Effect of Noise in Analog Communication Systems

School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University
Chapter 5
Effect of Noise on Analog
Communication Systems
Principles of the Communications
Chapter 5 Contents
5.1 Effect of noise on linear-modulation systems

5.2 Carrier-phase estimation with a phase-locked
loop(PLL).
5.3 Effect of noise on angle modulation
5.4 Comparison of analog-modulation systems
5.5 Effects of transmission losses and noise in
analog communication systems
Copyrights Zhu, Weihong
5.1 Effect of Noise on Linear-modulation Systems
System model
n(t)
u(t )
BPF
um(t)
y (t )
yo (t )
LPF
ni (t)
no(t)
cos(2 f ct + )
Fig5.1.1 Block diagram of the demodulator
r (t ) = um (t ) + ni (t )
ni (t ) = nc (t )cos 2 f c t ns (t )sin 2 f c t
fc W fc fc + W
fc W fc fc + W
BPF-DSB
fc W
fc
fc
fc + W
BPF-USSB
Figure 5.1.2 BPF

Comparison standard.
SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) of the output of the receiver is
the base coefficient to evaluate the analog communication
system.
In order to compare the effect of noise on various types of
analog-modulated signals, we also consider the effect of
noise on an equivalent baseband communication system
or we can see the input SNR of the demodulator.
n(t)
m(t)
m(t)+n(t)
N0/2
LPF
-W/2
Baseband system
W/2
Figure 5.1.3 Baseband system


5.1.1 Effect of Noise on a Baseband System (or input SNR of
the demodulator
The power of the noise is
N0
Pno =
df = N0W
W 2
W
If we denote the received power by PR, the baseband SNR

is given by
PR
S
=

N b N 0W
5.1.2 Effect of Noise on DSB-SC AM

um (t ) = Ac m(t )cos(2 f c t + c )
r (t ) = Ac m(t ) cos(2 f c t + c ) + nc (t ) cos 2 f c t ns (t ) sin 2 f c t

y (t ) = r (t ) cos(2 f c t + )
= [ Ac m(t ) cos(2 f c t + c ) + nc (t ) cos 2 f c t ns (t ) sin 2 f c t ] cos(2 f c t + )

1
1
Ac m(t ) cos(c ) + Ac m(t ) cos(4 f c t + c + )
2
2
1
+ [ nc (t ) cos + ns (t ) sin ]
2
1
+ [ nc (t ) cos(4 f ct + c + ) ns (t ) sin(4 f c t + c + )]
2
1
yo (t ) = [ Ac m(t ) + nc (t ) ]
if
c =
2
=

Po =
1 2
Ac Pm
4
Pno =
1
1
Pnc = Pn
4
4
1
Pn = N 0 4W = 2 N 0W
2
where
For DSB-SC AM signal, the demodulator is coherent or

synchronous demodulator.
2
1
A
Po
S
4 c Pm
=
=1

N oDSB Pno 4 2WN 0
Ac2 Pm
Ac2 Pm
1
=
=
2WN 0
2
N 0W
=
PR
S
=
N 0W N b
In DSB-SC AM , the output SNR is the same as the SNR

for a baseband system. Therefore, DSB-SC AM does not
provide any SNR improvement over a simple baseband
communication system.
Why do we still use DSB-SC AM system?
5.1.3 Effect of Noise on SSB AM

u(t ) = Ac m(t )cos 2 f ct Ac m (t )sin 2 f c t
r (t ) = ( Ac m(t ) + nc (t )) cos 2 f c t + ( Ac m (t ) ns (t )) sin 2 f c t

r (t ) = Ac m(t ) cos(2 f c t + c ) + nc (t ) cos 2 f ct ns (t ) sin 2 f c t
y (t ) = r (t ) cos(2 f c t + )
Ac m(t ) cos(2 f c t + c ) Ac m (t ) sin(2 f c t + c )
cos(2 f c t + )
=
+ nc (t ) cos 2 f c t ns (t ) sin 2 f c t
= 12 Ac m(t ) cos(c ) + 12 Ac m (t ) sin(c ) + 12 Ac m(t ) cos(4 f c t + c + )
+ 12 Ac m (t ) sin(4 f c t + c + ) + 12 [ nc (t ) cos + ns (t ) sin ]

