MANUSCRIPT NO.

APJSS/SPECIAL ISSUE/2/168

COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS: AN ESSENTIAL ASPECT TO PROMOTE

CLEAN GREEN ENERGY IN RURAL AGRO-ECONOMIC SOCIETIES IN
INDIA: A CASE STUDY IN UTTAR AND DAKSHIN DINAJPUR
DISTRICTS, WEST BENGAL, INDIA

Abstract
Promotion of the energy system from traditional mode to clean technology arena in
emerging countries possiblitates manifold social and economic betterment leading to
the acceleration of human development process. Forest and agricultural biomass as
well as crop residue conjugately provide considerable share in the daily energy
source in rural Indian agro-economic societies; but these are used mostly through
conventional methods and requires being updated and sophisticated. The execution
of a plan towards promoting clean energy tools and techniques among these
communities necessitate the beforehand confirmation whether the targeted
communities are prepared towards adopting the same. Present study endeavours to
examine the status of community preparedness of rural agricultural communities
towards aforesaid direction.

1.0. Introduction:
The ideology and parameters of analysing the efforts of development has been
diversified to a greater extent and moreover the contemporary social science
does not confine itself within the consideration of the process of development as
a cumulative process of enhancing the physical quality of life of inhabitants;
rather it tries to chalk out the strategies to promote the capabilities of the
targeted

community

for

ensuring

convenient

accessibility

to

resources,

enhancing technological sophistication towards better utilization of resources

and after all moulding the technical, structural and behavioural aspect of
communities towards possible best suit with the targeted development plans of
varying degree of temporal resolutions. In India, the rapid increase of population
as well as the augmented rate of per-capita energy consumption has been
causing an acute gap between the demand and supply of energy. Since 1980s
and still currently India has encountered a negative balance between energy
production and over all consumption. The installed capacity in India as on 31 st
March, 2004 is 112,058 MW including Thermal, Hydel, Nuclear and Renewables.
However, there is a supply-demand gap of 8 to 10% and peak load demand of 18
Page | 1

to 20%. This has also accentuated by non-decentralized nature of power

generation with vast area in the rural segment which are not connected by the
grid for reliable and quality power (IREDA, 2003). Fig. 1 shows the gap between
production and consumption of power in India. The conventional mode of power
generation system based on mainly coal and petroleum has a restricted scope of
increasing the production due to the limit of fossil fuel reserves. Whereas, the
grid extension to incorporate newer areas under the catchment of power supply,
especially

since

2006-07

has

been

creating the new demands (Please see

Table 1).
Table: 1
No. of villages electrified by the Rural
Electrification Corporation Ltd. (REC)
(A Govt. of India Company) 2001 11
Year
2001-02
2002-03
2003-04
2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11

No. of villages electrified

During the year
Up to the end of the
year
Fig:1
The
history of Indias energy
207
304942
0
304942
balance
122
305064
765
305829
181
306010
40233
346243
38262
384505
48533
433038
53370
486408
95293
581701
(Source: 42nd Annual Report of REC, 2010-11)

Besides, a point of concern is that, after so much innovation, improvement and

sophistication of the technology, the fossil fuel utilization system cannot be
made functional as pollution less system. This is a cause of deep anxiety for
maintaining environmental sustainability which is one of the aspired Millennium
Development

Goals.

The

overall

importance

of

energy

to

sustainable

development is reflected in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). While

energy was not identified as a separate MDG, it is intimately tied to the
achievement of virtually all MDGs. Access to sustainable sources of clean,
reliable and affordable energy has a profound impact on multiple aspects of
human development (UNDP, 2011).

