Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
po>KfleHMyi A. H.
CAHKT-nETEPBYPr
2010
BepmirraMa
th
of the International
anniversary of the
ST.
PETERSBURG
2010
conference
birth of A. N.
Bernshtam
CONTENTS
ACADEMIC LEGACY IN ARCHAEOLOGY
A.N. BERNSTAM' S
V. A.
Alekshin
G. V,
Dluzhnevskaya
in the
(St.
(St.
Archive of IHMC
Kuzmina (Moscow,
E. E.
RAS
22
Bernshtam and
Russia). A. N.
27
A. Alekshin
5".
V.
Asia
I.
Margiana
the capital of
Mamontov (Volgograd,
I.
44
53
civilization
A.
34
in Central
V.
Petersburg, Russia). Metal cosmetic rods with a spatula-like head from Altyn-depe
(St.
in
60
Turkmenistan
Russia). Clay
Yu.
Fedosov (Volgograd, Russia). Burials containing the pottery decorated with herringbone patterns
in the context
A. V. Polyakov
of the
M.
E.
(St.
Okunevo
culture
Kilunovskaya
(St.
Sokolova
(St.
on Lake
Don region
71
Commemorative construction
Petersburg, Russia).
75
Itkol'
L A.
68
Runda on
a silver rhyton
Museum
80
Okunevo and
Harappan cultures
M. Bianki
A.
Bokovenko
N. A.
87
(St.
95
(St.
99
E.
N.
1.
A.
Gass
104
and interpretation
results
(Berlin,
104
Age
of Semirechie
12
.C.
G.
I.
M. A. Bubnova (Dushanbe,
in the
E. B.
millennium
Vadetskaya
Gusakov
the
Yu.
M.
1.
T.
Elikhina
Uzbekistan).
Tajikistan).
(St.
Kashuba, G.
To
Who
Middle Dniester
area:
123
BC?
135
sites in the
Middle Yenisei
Achaemenid
the
(St.
Xiongnu period
V. V.
Bogomolov (Tashkent,
st
116
state:
142
model of the
interaction
Petersburg, Russia). Bactrian fabrics from the collection of the State Hermitage
I.
Smimova, M.
Yu.
Vakhtina
(St.
Krasnienko
(St.
153
150
156
(archaeological data)
167
J.
A. Lerner
(New
in Bactria
K.
M.
New
Rubinson (Pittsburg,
Linduff, K. S.
Minyaev
their seals
171
Petersburg, Russia).
(St.
N. Nikolaev
To
st
York, USA).
millennium BCE-early
the interpretation of
some
st
millennium
finds
CE
172
(a preliminary report)
186
V. P.
Nikonorov
M.
Olbrycht (Rzeszow, Poland). Central Asian, Achaemenid and Parthian cavalry developments
J.
(St.
192
196
V. S.
in
201
art objects)
Southern Kazakhstan
in
207
Tuva and
the animal style of the Northern Black Sea region: searching for parallels
M. N. Pshenitsyna
Ryabkova
T. V.
(to the
VI.
in the
1,
225
barrow 10
Semenov
A.
(St.
217
(St.
(St.
237
cc.
BC)
241
246
82
(St.
among
the stock-breeders
rite
of Khorezm
252
Guneri
A. S.
in
(Izmir, Turkey).
G. Klyashtornyi
in the
Works
On
the
in
Mongolian
Altai,
2009-2010
264
ethnonym Jurchen
270
Uighur Khaganate
P. B. Lurie
(St.
276
Musakaeva (Tashkent,
A. A.
project:
(Chita, Russia).
(St.
259
(OTAK)"
Central Eurasia
Zhamsaranova
R. G.
S.
(St.
....
279
Emperor Arcadius
285
E. A.
in the
/.
Torgoev
(St.
L.
298
On the stratigraphy
M.
294
V. S.
A.
288
part
301
311
List of abbreviations
322
325
Bachrach
Bachrach 1994
phy
B, S.
An
of Chalons (451):
at the Battle
Essay
in Military
Demogra-
//
Bokonyi History of Domestic Mammals Central and Eastern Europe. Budapest, 1974.
