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Paul Jones

American Pageant Chapter 28

1. Jacob Riis
Jacob August Riis was a Danish American social reformer, muckraking journalist and
photographer. He is known for his dedication to using his photographic and journalistic talents to
help the impoverished in New York City, which was the subject of most of his prolific writings
and photography.
2. Lincoln Steffens
Joseph Lincoln Steffens was an American journalist, lecturer, and political philosopher, and
one of the most famous practitioners of the journalistic style called muckraking.[1] He is also
known for his 1921 statement, upon his return from the Soviet Union: "I have been over into the
future, and it works."
3. Ida Tarbell
Ida Minerva Tarbell was an American teacher, author and journalist. She was known as one
of the leading "muckrakers" of her day, work known in modern times in the progressive era as
"investigative journalism." She wrote many notable magazine series and biographies. She is best-
known for her 1904 book The History of the Standard Oil Company, which is 654 pages long
and was listed as number five in a 1999 list by the New York Times of the top 100 works of
twentieth-century American journalism.
4. Robert M La Follette
Robert Marion La Follette, Sr. nicknamed "Fighting Bob" La Follette was an American
politician who served as a U.S. Congressman, the 20th Governor of Wisconsin, and Republican
Senator from Wisconsin. He ran for President of the United States as the nominee of his own
Progressive Party in 1924, carrying Wisconsin and 17% of the national popular vote.
5. Upton Sinclair
Upton Sinclair, Jr. (September 20, 1878 – November 25, 1968), was a Pulitzer Prize-winning
prolific American author who wrote over 90 books in many genres. He achieved considerable
popularity in the first half of the 20th century, gaining particular fame for his 1906 muckraking
novel The Jungle.
6. Gifford Pinchot
Gifford Pinchot was the first Chief of the United States Forest Service and the 28th Governor
of Pennsylvania. He was a Republican and Progressive.
7. William Howard taft
William Howard Taft was the 27th President of the United States and later the 10th Chief
Justice of the United States. He is the only person to have served in both offices.
8. Richard Ballinger
Richard Achilles Ballinger was mayor of Seattle, Washington, from 1904–1906 and U.S.
Secretary of the Interior from 1909–1911.
9. Initiative
The initiative provides a means by which a petition signed by a certain minimum number of
registered voters can force a public vote on a proposed statute, constitutional amendment, charter
amendment or ordinance, or, in its minimal form, to simply oblige the executive or legislative
bodies to consider the subject by submitting it to the order of the day.
10. Referendum
A referendum is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a
particular proposal. This may result in the adoption of a new constitution, a constitutional
amendment, a law, the recall of an elected official or simply a specific government policy. It is a
form of direct democracy.
11. Recall
A recall election is a procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office
through a direct vote, initiated when sufficient voters sign a petition. Recall has a history dating
back to the ancient Athenian democracy.
12. Muckrackers
A muckraker seeks to expose corruption of businesses or government to the public. The term
originates with writers of the Progressive movement within the United States who wanted to
expose corruption and scandals in government and business.
13. Seventeenth Amendment
The Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was passed by the Senate on
June 12, 1911, the House of Representatives on May 13, 1912, and ratified by the states on April
8, 1913. The amendment transfers Senator selection from each state's legislature to popular
election by the people of each state.
14. Eighteenth Amendment
Amendment XVIII of the United States Constitution, along with the Volstead Act,
established Prohibition in the United States.
15. Northern Securities Case
The Northern Securities Company was an important United States railroad trust formed in
1902 by E. H. Harriman, James W. Hill, J.P. Morgan, J. D. Rockefeller, and their associates.
16. Triangle Shirtwase Fire
The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in New York City on March 25, 1911, was one of the
largest industrial disasters in the history of the city of New York, causing the death of 146
garment workers who either died from the fire or jumped to their deaths.
17. The Jungle
The Jungle is a 1906 novel written by author and journalist Upton Sinclair. Sinclair wrote
this novel to highlight the plight of the working class and to remove from obscurity the
corruption of the American meatpacking industry during the early 20th century.
18. Pure Food and Drug Act
The Pure Food and Drug Act of June 30, 1906 is a United States federal law that provided
federal inspection of meat products and forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of
adulterated food products and poisonous patent medicines.
19. Dollar diplomacy
Dollar Diplomacy is the term used to describe the effort of the United States — particularly
under President William Howard Taft — to further its foreign policy aims in Latin America and
East Asia through use of its economic power by guaranteeing loans made to foreign countries.
20. Ballinger-Pinchot Act
The Pinchot–Ballinger controversy was a dispute between U.S. Forest Service Chief Gifford
Pinchot and U.S. Secretary of the Interior Richard Achilles Ballinger that contributed to the split
of the Republican Party before the 1912 Presidential Election and helped to define the U.S.
conservation movement in the early 20th century.

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