sonic.
RH
Horizontal Resistivity.
RV
Vertical Resistivity.
RXO
Resistivity of Flushed Zone.

Chartbook.
CBW_NMR
NMR Clay Bound Water.

Only available when USE_VCBW is set to Yes.
BVM_NMR
NMR Moveable-Fluid.
Only available when OPT_PHI is set to Den/NMR, NMR_PHIT or
NMR_PHIE; or OPT_PERM is set to 8.
BVI_NMR
NMR Bulk volume irreducible.

NMR_PHIE; or OPT_PERM is set to 8.
PHIT_NMR
NMR Total Porosity.

Only available when OPT_PHI is set to Den/NMR or NMR_PHIT.
PHIE_NMR
NMR Effective Porosity.

Only available when OPT_PHI is set to NMR_PHIT or NMR_PHIE.
BAD_DATA
Bad_Data flag curve (1 = bad data)
VSH_EXT
User Input Shale Volume.

Only available when USE_VEXT is set to Yes.
VSH_LAM_EXT
User Input Laminar Shale Volume.

Only available when OPT_VSH_LAM is set to External.
PHIT_EXT
User Input Total Porosity.

Only available when OPT_PHI is set to External.
LSSA Basics 1-8

Parameter Name
Default
Description
RH_SH_EXT
User Input Horizontal Shale Resistivity.
RV_SH_EXT
User Input Vertical Shale Resistivity.
M_EXT
User Input Arche 'm' curve.
N_EXT
User Input Arche 'n' curve.
FTEMP_EXT
User Input Temperature curve.
PERM_EXT
User Input Permeability curve.

VSH_GR
VSH_GR
Gamma Ray Vsh.

VSH_CGR
VSH_CGR
CGR Vsh.
VSH_SP
VSH_SP
Sp Vsh.
VSH_CBW
VSH_CBW
CBW Vsh.
Only available when USE_VCBW is set to Yes.
VSH_DN
VSH_DN
Density Neutron Vsh.

Only available when USE_VDN is set to Yes.
VSH_DS
VSH_DS
Density Sonic Vsh.

Only available when USE_VDS is set to Yes.
VSH_NS
VSH_NS
Sonic Neutron Vsh.

Only available when USE_VNS is set to Yes.
VSH
VSH
Volume of Shale.
NPHI_SC
NPHI_SC
Shale Corrected Neutron Porosity.

Only available when OPT_PHI is set to Den/Neut.
NPHI_HC
NPHI_HC
Hydrocarbon Corrected Neutron Porosity.

Only available when OPT_PHI is set to Den/Neut.
RHOB_SC
RHOB_SC
Shale Corrected Bulk Density.

RHOB_HC
RHOB_HC
Hydrocarbon Corrected Bulk Density.

DPHI
DPHI
Density Porosity uncorrected.

DPHI_SC
DPHI_SC
Shale Corrected Density Porosity.

DPHI_HC
DPHI_HC
Hydrocarbon Corrected Density Porosity.

RHO_HCA
RHO_HCA
Apparent hydrocarbon density (OPT_HC = 4).

Only available when OPT_LHC is set to Chartbook
HCFG
HCFG
Hydrocarbon Corr Flag (1=Correction, 0 = No Correction).

Only available when OPT_OUTPUT is set to Yes and OPT_PHI is set
to Den/Neut.
VSH_LAM_TS
VSH_LAM_TS
T-S Laminar Shale Volume.
VSH_STR_TS
VSH_STR_TS
T-S Structural Shale Volume.

LSSA Basics 1-9

Parameter Name
Default
Description
VSH_DIS_TS
VSH_DIS_TS
T-S Dispersed Shale Volume.

PORFIL
PORFIL
T-S Model data left of Disp Shale area.
PMAXNU
PMAXNU
T-S Model est PMAX for data in PORFIL area.

Only available when OPT_OUTPUT is set to Yes and OPT_VSH_LAM
is not set to External.
TSFLG
TSFLG
T-S Model Por Constraint Flag (0= no constraint).