Elton H. Warfare Roman Europe, A.D. 350-425. Oxford, 997.
of
Roman Empire:
New York, 1991.
1991
A. The
Afterword
Thompson
A. The Huns Revised and with an afterword by
Heather.
Heather 1999 Heather
Bokonyi 1974
in
S.
Elton 1997
in
the
Fall
Ferrill
Ferrill
P.
E.
//
P.
J.
et guerriers
I.
au VI siecle
Lindner 1981
Lindner
Lindner
R. P.
Lindner 1982
R. P.
What was
//
Nomadic Tribe?
//
Comparative Studies
in Society
Maenchen-Helfen 1973
Maenchen-Helfen
O.
J.
The World of
Nicolle D.
and
Huns. Oxford, 2000.
Oxford, 2004.
Sidebottom 2004 Sidebottom H. Ancient Warfare: A Very Short
Cambridge; New York; Port
The Cambridge History of Early Inner
Sinor 1990 Sinor D. The Hun period
Nicolle 2000
the
Attila
Introduction.
Asia.
//
Sinor
993
Sinor D. The
Historical Attila
// Attila:
M.
Central Asian,
According
to written, archaeological
nomadic
J.
P. 3-15.
2001; 2003). Links between Arsacid Parthian culture and the steppe peoples' civilization are discernable
in
some
was
closely connected
with the state's military organization, which for the most part was founded on nomadic practices inherited
from the Dahae and the Aparni. Horse-riding became a symbol of a high social
the
status, and that phenomeThe principal under which the social strucoperated was the nomadic legacy of the Aparni. In
units
formed the
relied
on cavalry,
nobility. In the
Arsacid period,
surrounded by a glamour possessed by no other ancient people, comprised two main fighting arms:
mounted archers
(in
man and
horse, with
(in
armor elements
if
latter
armed
Cassius Dio
kinds of troops and to fight on appropriate ground (Pugachenkova 1966: 31, 43; Khazanov 1971: 75, 93;
to follow their
196
particular,
in the
BC)
Achaemenid and
Hellenistic periods.
it is
is
impossible
scanty.
How-
in the history of
Achaemenid
In the
Parthians, belonged
period, the cavalry forces of Central Asian steppe peoples, including the
Da-
Iran, including
delo"). In
some
campaigns, however, the Achaemenid commanders used their cavalry forces under rather inappropriate
circumstances
at Plataiai,
(e. g.
ciently cooperate with other units of their army. Nevertheless, in several attested military
Kunaxa
(including
and
in
at the
Hell. 3.4.15;
in
their
engagements
efficiency,
Anab. 6.5.29).
Probably the best heavily armored cavalry among the steppe peoples living on the borders of the
riders
The
later
fell
(Hdt. 1.201
in
530
in
relates
probably to
ff.).
is
that of
The
first
elite unit in
401 BC. These cavalrymen were armored with cuirasses and thigh-protections (parameridia). Their
i
horses had armor for the forehead and breast (Xen. Anab. 1.8.6).
horses under Cyrus the Great (Xen. Kyr. 6.1.50
and mirrors,
tic
in fact,
f.;
Xenophon' s
lifetime (about
400 BC). In
mentions armor side-pieces (parapleuridia) protecting both the horse and the
6.1.50
f.;
(Curt. 3.11.1).
He
be anachronis-
power
Achaemenid
who
riders
III
to
7.1.2).
At
bat
seems
III
(serie
lamnarum
forces (332-331).
It
com-
equipped some of his soldiers with longer spears (xysta) and swords (xyphoi) than before, "because
it
was
thought that Alexander had had a great advantage in this respect in the battle of Issos" (Diod. 17.53.1).
III
and his
made
staff.
The importance of contingents from Eastern Iran and Central Asia to the Achaemenid army is best
illustrated by their role at the battle of Gaugamela fought against Alexander the Great's army (331 BC).
Darius Ill's commanding staff, including the satrap of Bactria-Sogdiana Bessos, and the satrap Mazaios,
relied chiefly
new
the
units
to
in
donian units.