+ 12 [ nc (t ) cos(4 f c t + c + ) ns (t ) sin(4 f c t + c + ) ]
yo (t ) =
1
2
[ Ac m(t ) + nc (t )]
if
c =

1 2
1
1
Po = Ac Pm
Pno = Pnc = Pn
4
4
4
1
Pn = N 0 2W = N 0W
2
2
P
A
PR
S

S
o
c Pm
=
=
=
=

N oSSB Pn N 0W N 0W N b
The SNR in a SSB system is equivalent to that of a DSB system
Actrually
Ac2 Pm
S
=

N oDSB 2WN 0
Ac2 Pm
S
=

N oSSB WN 0
How to explain the upper conclusion?

5.1.4 Effect of Noise on Conventional AM

um (t ) = Ac [1 + amn (t )]cos 2 f c t
r (t ) = [ Ac [1 + amn (t )] + nc (t )]cos 2 f c t ns (t ) sin 2 f c t
If the demodulator is a coherent demodulator
1
yo (t ) = {Ac [1 + amn (t )] + nc (t )}
2
1 2 2
Pn = 2WN 0
Po = Ac a Pmn
4
1
1
Pno = Pnc = Pn
4
4
Ac2
PR =
[1 + a 2 Pmn ]
2

2 2
2 2
1
A
a
P
A
S

mn
c a Pmn
4 c
=
=

1
2 N 0W
N oAM
4 Pn
a Pmn
1 + a 2 Pmn
1 + a 2 Pmn
N 0W
a 2 Pmn
PR
1 + a 2 Pmn N 0W
S
=
N b
Ac2
2
where =
a 2 Pmn
1 + a 2 Pmn
is less than 1. So the SNR in conventional AM is

always smaller than the SNR in a baseband system.
For the envelope detector, we can only obtain
approximational results.
r (t ) = {[ Ac (1 + amn (t ) ] + nc (t )}cos 2 f c t ns (t ) sin 2 f ct

The output of the envelope detector can be written as
V (t ) =
{ A [1 + am (t )] + n (t )}
c
+ ns2 (t )

High input SNR or high PR, , which means
1.
P(ns (t ))
So
{ A [1 + am (t )]}
c
V (t ) { Ac [1 + amn (t )]} + nc (t )
Here SNR is equal to the coherent demodulator
Ac2a2 Pmn
S
S
=
=
N oAM 2N0W
N b
2.
Low input SNR or low PR

P (n(t ))
{ A [1 + am (t )]}
c

V (t ) =
{ A [1 + am (t )] + n (t )}
c
+ ns2 (t )
= Ac2 (1 + amn (t ) ) + nc2 (t ) + ns2 (t ) + 2 Ac nc (t ) (1 + amn (t ) )

2
2 Ac nc (t )
( n (t ) + n (t ) ) 1 + 2
(1 + amn (t ) )
2
nc (t ) + ns (t )
Ac nc (t )
Vn (t ) +
[1 + amn (t )]
Vn (t )
2
c
2
s
Here the signal component is multiplied by noise and is

no longer distinguishable. In this case, no meaningful
SNR can be defined. It is said that this system is
operating below the threshold ().
1.
2.
3.
Example 5.1.1 The message signal m(t) has a bandwidth

of 10kHz, a power of 16W and a maximum amplitude of
6. It is desirable to transmit this message to a
destination via a channel with 80dB attenuation and
additive white noise with power-spectral density
Sn(f)=N0/2=10-12W/Hz, and achieve a SNR at the
demodulator output of at least 50dB. What is the
required transmitter power and channel bandwidth if
the following modulation schemes are employed?
DSB AM
SSB AM
Conventional AM with modulaiton index equal to 0.8
Solution. We first determine (S/N)b as a basis of

comparison.
PR
PR
S
8
=
=
=
0.5
10
PR
(
)