Only available when OPT_OUTPUT is set to Yes and OPT_VSH_LAM
is not set to External.
VSH_LAM_TN
VSH_LAM_TN
Tensor Laminar Shale Volume.
VSH_DIS_TN
VSH_DIS_TN
Tensor Dispersed Shale Volume.
VSH_LAM_EX
VSH_LAM_EX
Volume of Laminar Shale from external curve (for plotting).
VSH_LAM
VSH_LAM
Final Volume Laminar Shale.
VSH_DIS
VSH_DIS
Final Volume Dispersed Shale.
VSH_STR
VSH_STR
Final Volume Structural Shale.
VOL_MTX
VOL_MTX
Volume Sand 'Matrix'.
VOL_SS
VOL_SS
Volume Net Sand (1 - VSH_LAM).
VOL_DLAM
VOL_DLAM
Volume Laminar Shale - DRY.
VOL_DDIS
VOL_DDIS
Volume Dispersed Shale - DRY.
VOL_DSTR
VOL_DSTR
Volume Structural Shale - DRY.
VOL_DSH
VOL_DSH
Volume Total Shale - DRY.
PHIT
PHIT
Total Porosity from T-S Model (constrained).
PHIT_U
PHIT_U
Total Porosity from T-S Model (unconstrained).
PHIE
PHIE
Bulk Volume Shale Corrected Effective Porosity.
PHIT_SS
PHIT_SS
Laminar Sand Total Porosity.
PHIE_SS
PHIE_SS
Laminar Sand Effective Porosity.
RSS
RSS
Laminar Sand Tensor Resistivity.
ROSS
ROSS
Laminar Sand Ro.
RO
RO
Formation Ro (including lamainar shale resistivity).
QVSS
QVSS
Laminar Sand Qv from Dispersed Shale.

Only available when OPT_SW is set to Waxman-Smits.
MSTAR
MSTAR
Waxman-Smits m*.
Only available when OPT_SW is set to Waxman-Smits and
OPT_OUTPUT is set to Yes.
RWBHSK
RWBHSK
Dispersed Shale Bound Water Resistivity (HSK equ).

set to HSK.
RWBFMT
RWBFMT
Bound water resistivity corrected to Formation Temperature.

set to User Input.
FMT
FMT
Formation Temperature.
Only available when OPT_OUTPUT is set to Yes.
LSSA Basics 1-10

Parameter Name
Default
Description
RWFMT
RWFMT
Water resistivity corrected to Formation Temperature.

RMFFMT
RMFFMT
Mud filtrate resistivity corrected to Formation Temperature.

Only available when OPT_OUTPUT is set to Yes and OPT_LHC is set
to Garmard-Poupon or Chartbook.
RSSERR
RSSERR
Tensor Model error flag (Rv < Rh).

SWB
SWB
Total Shale Bound Water Saturation.
SWB_LAM
SWB_LAM
Laminar Shale Bound Water Saturation.

SWB_DIS
SWB_DIS
Dispersed Shale Bound Water Saturation.

SWB_STR
SWB_STR
Structural Shale Bound Water Saturation.

SWT_SS_U
SWT_SS_U
Laminar Sand Total water saturation (unconstrained).

SWT_SS
SWT_SS
Laminar Sand total water saturation.
SWB_SS_DIS
SWB_SS_DIS
Laminar Sand dispersed bound water saturation.

SWB_SS_STR
SWB_SS_STR
Laminar Sand structural bound water saturation.

SWT_MIN
SWT_MIN
Total water saturation Minimum (BVW const).

Only available when OPT_SWLIM is set to Yes
SWT_SS_MIN
SWT_SS_MIN
Laminar Sand Total water saturation minimum.

Only available when OPT_SWLIM is set to Yes
SWTU
SWTU
Total water saturation (unconstrained).

SWT
SWT
Total water saturation (including all shale bound water).
SWE
SWE
Effective water saturation (excluding all shale bound water).
CBW
CBW
Volume of Total Shale Bound Water.
CBW_LAM
CBW_LAM
Volume of Laminar Shale Bound Water.
CBW_DIS
CBW_DIS
Volume of Dispersed Shale Bound Water.
CBW_STR
CBW_STR
Volume of Structural Shale Bound Water.
BV_HC
BV_HC
Bulk Volume Hydrocarbon.
BV_W
BV_W
Bulk volume water.
BV_WF
BV_WF
Bulk Volume Free Water (in Sand Laminae).
BVISS
BVISS
Laminar Sandstone normalized NMR BVI water.