The
The
picked Mace-
and became
in-
volved in a bloody clash with a large body of retreating Persian, Parthian and Indian cavalry (Arr. 3.15.12;
Curt. 4.16.20-25).
The
ability to
Gaugamela, implies
alry several
times
long lances.
at
that they
Achaemenid army,
is
battlefield
It
was
demon-
Ma-
that
in
Central Asia
and Sogdian cavalry forces, supported by the cavalry of the nomadic Dahae and Massagetae which rather
197
in hit-and-run raids
forces and his skill of attacking in the least expected place and time deprived Alexander of the strategic
which occurred
campaign
in Asia.
329 BC, a sizable Macedonian corps under Pharnuches' command suffered a complete defeat
mobile
unit,
was
It
into a trap
many Macedonians
at
they handled
f.).
Ira-
The
7.7.35). In his Taktika, Ailianos underscores that the Scythians, the Thracians,
II
how
died not due to missiles but were killed in hand to hand combat against
Philip
tactics
surrounded Pharnuches' forces (Curt. 7.7.31-33). Having encircled the Macedonians, the
Asian Iranian
The most important allied contingents in Spitamenes' army were supplied by Massagetae and DaThe Massagetae probably formed medium and heavy cavalry, the traditional force of their tribe. Not
accidentally, the oldest depiction of a heavily armored horsemen who may be called the cataphract comes
hae.
traditionally
relief
th
Khoresm on
rd
c.
BC (Litvinskij
a spear.
th
rd
The
object
century BC).
nomads dominated
an unarmored Iranian rider with the long lance comes from Koi-krylgan-kala
in
is
The
site is
located in
A depiction of
steppes.
fragment shows a horseman with a very long spear held with both hands. Recently, another depiction on a
Kalaly-gyr 2 in Khoresm has been published, showing a rider with a spear
at
(Vainberg 2004:
pict. 7,
is
datable to the 3
rd
century BC.
f.).
Thus
it
seems certain
to a
From Chirik-Rabat
to the
th
and 3
rd
centuries
BC,
the
Khoresmians and the neighbouring nomads, including the Massagetae, employed the heavily armored and
light cavalry using
long spears,
i.
e.
his
may have
be-
enhance
the
troops which gave his riders a powerful tool to inflict losses on the enemy. Spitamenes
III,
threat
battle of
essential reforms to
Gaugamela
and
tactis
It
which
(331).
The reforms
Ill's staff,
finally
had
in
were appar-
to fight against
on combining
heavy cavalry but also horse archers and javeliners. Essential were mounted javelin-men who threw
spears from a distance. Conceivably, Spitamenes used also other types of cavalry, including regular lancers {kontophoroi).
The key
dians,
actors in Alexander's
and Massagetae/Scythians.
army
fighting
glance at the
it is
nomadic cavalry
in the
campaigns
troops.
As
in India
a result, he
and southern
cavalry.
In the Diadochoi
and early Hellenistic period, cavalry contingents from Iran and Turkestan
198
One
often
commanders
of
I
A
"
this
soldiers
from
Media and pre-Arsacid Parthia. The overwhelming superiority of Peithon' s Iranian cavalry enabled him
to
commanded
in
323
BC
Peithon's cavalry turned the battle into a spectacular success of Antigonos (Diod. 19.39.6^14.3).
nian cavalry were the real military
to
The
Ira-
had
account Hellenistic innovations brought into Iran and Central Asia by Alexander the
to take into
Great and his successors. Arsacid mounted archers and cataphracts were complementary, each providing
the others with
enemy
in either separately.
the en-
were charged by the cataphracts. The long lances of the cataphracts, imitating the Macedonian shaft
weapons, but somewhat stronger, and heavy armor made them able to crush the Macedonian phalanx,
Hellenistic cavalry formations,
and
Roman
legions.
Our knowledge of Parthian cataphracts and horse archers comes mainly from accounts of wars between Arsacid Iran and Rome. The most detailed description of the Arsacid cataphracts and mounted
bowmen offers Plutarch in his account of the Carrhae battle (53 BC; Plut. Crass. 23.8-27.2; see also Dio
40.21.1-24.1). The Parthians demonstrated there the high effectiveness of the combined cavalry types
tactics. The development of the Arsacid cavalry before Carrhae can be reconstructed only fragmentary.