Proper utilization of alternative source of

Page | 2

energy is at the core of attention of both the developed and developing nations
to make a mutual balance between the continuation of the process of
development and the preservation of environmental quality. The inhabitants of
rural India use the agricultural and forest biomass and crop residue to a
significant amount to satisfy their need of daily need of energy at house hold
activities. Presently, in India about 289 million of people (approximately 25 % of
total population) are lack of electricity usage and mostly of them are from rural
sector. More interestingly, about 836 million people (approximately 72 % of total
population) rely on the traditional use of biomass for cooking (International
Energy Agency, 2011). This biomass energy is utilized in such a traditional
unsophisticated manner that a considerable portion of energy is wasted away
and a significant scale of pollution is occurred. This rural energy system is
required to be replaced by clean green energy production technology. The
successful transformation from this traditional mode to modern refined mode is
the function of mutual assemblage of dyadic interaction between the innovated
tools & technology and physico- behavioural preparedness of the community
under modification process. Admittedly, all of the social endeavours do not

lend themselves to easy explanations which seem to be hardly irrelevant

for the context of studying the typical human decision making process. In
the present study effort has been made to judge the status of community
preparedness in rural agro-economic societies in India to allow this technological
metamorphosing for the abode purpose of human development.

Page | 3

2.0. Study Area:

The

present

covers

study

the

districts

two

of

Uttar

Dinajpur and Dakshin

Dinajpur. Before 1992
the undivided districts
of North Bengal, the
West Dinajpur is now
the

Uttar

Dinajpur

and Dakshin Dinajpur.

Raiganj is the District
Headquarter
U/Dinajpur

of
District

having

the

geographical location
2603515

of

latitude
0

87 4837

N
and
E

Fig: 2 Location of the study area, i.e. Uttar and

Dakshin Dinajpur Districts within the State of West

longitude. The district

covers the area of 3140 km

Bengal
and accommodates a total of 3,000,849

populations; out of which 2,638,662 of rural population. Balurghat is the District

Headquarter of the district of Dakshin Dinajpur and it is located at 25 01055 N
latitude and 8900030 E longitude. The district covers the area of 2219 km 2 and
accommodates a total of 1,670,931 populations; out of which 1,434,856 of rural
population (Census of India, 2011). The favourable climatic condition with
sufficient precipitation, fertile alluvial tract and extensively plain landscape
(except some undulated pockets) possiblitate the rural economy to be
predominated by agricultural activities in these districts. Around 40% of Net
District Domestic Product (at current price) of both the two districts is generated
from agriculture (West Bengal State Domestic Production Report).
3.0. Objectives of the Study:
The specific areas of observation in the present study are,
Page | 4

3.1. To assess the relevance of the effort of promoting clean energy

technologies in rural India.
3.2. To explore the importance of analysing the community preparedness at
the targeted area.
3.3. To examine the status of community preparedness in rural agricultural
societies towards adopting clean energy technologies.
3.4. To suggest some measures to enhance the level of community
preparedness in rural India.
4.0. Data and Methods:
Primary and secondary both the two types of data has been utilized in the
present study. The secondary data is mainly used to explain the generalized
Indian scenario in perspective with different parameters used at the course of
discussion. These data have been collected from different reports, periodicals,
research articles, Govt. publications, magazines, censuses and reports of sample
surveys. The primary data is collected through the interview along with a pre-set
questionnaire to explore the status of community preparedness towards adapting
clean energy resources and related tools & technologies. This field survey has
been conducted to cover each of the 17 C.D. Blocks in the districts of Uttar and
Dakshin Dinajpur. 38 samples has been collected with 10 respondents within
each sample i.e., a total of 380 respondents ( following the criteria that a
respondent must be the principal decision maker of the household irrespective to
gender, age group etc as well as agriculture is the primary occupation thereof)
have been interviewed ensuring a sufficient numbers of representatives from
each blocks.

The questionnaire has been a non-traditional type as was the

interview technique itself. After the acquaintance, each respondent have been
introduced with the clean energy-tools-technology, their advantages pros &
cons, estimated cost etc in his/her vernacular. Then he/ she has been questioned
whether he/ she is interested in availing those energy and related tools and
techniques within a year / after five years / ten years, i.e. yes or no. After
inserting the answer they have been questioned about some basic information
about household structure, economy and assets. Retrieving of data from these
questionnaires is a very important phase of the study; which is discussed later at
required place.