12
4
N b N 0W 2 10 10
Since the channel attenuation is 80dB, the ration of

transmitted power PT to received power PR is
P
P
S
10 lg T = 80 PR = 108 PT = T
PR
N b 2
1.
For DSB AM, we have
PT
S
S
5
50
10
=
=
=
PT = 200 KW
dB

N O N R 2
BW = 2W = 20 KHz

2.
For SSB AM,
3.
PT
S
S
5
50
10
=
=
=
PT = 200 KW
dB

N O N R 2
BW = W = 10 KHz
For conventional AM, with a=0.8,
PT
S
S
=
=

2
N
O
N b
0.82 (16 / 36 )
=
=
0.22
2
2
1 + a Pmn 1 + 0.8 (16 / 36 )
where
PT
S
5
0.22
10
=
PT 909 KW

2
N O
BW = 2W = 20 KHz
a 2 Pmn
Pmn =
Pm
( max m(t ) )
5.2 Carrier-phase estimation with a phase-locked loop
5.2.1. Principle of Phase-locked loop (PLL)

Phase detector
r(t)
e(t)
Loop filter
f(t)
F(f)
x(t)
VCO
y(t)
Voltage-controlled oscillator
Figure 5.2.1 Schematic of the basic phase-locked loop
Phase-locked loops are servo-control(loops,

whose controlled parameter is the phase of a locally
generated replica of the incoming carrier signal.
Phase detector is a device that produced a measure of the
difference in phase between an incoming signal and the
local replica.
Loop filter governs the PLLs response to the variations
in the error signal.
VCO is the device that produced the carrier replica. It is
a sinusoidal oscillator whose frequency is controlled by a
voltage level at the device input.
A VCO is an oscillator whose output frequency is a linear

function of its input voltage over some range of input and
output. A positive input voltage will cause the VCO
output frequency to be greater than its uncontrolled
value, f0, while a negative voltage will cause it to be less.
Phase lock is achieved by feeding a filtered version of the
phase difference between the incoming signal r(t) and the
output of the VCO, x(t), back to the input of the VCO,y(t).
Consider a normalized input signal of the form
r (t ) = cos [ 2 f 0t + (t ) ]
Where f0 is the nominal carrier frequency and (t) is
a slowly varying phase.
Consider a normalized VCO output of the form
x(t ) = 2sin 2 f 0t + (t )
These signals will produce an output error signal at the
phase detector output of the form
e(t ) = x(t )r(t ) = 2sin 2 f 0t + (t ) cos [ 2 f 0t + (t )]
= sin (t ) (t ) sin 4 f 0t + (t ) + (t )
After the loop filter

y (t ) = sin( (t ) (t )) (t ) (t )
If we make the assumption that fo is the uncontrolled

frequency of the VCO, we can express the difference in
the VCO output frequency from f0 as the time differential
of the phase term (t ) . The output frequency of the VCO
is a linear function of the input voltage. Therefore, since
an input voltage of zero produces an output frequency of
f0, the difference in the output frequency from f0 will be
proportional to the value of the input voltage y(t), or
d 1
f (t ) = (t ) = Ky (t )
dt 2
= K 0 e(t ) f (t ) K 0 (t ) (t ) f (t )
Where K0/2 is the gain of the VCO.
Consider the Fourier transform of the upper equation

j( ) = K 0 ( ) ( ) F ( )
K 0 F ( )
( )
=
= H ( )
( ) j + K 0 F ( )
0
Steady-state tracking characteristics ()
So the phase
error could
be expressed
as
E ( ) = F e ( t )
= ( ) ( )
= [1 H ( )] ( )
j ( )
=
j + K 0 F ( )
Using the final value theorem of Fourier transforms,

which is
lim e(t ) = lim j E ( )
t
We get
j 0
j ) ( )
(
lim e(t ) = lim
t
j 0 j + K F ( )
0
2
This equation provides a measure of a loops ability to

cope with various types of changes in the input.
Example1 Response to a Phase Step

