Short-circuits Lecture 8

Power systems elements models for short-circuit studies

Transformers part 2
Prof. Dsir Rasolomampionona
Prof. dr hab. Jan Machowski

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Outline of the lecture

Power transformers Transformer parameter calculation
Example
Power transformers zero sequence transformer model

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Mathematical Models
Power transformers parameter calculation example
Parameters of one of the most frequently used autotransformers in Poland, the symbol
of which is RTdx125/200 are as follows : winding apparent power SrH=160 MVA,
SrT=50 MVA; nominal ratio 230/120/10,5 kV/kV/kV; short-circuit voltage uKHL=10%,
uKHT=33,5%, uKLT=20,8%; power losses are neglected.
The parameters of the equivalent circuit can be determined using the formulas
presented in the previous lecture.
Impedances referred to the primary side are given by the following expressions
2
2
2
u K HL U rH
u K HT U rH
u K LT U rL
Z HL =

; Z HT =

; Z LT =

100
Sr
100
Sr
100
Sr

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Mathematical Models
Power transformers parameter calculation example
These impedances are related to the short-circuit impedances as follows:
Z HL = Z H + Z L
Z HT = Z H + Z T
Z LT = Z L + Z T

Considering the above-mentioned equations as a set of three equations with three

unknown variables, the values of the corresponding variables are determinad e as
follows:
Z H = 0,5 (Z HL + Z HT Z LT )
Z L = 0,5 (Z HL + Z LT Z HT )
Z T = 0,5 (Z HT + Z LT Z HL )

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Mathematical Models
Power transformers parameter calculation example
2
u KHL + u KHT u KLT U rH
10 + 33,5 20,8 230 2
X Hm =

= 37,5
2 100
Sr
2 100
160
2
u KLT + u KHL u KHT U rH
20,8 + 10 33,3 230 2
X Lm =

= 4,5
2 100
Sr
2 100
160

X Tm

2
u KHT + u KLT u KHL U rH
33,5 + 20,8 10 230 2
=

= 73,2
2 100
Sr
2 100
160

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Mathematical Models
Power transformers parameter calculation example
The positive sequence circuit of the autotransformer is shown in the figure below. Coreless
and magnetization losses are not presented. In short-circuit calculations these losses are
usually neglected, the values of the equivalent passive elements are not calculated.
a)

b)

220 kV

37,5

-4,5

110 kV
73,2
10 kV

r = 230 kV/120 kV/10,5 kV

S r = 160 MVA

Equivalent circuit (b) of the autotransformer depicted in (a)

It is worth noting that for most of three winding transformers the middle voltage reactance is
negative. This is the result the mutual reaction of the dissipative fluxes from the different
windings.
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Mathematical Models
Power transformers parameter calculation example
As it was derived for the positive sequence transformer model a T-type circuit is used
for the zero sequence transformer model. Only the impedances are different.
There are two essential characteristics of transformers which decide about the
zero sequence impedance values :
1.

The construction of the transstormer core influences the magnetising

impedance (Z0m)

2.

The winding arrangement decides whether the zero sequence component

will flows through the transformer or not.

ad. 1. The transformer core

Fluxes A, B, C produced in the transformer yokes correspond to the currents IL!,
IL2, IL3 of different windings.

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Mathematical Models
Power transformers zero sequence transformer model
The sum of the three currents IL1 + IL2 + IL3 = 3I0 correspond to a zero sequence
component (0) of the fluxes A, B, C multiplied by three (30 )
This sum is not equal to zero IL1 + IL2 + IL3 = 3I0 0 if 3f0 0 .
A part of fluxes generated in the coils of a three column transformer (a) passes through
the external isolation (oil, air, transformer tank) because could not pass through the
coils (leakage flux).
a)

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b)

Mathematical Models
Power transformers zero sequence transformer model
This flux path is characterised by a high magnetic reluctance, which is equivalent to a
low magnetising impedance . Then for three column transformers the following
expressions are obtained
Z 0 = (0,004 0,006 ) Z 1

and

Z 0 = (4 6 ) Z T

In contrary to the three column transformer in case of a five column transfomer (b

previous slide) or three one phase transformers there is a passage through the iron for
the magnetic flux, then the zero sequence magnetising impedance is equal to the positive
sequence magnetising impedance
Z 1 1000 Z T
Z 0 Z 1
and
ad. 2. The influence of winding arrangement
The winding arrangement decides also whether the zero sequence current will pass
through the transformer or not.

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Mathematical Models
Power transformers zero sequence transformer model
Yy configuration with one earthed neutral point. The earthing current (zero
sequence current) flows through the earthing wire at the earthed -Y side. There is
no path for the zero sequence current at the non-earthed Y side.