Page | 5

5.0. The Study in Details Findings and Discussion:

5.1. Clean Technology and Community Preparedness Where the Two
meet?
Energy
consumption
pattern and sources
of energy used in
rural India has been
well

explored

different

by

research

works and surveys

carried

out

different

in
time.

These reports show

a steady increase of
per capita energy
consumption

in

Fig: 3 Per capita energy consumption pattern in rural

and urban households in India (Source: Interim Report
IR-08-009, International Institute of Applied System
Analysis)

rural India as well as the increase of the share of biomass as the source of
energy in residential usages. The per capita energy consumption by the
inhabitants of rural India has reached up to 4500 MJ during 2004-05 and only
biomass itself has constituted approximately 3750 MJ per capita in that particular
period. The use of fossil fuels, especially coal has been drastically reducing and
gradually replaced by electricity and LPG (See fig.2). Shifting trends in the
patterns of residential energy mix has been assessed by examining the changes
in the percentage of population using different fuels and electricity over time in
the Household Consumer Expenditure Survey, carried out by NSSO (See Tab. 2).
It shows these changes over the last quarter century for India. The fact that the
columns dont sum to 100% provides evidence of the fact that most households
use multiple fuels. The percentage of rural population using biomass like fuel
wood and dung remain unchanged for last three decades; obviously the number
of users of these fuels has been increasing gradually. There is a considerable
change in the percentage of rural population using LPG (0% in 1983 to 12% in
2004-5) and electricity (15% in 1983 to 54% in 2004-5).
Table: 2

Page | 6

Percentage of rural population using different sources of household energy in

India
Fuels

1983

1987-88

Years
1993-94

LPG
Coal /
Coke
Electricity
Kerosene
Fuel wood
Dung

0
3
15
95
86
53

1
3
24
96
89
56

2
2
36
95
88
53

19992000
6
2
47
96
88
52

2000-05
12
2
54
91
88
46

(Source: Household Consumer Expenditure Surveys, NSSO)

Most of this significant amount of fuel wood and other forest residues as well as
agricultural biomass and crop residues is burnt in traditional clay furnaces that
results into an incomplete combustion of those fuels leading to the release of
pollutants

like

carbon

monoxide,

methane,

nitrogen

oxides,

benzene,

formaldehyde, benzo(a)pyrene, aromatics and respirable particulate matters.

These pollutants cause considerable damage to health, especially of women and
children who are exposed to indoor pollution for long duration (Smith, 1987;
Smith, 1993, Patel and Raiyani, 1997). Bio-fuels can also damage people's
health, because they give off smoke that contains many hazardous chemicals.
Studies of rural areas show that smoke levels inside dwellings often far exceed
safe levels recommended by the World Health Organization (The World Bank,
2001). This conventional mode of bio mass energy resource utilization system
requires to be replaced by modern techno-oriented green energy production
system. The production of cleaner bio-mass energy has already been proved
partially successful in India and the ceaseless effort of engineers and technicians
is continuing to make the production system further efficient to reduce
production cost for making the energy economical enough and worthy to be
mass-use.

The

successful

assimilation

of

technological

innovation

or

upgradation is possiblitated by their utility in one hand and the acceptance by

the targeted community on the other hand.
The community preparedness in this aspect may be described as the ability of a
particular community to accept or be assimilated with the updatation,
upgradation, and transformation of technological circumstances leading to a
varying degree of modification in socio-cultural and economic livelihood. As it is

Page | 7

obvious for a plan to be structurally flexible enough for being befitted with the
demand; then it is also a pre-execution essential to know the status of
community preparedness in respect to a particular effort of modification. Neither
the tools nor the technology can be superimposed to a community; rather, a
smart plan targets allowing them dissolved.
5.2.