Consider a loops steady-state response to a phase
step at the loop input.
Solution
Assuming that the PLL was originally in phase lock, a phase
step will throw the loop out of lock. Having abruptly
changed, however, the input phase again becomes stable.
This should be the easiest type of phase disturbance for a
PLL to deal with. The Fourier transform of a phase step
will be taken to be
( ) = F ( u(t )) =
j
Where is the magnitude of the step. So
2
j ) ( )
(
j
lim e(t ) = lim
= lim
=0
t
j 0 j + K F ( )
j 0 j + K F ( )
0
0
Assuming the F(0)0. Thus the loop will eventually track
out any phase step that appears at the input if the loop has
a nonzero dc response.
Example 2. Response to a Frequency Step

Next, consider a loops steady-state response to a frequency
step at the input.
Solution
Since phase is the integral of frequency, the input phase will
change linearly as a function of time for a constant inputfrequency offset. The Fourier transform of the phase
characteristic will be the transform of the integral of the
frequency characteristic. Since the frequency
characteristic is a step, and the transform of an integral is
the transform of the integrand divided by the parameter
j, it follows that
( ) =
( j ) 2
Where is the magnitude of the frequency step. So
j ) ( )
(
= lim
=
lim e(t ) = lim
t
j 0 j + K F ( )
j 0 j + K F ( )
K0 F ( 0 )
0
0
The steady-state result in this case depends on more
properties of the loop filter than merely a nonzero dc
response.. If the filter is all-pass, then F()=1
If it is a low-pass, then F ( ) = 1
j + 1
1 j + 2
If it is a lead lag() filter, then F ( ) =
2 j + 1
2
so
lim e(t ) =
t
K0
This steady-state error will exist regardless of the

order of the filter, unless the denominator of
F(), contains j as a factor. Thus if the system
design requires the tracking of frequency step
with zero steady-state error, the loop filter design
must contain an approximation to a perfect
integrator.

5.2.2 Performance in Noise
Consider the input of the PLL include norrowband additive
Gaussian noise n(t), the normalize input becomes
r (t ) = cos(0t + ) + n(t )
= cos(0t + ) + nc (t )cos 0t ns (t )sin 0t

The output of the phase detector can be written as
e(t ) = x(t )r (t )
= sin( ) + n (t )cos + n (t )sin + ()
c
As before, the loop filter eliminates the twice-carrierfrequency terms. Denoting the second and third terms as
n '(t ) = n (t )cos + n (t )sin
c
The variance of n(t) is identical to the variance of n(t).

This variance will be denoted by n2
Consider the autocorrelation function of n(t)
R(t1 , t2 ) = E {n '(t1 )n '(t2 )}

= E {nc (t1 )nc (t2 )}cos2 + E {ns (t1 )ns (t2 )}sin 2
+( E {nc (t1 )ns (t2 )} + E {ns (t1 )nc (t2 )})sin cos
R ( ) = R ( ) cos2 + R ( ) sin 2
c
G ( ) = Gc ( ) cos 2 + Gs ( ) sin 2
Gs ( ) = Gc ( ) = Gn (0 ) + Gn (0 + )
G ( ) = Gn (0 ) + Gn (0 + )
For the special case of white noise, we have Gn()=N0/2,

where N0 is the single-sided spectral density of the white
noise. So
G()=N0
so
G ( ) = G ( ) H ( )
The variance of the output phase is then

2
2
1
N0
2
=
G ( ) H ( ) d =
H ( ) d
2
2
Let
2
1
WL = 2 BL =
H ( ) d
2
WL is called the two-sided loop bandwidth, BL is the
single-sided loop bandwidth.