NMR_PHIE.
BVMSS
BVMSS
Laminar Sandstone normalized NMR BVM water.

NMR_PHIE.
LSSA Basics 1-11

Parameter Name
Default
Description
SWEIRR
SWEIRR
BVI_NMR & PHIE_NMR Irreducible water saturation, Laminar

Sandstone normalised.
NMR_PHIE.
PERM_FM
PERM_FM
Formation Permeability.
Only available when OPT_PERM is greater than 0.
PERM_SS
PERM_SS
Permeability of Sand Layers.

Only available when OPT_PERM is greater than 0.
GROSS
GROSS
Gross interval.
NET_LAM_SS
NET_LAM_SS
Net Laminar Sand.

NET_LAM_PAY
NET_LAM_PAY
Net Laminar Sand Pay.

CUM_PHIE
CUM_PHIE
Cumulative Effective Porosity.

CUM_HC
CUM_HC
Cumulative hydrocarbon Volume.

PHIE_AVE
PHIE_AVE
Average Effective Porosity in Pay Sand.

SWE_AVE
SWE_AVE
Average Effective water Saturation in Pay Sand.

PHIE_SS_AVE
PHIE_SS_AVE
Average Effective Porosity in Sand.

LSSA Basics 1-12
Index
LSSA Basics 1-13

Lssa 01 Basics HC

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Paradigm Rock & Fluid Canvas 2009 | Epos 4.0

LSSA Basics 1-1

Preparation for LSSA

Geolog Launcher Barstarting Geolog and its applications;

The Module Launcherusing Geologs modules.

Wellworking in the Well application.

Projectworking in the Project application.

To start the LSSA module

Paradigm Rock & Fluid Canvas 2009 | Epos 4.0

LSSA Basics 1-2

Use Vsh from gamma ray.

Use Vsh from SP.

Use Vsh from NMR CBW.

Use Vsh from density/neutron.

Use Vsh from density/sonic.

Use Vsh from neutron/sonic.

Use Vsh from CGR.

Use Vsh from user input curve.

Option for using minimum or average of Vsh.

Option for volume of Laminar Shale. Select from:

Option for porosity calculation method. Select from:

Paradigm Rock & Fluid Canvas 2009 | Epos 4.0

LSSA Basics 1-3

Table 1-1: LSSA Module Parameter Descriptions

Light Hydrocarbon Correction option. Only available when OPT_PHI

Neutron Tool Type. Select from CNL or SNP.

Correct for Density-NMR Light Hydrocarbon.

Hydrogen Index Flushed Zone.

Hydrogen Index Gas.

T1 Relaxation Time of Gas.

TE Wait Time for pulse sequence.

User defined Density Weighting.

Light Hydrocarbon Correction factor.

LHCC Bigelow anchor point.

Acoustic Porosity option. Select the required equation:

Gamma ray matrix (clean).

Gamma ray shale.

Paradigm Rock & Fluid Canvas 2009 | Epos 4.0

LSSA Basics 1-4

Table 1-1: LSSA Module Parameter Descriptions

Gamma ray exponent (0.00001\=linear).

CGR matrix (clean).

CGR Vsh Exponent (0.00001\=linear).

Porosity of shale, by CBW.

Dry shale density

Wet shale density.

Matrix neutron porosity.

Fluid neutron porosity.

Dry Shale neutron porosity.

Wet shale neutron porosity.

Matrix transit time.

Fluid transit time.

Shale transit time.

Paradigm Rock & Fluid Canvas 2009 | Epos 4.0

LSSA Basics 1-5

Table 1-1: LSSA Module Parameter Descriptions

T-S Model - Maximum sand porosity.

T-S Model - Structural shale constraint.

T-S Model - Laminar shale constraint.

T-S Model - Dispersed shale constraint.

Horizontal Resistivity of Shale.

Vertical Resistivity of Shale.