Present

Preparedness

Status

of

towards

Community

Using

Clean

Energy:
The study, as has targeted to examine the
status of preparedness of the inhabitants of
agricultural society for adopting the clean
green energy, the districts of Uttar and
Dakshin Dinajpur have been selected for field
survey. Bothe of these two districts rural
economy is predominated by agriculture and
allied activities as indicated by the principal
share of GDP by this sector. For the purpose
of examining the block level variation of
spatial extension of agriculture as well as the
participation

of

people

in

it,

scatter

diagram has been plotted with the block wise

Fig: 4 Scatter Diagram for

examining the magnitude of
Block wise variation of spatial
extension and peoples
participation in agriculture

data of percentage of net sown area to total area and percentage of population
related to agriculture with total population (See Fig. 4). The scatter shows that
there are insignificant variations between the blocks of these two districts in this
particular aspect. This analysis allows collecting the samples randomly from 17
blocks with equal weight of the two districts.
The data collected from the field survey has revealed that male decision makers
of the households are keener to accept the new technology concept and to use
the clean energy than that of the females. 124 male respondents out of the total
of 308 (i.e. 40.26%) have expressed installing the updated technology within one
year if available. This rate of affirmative response is very low if the female
respondents are concerned. Only 11 female respondents out of 72 (i.e. 15.27%)
answered affirmatively. This pattern of response may be the consequence of the
social status of the females in rural Indian societies. There are a very few
examples that the mistress of the households become the decision makers; and
Page | 8

even in spite of being the most aged members of the family. Some females
matching the criteria who have been interviewed are mostly from tribal society;
and engaged in agriculture as agricultural labourer. This may restricted the
capability of remitting installation cost of the clean energy generating
technology.
The data also reflects that there is
age-specific variation in eagerness
towards

accepting

updated

technologies. Higher percentages

of affirmative answers have been
received from the lower ranges of
age groups. If male respondents
are concerned, there is a cent
percent

affirmation

by

the

Fig: 5 Age specific affirmative response

to install clean energy tools & technology
20-24 and 25-29 years and it goes
within a year
on reducing towards the higher ranges gradually. The scenario is more or less
respondents of the age groups of

similar for female respondents; one respondent out of one give affirmative
answer in the age group of 20-24 years and there is also a decreasing trend with
the increasing of age (See Table 3 and Fig. 5).
Table: 3
Age specific affirmative response by male and female respondents towards
Installing clean energy tools & technology within a year

Age
Group
s
(Year)

No. of
Male
Responde
nts
belong to
the age
group

20-24
25-29
30-34
35-39
40-44
45-49
50-54
55-59
60-64

2
2
11
17
42
51
67
42
26

No. of Male
Responden
ts gives
affirmative
answer

Percentag
e of
affirmation
in
particular
age group

No. of
Female
Responden
ts belong
to the age
group

No. of
Female
Respondent
s give
affirmative
answer

2
2
6
11
24
21
25
16
9

100.00
100.00
54.55
64.71
57.14
41.18
37.31
38.10
34.62

1
0
4
13
0
0
0
0
11

1
0
1
6
0

Percenta
ge of
affirmatio
n in
particular
age
group

100.00
25.00
46.15
0.00
Page | 9

65-69
70-74
75-79
80
Total

21
18
2
7
308

6
1
0
1
124

28.57
5.56
0.00
14.29
40.26

6
32
5
0
72

1
2
0
11

16.67
6.25
0.00
15.28

Status of educational attainment of an individual influences his/her level of

thinking as well as his eagerness to utilize the resources scientifically under the
updated technological environment. Agrarian society in India is characterized by
the low level of education, use of hereditary gained knowledge, utilization of
traditional tools and techniques. This may be one of the toughest challenges to
gain focus of this society towards the use of ultra-modern tools and techniques
for consuming clean energy.
Table: 4
Classification of affirmative responses by Respondents
into different Level of educational attainment