Thus, if the noise process is white and the loop is
successfully tracking the input phase, the phase
variance is given by
2 = 2 N 0 BL
The phase variance is a measure of the amount of jitter
of wobble in the VCO output due to noise at the input.
Here it highlight one of the many tradeoffs in
communication theory.
Clearly, one wish the phase variance to be small, which
for a given noise level implies a small loop bandwidth, BL,
which implies a narrow H(). However, the narrower the
effective bandwidth of H(), the poorer will be the loops
ability to track incoming signal phase changes.

Squaring Loop
For DSB-SC AM signals, the received signal r(t) does not
contains dc component. So we cannot extract a carriersignal component directly from r(t)
If we square r(t)
r 2 (t ) = Ac2 m2 (t )cos 2 (2 f c t + c ) + noiseterms

= 12 Ac2 m2 (t ) + 12 Ac2 m2 (t )cos 2 (4 f c t + 2c ) + noiseterm
Since m2(t)>0, there is signal power at the frequency 2fc,

which can be used to drive a phase-locked loop.
cos(4fct+2)
r(t)
r2(t)
Square-law
device
Bandpass
filter tuned
to 2fc
e((t)
Loop
filter
sin(4 f c t + 2)
sin(2 f c t + )
VCO
Costas Loop.
Lowpass
filter
cos(2 f c t + )
s(t )
90o-phase
shift
VCO
Loop
filter
e(t )
sin(2 f c t + )
Lowpass
filter
Summarizing
Effect of Noise on Analog Communication

Systems (required)
Carrier-Phase Estimation with a PhaseLocked Loop (PLL, general learn)
:
1
2DSBSSBConventional AM
What is the next
Chapter5
Effect of noise on angle modulation (Section 5.3)
Comparison of analog-modulation systems
(Section 5.4)
Effects of transmission losses and noise in analog
communication systems (Section 5.5)
Homework: 5.4,5.5, 5.8
Note: Homework is due to one week after it is

assigned.
Chapter 5
Thank you for your attention!

Any question?
5.3 Effect of Noise on Angle Modulation

n(t )
r (t )
u (t )
BPF
Limiter
Discriminator
LPF
y (t )
demodulator
Figure 5.3.1 Block diagram of receiver for a general angle-demodulated signal
In the block diagram of the angle demodulation, the bandwidth

of the BPF is Bc=2(+1)W, where is the deviation ratio and
W is the bandwidth of the message signal. So the bandwidth of
the LPF is W.
u (t ) = Ac cos[2 f c t + + (t )]
where K f = 2 f d
K p mn (t )
(t ) =
2 f d mn ( )d
PM
FM
Ac2
SNRb =
2 N0 B

r (t ) = u (t ) + n (t )
= u ( t ) + nc ( t ) cos 2 f c t ns ( t ) sin 2 f c t
ns ( t )
)
= Ac cos(2 f c t + (t )) + n ( t ) + n ( t ) cos(2 f c t + arctan
nc ( t )
2
c
2
s
= Ac cos(2 f c t + (t )) + Vn ( t ) cos(2 f c t + n (t ))
= R(t ) cos(2 f c t + (t ))
The output of the demodulator would be (t). For larger SNR,
we can see
( t ) = ( t ) + e (t )
Vn (t ) sin (n (t ) (t ) )
e (t ) = arctan
Ac + Vn (t ) cos (n (t ) (t ) )

Im
0
Vn(t)
r(t)
e(t)
(t)
(t)
Ac
n(t)
Re
Figure 5.3.2 Phasor diagram for angle demodulation, assuming SNRT>>1

Im
0
Ac
r(t)
e(t)
(t)
Vn(t)
n(t)
(t)
Re
Figure 5.3.3 Phasor diagram for angle demodulation, assuming SNRT<1
For small SNR, we have
(t ) = n (t ) + e (t )
e (t ) = tan
Ac sin [ (t ) n (t ) ]
Vn (t ) + Ac cos [ (t ) n (t ) ]
Ac
sin [ (t ) n (t ) ]
Vn (t )
The output signal of the demodulator is
K D (t )
y (t ) = 1
d (t )
K
2 D dt
PM
FM
Where KD is the discriminator constant, where we suppose KD=1.