There is some evidence of the early Arsacid influence on Seleucid military practices, including the employment of horse archers and cataphracts.
For the
first
fighting against a
Roman army
under Lucullus
army
led
(Plut.
belonged
to the Parthian
empire since
its
(Plut.
80 BC, Tigranes concluded a treaty of alliance with Atropatene and thus gained
from
BC,
cataphracts, mostly
ca.
tarch, Tigranes'
at
this country.
Some
cataphracts
According
"on
whom
the great-
was placed" (Plut. Luc. 28.2), were stationed at the foot of a considerable hill. The Roman
commander ordered his men to attack the cataphracts who were driven back. Significantly, they were not
screened by lighter troops. Tigranes proved a bad commander for he lost the initiative just at the beginning of the battle. The Median cataphracts played no active role - they did not even start a charge when
est reliance
The
battle of
Romans.
Carrhae showed that the properly used combined forces of Parthian cataphracts and
Roman
forces.
,000 fully armored horsemen, the cataphracts, and 9,000 horse-archers (Niko-
norov 1995).
During the
st
century BC, cataphracts cavalry appeared in those areas of Western Asia, which
II
of Armenia
commanded
(Ios.
(Plut. Crass.
Cataphracts also developed amongst the Sarmatian tribes, the nomads of Central
Asia and the Indo-Iranian borderland (including the Sacae) and in Bactria of the pre-Kushan und
Kushan
199
mm
Summing
up: In developing their cavalry, the Arsacids followed traditions of the Central Asian
new
whole, the
them decisive
caused a
shift
At the same
tactics
Bopearachchi
Sachs
O.,
Khazanov
M. (XasctHoe
A.
Armures
C.
Khazanov 1971
some
to
et
A. M.) Ocherki
On
1 1.
P.
the
and enabled
Roman Empire.
//
efficient,
leurs
321-355.
flejia
Koshelenko 1980
Annales
Koshelenko G.
litteraires
Litvinskiy 2001
Litvinskiy,
P'yankov 1966
VDI
(BflH). 1966. No
Mielczarek 1993
3. S.
n. e.
V.
I.
(Boeimoe
2001 Vol.
Oicca). M.,
(JlumewcKuu
aejio y
DHA 6.
177-199.
P.
//
E. A.,
UbRHKoe H.
2.
B.)
Voennoe delo u
bb.
no
h. 3.
//
36-52.
Clibanarii. Studies
the
An-
Nikonorov 1994
Nikonorov
V. P.
(HuKOHopoe
tsivilizatsil
uikoji 3ana,zi,a
h BocTOKa
//
Vzaimodeistvie
Nikonorov 1995
rakh) [K
Nikonorov
V. P.
(HiiKonopoe B.
IT.)
S.
47-51.
K voprosu o
Voennoe delo
//
sred-
Nikonorov 1998
Nikonorov
Their Identifications
tive. St.
Olbrycht 2001
V. P.
Military Archaeology:
//
at the
in the Historical
Old Problem of
Olbrycht M.
J.
The Origins of
Olbrycht M.
Parthia and
J.
Nomads
Olbrycht M.
Olbrycht 2005 Olbrycht M.
Olbrycht 2004
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In-
69-109.
J.
//
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(in Polish).
Akhemenidov do Timuridov
tral'naya Aziya ot
Some Remarks
(HeHTpajibHafl
I //
Tsen-
Pugachenkova 1966
Pugachenkova G.
iskogo voinstva (O
N<> 2. S.
Vainberg 2004
200
>
Olbrycht 2003
Look
A.
(TlyzmeHKoea
naHUupHOM BOopyjKeHHH
r. A.)
27-43.
Vainberg
B.
I.
(BauHdepe
E. H.) Kalaly-gyr
2 (Kajiajibi-rap
2).
M., 2004.
//
VDI
baktri-
(B.DM). 1966.