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pension
subsidies
Curve
1. Privatization proceeds
2. Income tax, cooperation tax, GCT
3. Rent from government buildings and land
4. Profits from nationalized industries
5. Loan from domestic/ external financial institutions/organizations
The Balanced Budget Multiplier =1
This occur when a change in government spending equals the change in tax (G =T) or
(Y =G). it is possible that with a balanced budget a country can experience an increase
in national income.
Eg If T = $20B and G = $20B, when the MPC = 0.8. MPC represents consumer spending
$20B x 0.8 = $16B, $4B is saved. $4B x 1/1-0.8 = $4B x 1/0.2 = $4B x 5 = $20B
The national income will increase by $20B which is the same as the initial injection by
the government.
Methods of financing a budget deficit
1. Treasury bills these are short term borrowing by the government and are
redeemable after 3 months (internal)
2. Bonds these are long term borrowing by government (internal)
3. The government also borrows from abroad to finance a deficit.
Lags and potency of fiscal policies
Lag is the time required to approve and implement fiscal legislation and may hamper the
effectiveness and weaken fiscal policy as a tool of economic stabilization.
They include:
2. Action lag is also known as INSIDE LAG. after identifying the problem Govt make some
polices which has to be approved from senate or assembly or any other governing body. It is
called Action Lag. Normally it takes long time.
3. Once govt adopt the policy, the time period between adopting the policy and its impact is
called impact lag and it is also called OUTSIDE LAG. normally it is shorter than Action Lag.
Lags
Recognition
Administration
Impact
Monetary Policy
same
Fiscal Policy
Same time to identify the
Easy to implement
Takes a longer time to be
problem
Takes time to Implement
Shorter time to be felt
felt
Potency of fiscal policy
1. Crowding out effect
If the government implements expansionary fiscal policy by reducing taxation, or
increasing government spending then this will lead to a budget deficit. To finance this
deficit the govt. will have to borrow. This puts upward pressure on the rate of interest
as the govt. competes for limited funds with the private sector. As the rate of interest
increases private investment and consumption are discouraged and this leads to a fall
in AE. In other words, the high level of govt. spending crowds out private sector
spending. Overall this counteracts the impact of expansionary fiscal on the economy
making it less effective.
2. Lack of excess capacity
Where the economy is at full capacity and all resources are fully utilized an increase
in AD as a result of expansionary policies will simply lead to inflation. However, in
an economy where resources are not fully employed and there is excess capacity, an
increase in AD stimulates the economy and effectively increases output without
inflation.
Automatic and discretionary stabilizers
Discretionary
Deliberate changes in G and T to affect the size of the budget deficit/surplus
Automatic
Government spending that automatically increases/decreases along with the business
cycle without legislation having to be passed. Decreases in aggregate income cause
the unemployment rate to increase resulting in an increase in welfare payments.
Decreases in Y cause tax revenues to fall faster than the national income.