1. For a large SNR
(t ) (t ) +
Vn (t )
sin (n (t ) (t ) ) = ( t ) + Yn (t )
Ac
PM
K p m(t ),
(t ) =
t
FM
2 k f m ( )d ,
PM
K p m(t ) + Yn (t ),
y (t ) =
1 d
FM
K f m(t ) + 2 dt Yn (t ),
Noise at the output
Vn (t )
+
K
m
t
PM
(
)
sin (n (t ) (t ) ) ,
p
Ac
=
K m(t ) + 1 d Vn (t ) sin ( (t ) (t ) ) ,
FM
f
n
2 dt Ac
Let us study the properties of the noise component

given by
Vn ( t )
sin (n (t ) (t ) )
Yn ( t ) =
Ac
Consider the noise component at the output of the
demodulator, for simplicity, suppose (t)=0, then
Yn (t ) =
rn (t )
r (t )
n (t )
sin[n (t ) (t )] = n sin n (t ) = s
Ac
Ac
Ac
The output noise power spectral density is

1
N0
2
Ac
Sn ( f ) =
1
1 2
2
(2 f ) N 0 = 2 f N 0
(2 ) 2 Ac2
Ac
PM
FM
Here, we use
y (t ) = dx / dt
S y ( f ) = (2 f ) 2 S x ( f )

Noise affect the
signal
S nP ( f )
1
N0
Ac2
-Bc
-W
Bc
Figure 5.3.4 The Noise Spectrum of PM

Noise affect the
signal
S nF ( f )
1 2
f N0
Ac2
-Bc
-W
Bc
Figure 5.3.5 The Noise Spectrum of FM

For f<W, the spectrum of the noise components in

the PM and FM are given by
NA20
Sn0 ( f ) = N c 2
0
2
Ac f
PM
FM
For FM system, the effect of noise for higher-frequency

components is much higher than the effect of noise on
lower-frequency components.
The noise power at the output is:
2WN 0
W
Ac2
Pno = Sno ( f )df =
2 N 0W 3
W
3 Ac2
PM
FM
As we know the output of the demodulator is given by
k p m(t ) + VnA(t ) sin( n (t ) (t )), PM

c
y (t ) =
1 d Vn ( t )
FM
(
)
k
m
t
+
2 dt Ac sin( n (t ) (t )),
f
So the output signal power is
k p2 PM
Pso = 2
k f PM
The SNR becomes
k p Ac
S 2
= 3k 2f Ac2
N 2
2W
2
PM
N 0W
PM
N 0W
PM
FM
=
PM p2
( max m ( t ) )
=3
( NS )b
PM 2f
( max m ( t ) )
( NS )b
PM
FM
where
Note that
p = k p max m(t )
k f max m ( t )
f = W
PM
( max m ( t ) )
= PM n
PM
FM
is the average-to peak-power ration of
the message signal (or, equivalently the power content of the

normalized message). Therefore
N
where = Bc
W
2
1
2
S
S
2
=
P
P
(
)
(
p Mn N b
M max m ( t )
N )b
PM
=
2
1
FM
o 3 2 P S = 3 P
S
2
( )
( N )b
M max m ( t )
f Mn N b
= 2( + 1) is defined as the bandwidth expansion
factor

1.
In both PM and FM, the output SNR is Proportional to

the square of the modulation index . Therefore,
increasing increases the output SNR.
2.
The increase in the received SNR is obtained by

increasing the bandwidth. Therefore, angle modulation
provides a way to trade-off bandwidth for transmitted
power.
3.
Although we can increase the output SNR by increasing

, but increasing will cause threshold effect, the
signal will be lost in the noise.

4.
Increasing the transmitter power will increase the

output SNR. In AM, any increase in the received
power directly increases the signal power at the output
of the receiver. In angle modulation what increases the
output SNR is a decrease in the received noise power.
5.
In FM, the effect of noise is higher at higher

frequencies. This means that signal components at
higher frequency will suffer more from noise than the
lower frequency components.