Level of
Educational
attainment

Illiterate
Primary
Secondary/
H.S.
Graduation
Higher
Total

No. of
Responden
ts within
this
category

No. of
Respondents
gives
affirmative
answers

Percenta
ge

41
92

4
23

9.76
25.00

52
45
11

30.23
71.43
91.67

172
63
12
380

135

Table 4 exhibits that most of the sample respondents, i.e. decision makers posses
up to secondary level of education; besides, Illiteracy has not been wiped out
completely (Also see Fig 6). Only around 10% of illiterate sample respondents
give affirmative response; and, the percentage of affirmative responses has been
limited to 30% for respondents attaining primary to secondary level of education;
whereas 45 out of 63 graduate respondents and 11 out of 12 respondents with
higher educational attainment delivers their opinion affirmatively.

Page | 10

Fig: 6 - Relationship between educational attainment and affirmative response to

possess clean technology within one year.

Page | 11

Income

is

one

of

the

important

factors

in

motivating

the

people

towards

updated

sophisticated
technologies.

Admittedly,

demand is the function of

willingness and purchasing
capability.

The

sophisticated

clean

renewable

tools

energy

and technology requires a

high

volume

of

Fig: 7 - Cost comparison of renewable and

conventional electrification technologies (Source:
investment
during
Cust, Singh and Neuhoff, 2007
installation. Renewables struggle to compete in generation cost terms at
subsidized tariff rates for grid electrification (Banerjee 2006; Nouni et al. 2007).
However, where full cost of energy delivery is taken into account for serving rural
areas with grid power, renewables are often cost competitive. The cost of grid
extension increases the cost of electricity supply by approximately Rs1/kWh/km..
Banerjee (2006) and Deshmukh and Bilokar (2006) find that biomass gasification
technologies are the least-cost electrification option (versus diesel or grid
extension) at a distance from the existing grid- potentially as little as 3km. Figure
7 depicts the approximate economic viability curve of non-conventional
electrification
into

options,

account

the

taking

cost

of

conventional electricity supply

options. Where technologies lie
below

this

curve,

they

are

capable of delivering cheaper

electricity

(in

cost

Rs/kWh

terms) than conventional rural

electrification

options

(grid

extension or diesel generators)

(Cust,

Singh

and

Neuhoff,

2007).

Page | 12

The data obtained from the field survey reveals that the respondents from the
higher per capita household income shows more interest towards clean energy.
Comparatively higher installation cost as well as production cost than that of the
grid electrification (where available) causes least interest on clean technology for
lower incoming households; where no affirmative answer found from the
respondents with annual per capita household income below Rs. 20000. Most of
the few affirmative answers
(affirmation rate not more than

Fig: 8 Income distribution of the

respondents

25%) received from the respondents with annual per capita household income
below Rs. 100000 are from the areas of no grid connection availability; whereas
the affirmation rate increases away with the augmentation of per capita annual
household income (See Table: 5).
Table: 5
Interests towards clean energy is a function of Income of the household
Per capita annual
income range of
the household of
the respondent
< 10000
10000 - 19999
20000 - 29999
30000 - 39999
40000-49999
50000 - 99999
100000 - 149000
150000 - 199999
200000 - 299999
300000 - 399999
400000 - 499999
500000 & more
Total

No of
respondents
belong to this
category
21
32
39
47
64
57
41
27
21
18
7
6
380

No of
respondents
responded
affirmatively
0
0
11
11
16
13
20
22
14
16
7
5
135

Percentag
e of
affirmatio
n
0.00
0.00
28.21
23.40
25.00
22.81
48.78
81.48
66.67
88.89
100.00
83.33