Determination of the equivalent circuit for transformators with Yy winding

configuration. a) the flow of zero sequence current from the Y connection point.
b) characteristic elements of the zero-sequence model c) equivalent circuit

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Mathematical Models
Power transformers zero sequence transformer model
If the transformer is a four or five column core the impedance Z 0 Z 1 is
quite high and can be neglected. If the transformer is a three column core the
impedance Z 0 = (0,004 0,006) Z 1 is smaller and must be considered in the
calculations. Then the following relation Z 0T = Z 0 should be assumed. In
such a situation a voltage 3U 0 resulting from the induction of identical emfs in
each phase will appear at the non-earthed Y neutral point .
Yy configuration with two earthed neutral points. The earthing current (zero
sequence current) flows through the earthing wire at both earthed -Y sides.
As for the previous case if the transformer is a four or five column core the
impedance Z 0 Z 1 is quite high and can be neglected.

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Mathematical Models
Power transformers zero sequence transformer model

Determination of the equivalent circuit for transformators with Yy winding

configuration. a) the flow of zero sequence current from the Y connection point.
b) characteristic elements of the zero-sequence model c) equivalent circuit

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Mathematical Models
Power transformers zero sequence transformer model
Yd configuration with earthed neutral point. The zero sequence component
path is at the Y side. A cophase emf is inducted in each phase of the secondary
winding. As a result if this induction a voltage 3U 0 and a current I 0 appear in
each phase of the transformer delta side. According to Kirchchoffs law the delta
side current cannot flow out of the delta ( I 0 ) (Fig (a)) and this is shown in the
equivalent circuit by a break (a) and (c). The current I 0 closed in the delta loop is
shown as a connection of the equivalent impedance Z to the reference node.
a)

I0

I0

I0

I0

I0

I0

b)

c)
H

Z
Z 0

L
Z 0T

Determination of the equivalent circuit for transformators with Yd winding

configuration. a) the flow of zero sequence current from the Y connection point. b)
characteristic elements of the zero-sequence model c) equivalent circuit

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Mathematical Models
Power transformers zero sequence transformer model
If the transformer is a four or five column core the impedance Z 0 Z 1 is
quite high and can be neglected. If the transformer is a three column core the
impedance Z 0 should be connected in parallel with Z . Then the following
expression is obtained Z 0T = Z Z 0 / (Z + Z 0 ) .
Yz configuration. The transformer windings are connected in zig zag when
obtaining a small zero sequence impedance value is essential. If measurements
of zero sequence impedance are performed at the star side (Y), emfs are inducted
at half length of the transformer windings, however considering the currents
flowing in the inverse direction. The zero sequence impedance measured is equal
to the open-circuit impedance though the transformer is short-circuited
(magnetising impedance). (Fig. a).

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Mathematical Models
Power transformers zero sequence transformer model
Yz configuration. The transformer windings are connected in zig zag when
obtaining a small zero sequence impedance value is essential. If measurements
of zero sequence impedance are performed at the star side (Y), emfs are inducted
at half length of the transformer windings, however considering the currents
flowing in the inverse direction. The zero sequence impedance measured is equal
to the open-circuit impedance though the transformer is short-circuited
(magnetising impedance). (Fig. a).
a)

b)

I0

I 0Z

I0

I 0Z

I0

I 0Z

c)
Z0

0,5Z T
Z 0

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Z 0Z=0,1 ZT

Mathematical Models
Power transformers zero sequence transformer model
If the transformer is supplied by a zero sequence voltage at the zigzag side, the
fluxes generated in the different winding halves (Fig b) are mutually
compensated, and the series reactance of the transformer is very small a few
times smaller than XT (in practice it is convenient to assume that Z0Z = 0,1ZT).
There are no emfs in the windings situated at the wye side (because the
resulting flux is equal to zero) therefore there is no importance whether they are
short-circuited for measurement or if the neutral point is earthed or not.
a)

b)

I0

I 0Z

I0

I 0Z

I0

I 0Z

c)
Z0

0,5Z T
Z0

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Z 0Z=0,1 ZT

Mathematical Models
Power transformers zero sequence transformer model
In case of wye-zigzag configuration the zero sequence currents at each side are
completely independent one form another (Fig. c).
a)

b)

I0

I 0Z

I0

I 0Z

I0

I 0Z

c)
Z0

0,5Z T

Z 0Z=0,1 ZT

Z0

Transformer in wye-zigzag configuration a) determination of the zero sequence impedance at the

zigzag side b) determination of the zero sequence impedance at the wye side; c) zero sequence
model of the transformer
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Mathematical Models
Power transformers zero sequence transformer model
Three winding autotransformers and transformers. They are usually Yyd connected,
and the wye point is earthed. Their equivalent circuit are modelled the same way as it was
for two winding transformers.
a)

b)
H

c)
H

ZH

ZL
Z 0

ZT
T

ZH

ZL
Z 0T

Zero sequence models for high power (auto) transformers

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Bibliography
Machowski J, Kacejko P. Zwarcia w systemach elektroenergetycznych
(Power System Short-Circuits in Polish), Wydawnictwo NaukowoTechniczne, Warszawa 2002

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