All the above analyses have been done on the basis of the rate of affirmative
answer received from the respondents with some specified socio-economic
criteria; which may have explored how those factors do influence the decision
making process of the inhabitant of the rural agrarian India towards assimilating
the innovative technology. The social system is dynamic in nature. A very few
portion of population accept the innovative ideas initially; and their successful
Page | 13

utilization encourages the ideas to be diffused away to their neighbours. In the

early stages in the diffusion of ideas there may be a certain resistance involved
with it; which leads to a rather slow start to their spread. But the successful
usage of those ideas lead to accelerate the diffusion process as majority would
follow them. At the initial stages of adopting new technology to the society may
put forth a time-lag which is not an unexpected event (Knowles and Wareing,
2004). The study reveals a bright future prospect in this direction. The rate of
affirmation towards clean energy increase when the respondents have given a
wider time limit (i.e. 5 or 10 years instead of 1 year). Purchasing capability is
undoubtedly a strong controlling factor in this particular aspect but the
psychological matters i.e. the willingness of the inhabitants cannot be ignored.
All the 38 samples containing 10 respondents each has been classified into
different level of affirmation rate (i.e. how many affirmative answer received out
of 10). The distribution is fitted with the binomial distribution for getting
generalized theoretical distribution (See Appendix Table A1 to A3 and Fig. 8).

8 (A)

8 (B)

Fig: 8 Time-lag graph towards adopting clean energy technology. (A) With
observed frequency;
(B) With Theoretical Frequencies using Binomial Distribution
The above figures clearly indicate the behavioural pattern of the rural Indian
societies towards accepting new technology ideas. When the respondents are
questioned about their decision to accept the same within one year time limit,
Page | 14

then the rate of affirmative answer becomes 35.5% only (135 affirmations out of
380 respondents). As the time limit has been increased to 5 years and 10 years,
then the rate of affirmation increases to 44.2% (i.e. 167 affirmations out of 380
respondents) and 57.1% (i.e. 217 affirmations out of 380 respondents)
accordingly. This increment of 22% (i.e. 35% to 57%) is truly prospective
favouring the acceptability of the innovative ideas. The present figure of possible
increment is indicative only; and there is fair possibility for the rate of actual
increment in future to be faster than that of the observed rate at present if the
incorporation of new tools and techniques succeed to bring real benefit to the
early adopters. Early success stories are the key of mass popularization of the
same at forthcoming periods.
6.0. Conclusion:
Agriculture is the principal source of occupation in India and around three fourth
of the population is related to it. The effort of development to the mass
essentially

directs

the

target

towards

the

agro-economic

societies;

the

development of which areas should ensure the development of the greater

portion of the population. Modification of the present energy utilisation system
towards a modern scientific direction is undoubtedly essential for these targeted
communities. The level of education in these areas is required to be upgraded.
Though the mass literacy plans and programmes has shined the scenario of rural
literacy in India, but this is not beyond doubt that how far this basic level of
educational attainment be helpful in the manifestation of human mind to
generate positive response towards accepting innovative ideas. The rate of
attaining higher education is required to be enhanced. Besides, the advantages
of utilizing clean technology and related matters to be included into the
curriculum so that an updated knowledge back up regarding this particular
aspects is readily available to the individuals; which do influence the decision
making process. As the high installation cost is one of the tough constraints then
the researches on this technological aspects to be promoted with the
institutional patronage for making the technology purchasable to a wider part of
population. Awareness among the rural population regarding the environment
quality sustenance, indoor pollution as well as personal health and hygiene etc
are

of

considerably

over-casual

pattern.

Arrangement

of

campaigning

programmes and workshops with the enterprise of local government and

different NGOs may be effective in this regard. The uplifted level of
Page | 15

consciousness among the inhabitants of these targeted areas does annex extra
dimension at the perceptual receptors of human minds to enable rational
decision making at the situation when the choice is to be made not considering
the presently prevailing circumstances, rather it is to be done based on the
projected future. The targeted community is to be prepared first to ensure the
high level of participation of those peoples for whom a particular action plan has
been chalked out.

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Appendix
Table: A1
Generalized distribution of trend of affirmation when the option of time limit is
given for one year
No. of
affirmative
answers out of
10 respondents
of the sample
0
1
2
3
4
5
6

Observe
d
Frequen
cy

(f.x)

Theoretical
Frequency
(Binomial distribution)
(f)

(f)
0
0
8
13
9
5
2

0
0
16
39
36
25
12

38 x 10c0 x (0.6447)10 x (0.3553)0 = 0.5

38 x 10c1 x (0.6447)9 x (0.3553)1 = 2.6
38 x 10c2 x (0.6447)8 x (0.3553)2 = 6.4
38 x 10c3 x (0.6447)7 x (0.3553)3 = 9.5
38 x 10c4 x (0.6447)6 x (0.3553)4 = 9.1
38 x 10c5 x (0.6447)5 x (0.3553)5 = 6.0
38 x 10c6 x (0.6447)4 x (0.3553)6 = 2.8

Page | 17

7
8
9
10
Total

1
0
0
0
38

7
0
0
0
135

38 x 10c7
38 x 10c8
38 x 10c9
38 x 10c10

x
x
x
x

(0.6447)3 x
(0.6447)2 x
(0.6447)1 x
(0.6447)0 x
38

(0.3553)7 = 0.9
(0.3553)8 = 0.2
(0.3553)9 = 0.0
(0.3553)10 = 0.0

Table: A2
Generalized distribution of trend of affirmation when the option of time limit is
given for five years
No. of
affirmative
answers out of
10 respondents
of the sample
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Total

Observe
d
Frequen
cy

(f.x)

Theoretical
Frequency
(Binomial distribution)
(f)

(f)
0
0
4
7
9
6
5
5
2
0
0
38

0
0
8
21
36
30
30
35
16
0
0
168

38 x 10c0 x (0.5579)10 x (0.4421)0 = 0.1

38 x 10c1 x (0.5579)9 x (0. 4421)1 = 0.9
38 x 10c2 x (0. 5579)8 x (0. 4421)2 = 3.1
38 x 10c3 x (0. 5579)7 x (0. 4421)3 = 6.7
38 x 10c4 x (0. 5579)6 x (0. 4421)4 = 9.2
38 x 10c5 x (0. 5579)5 x (0. 4421)5 = 8.7
38 x 10c6 x (0. 5579)4 x (0. 4421)6 = 5.8
38 x 10c7 x (0. 5579)3 x (0. 4421)7 = 2.6
38 x 10c8 x (0. 5579)2 x (0. 4421)8 = 0.8
38 x 10c9 x (0. 5579)1 x (0. 4421)9 = 0.1
38 x 10c10 x (0. 5579)0 x (0. 4421)10 = 0.0
38

Table: A3
Generalized distribution of trend of affirmation when the option of time limit is
given for ten years
No. of
affirmative
answers out of
10 respondents
of the sample
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Observe
d
Frequen
cy

(f.x)

Theoretical
Frequency
(Binomial distribution)
(f)

(f)
0
0
0
5
5
7
12
3
2
2

0
0
8
15
20
35
72
21
16
18

38 x 10c0 x (0.4289)10 x (0.5711)0 = 0.0

38 x 10c1 x (0. 4289)9 x (0. 5711)1 = 0.2
38 x 10c2 x (0. 4289)8 x (0. 5711)2 = 0.6
38 x 10c3 x (0. 4289)7 x (0. 5711)3 = 2.3
38 x 10c4 x (0. 4289)6 x (0. 5711)4 = 5.3
38 x 10c5 x (0. 4289)5 x (0. 5711)5 = 8.4
38 x 10c6 x (0. 4289)4 x (0. 5711)6 = 9.3
38 x 10c7 x (0. 4289)3 x (0. 5711)7 = 7.1
38 x 10c8 x (0. 4289)2 x (0. 5711)8 = 3.5
38 x 10c9 x (0. 4289)1 x (0. 5711)9 = 1.1

Page | 18

10
Total

2
38

20
217

38 x

10

c10 x (0. 4289)0 x (0. 5711)10 = 0.2

38

----x----

Page | 19