5.3.1 Threshold Effect in Angle Modulation
Threshold effect: at low SNRs, signal and noise

components are so intermingled that one can not
recognize the signal from the noise, a mutilation or
threshold effect is present.
The existence of the threshold effect places an upper-limit
on the trade-off between bandwidth and power in an FM
system.
It can be shown that at threshold the following approximate
relation between baseband SNR and f holds in an FM
system:
PR
S
= 20( + 1)
=
N b ,th
N 0W

Using the threshold relation, we determine the required
minimum received power to make the whole allocated
bandwidth usable.
1.
2.
3.
In general, there are two factors that limit the value

of the modulation index .
One is the limitation on the channel bandwidth which
affects through Carsons rule Bc=2(+1).
The other is the limitation on the received power that
limits the value of to less than what is derived
from the upper equation.(seeing pp245, Figure 5.16)
If we want to employ the maximum available
bandwidth, we using equation
S
2
60
=
( + 1) PM n

N o
Example

5.3.2. Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis Filtering
Basic ideas:
1.
Pre-emphasis filter: is a filter that at low frequencies
does not affect the signal and at high frequencies acts as
a differentiator. A highpass filter is a good
approximation to such a system.
2.
De-emphasis filter: is a filter that at low frequencies has
a constant gain and at high frequencies behaves as an
integrator. A lowpass filter is a good approximation to
such a system.
3.
Another way to understand emphasis is from the part
of noise.
Example of Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis Filtering:
Hd ( f ) =
where
f0 =
1
2 75106
1
1+ j
f
f0
2100 Hz

Analyzing the effect of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis
filtering on the overall SNR in FM broadcasting.
The only filter that has an effect on the received noise is the
receiver noise is the receiver filter that shapes the powerspectral density of the noise within the message
bandwidth.
The noise power-spectral density after de-emphasis filter is
S nPD ( f ) = S no ( f ) H d ( f ) =
The noise power is
2 N 0 f 03
= S nPD ( f )df =
2
A
c
W
W
PnPD
( )
( )
N0 2 1
f
2
2
Ac
1 + ff 2
S
N oPD
S
N o
1
=
3
( )
W
f0
W
f0
W
W
arctan
f0
f0
arctan Wf0
5.4 Comparison of Analog-modulation systems
1.
2.
Bandwidth Efficiency
SSB-SCVSBFM
Power Efficiency.
FMconventional AMVSB+Carrier
Ease of Implementation
conventional AMVSB+CFM
Noting:
SSB-SC and DSB-SC never used for broadcasting
purposes.
DSB-SC is hardly used in practice.
School of Information
Science and
Shandong
University
5.5 Effects
of Engineering,
Transmission
Losses
and
Noise in Analog
Communication System
Transmitted
Signal
s(t)
channel
Attenuation
Received signal
r(t)=s(t)+n(t)
Noise
n(t)
Mathematical model of channel with attenuation and additive noise
5.5 Effects of Transmission Losses and Noise in Analog

5.5.1 Characterization of Thermal Noise Sources
5.5.2 Effective Noise Temperature and Noise Figure
5.5.2 Transmission Losses

The amount of signal attenuation generally depends on the
physical medium, the frequency of operation, and the
distance between the transmittrer and the receiver.
Defined the loss L=PT/PR
1.
2.
In wireline channels, the transmission loss is usually

given in terms of dB per unit length
In LOS radio systems the transmission loss is given as
4 d
L =
5.5 Effects of Transmission Losses and Noise in Analog

5.5.4 Repeaters for Signal Transmission

Analog repeaters are basically amplifiers that generally
used in telephone wireline channels and microwave LOS
radio channels to boost the signal level and , thus , to
offset the effect of signal attenuated by the lossy
transmission medium.
Summarizing
Effect of noise on angle modulation

Comparison of analog-modulation systems
Effects of transmission losses and noise in
analog communication systems
:
1
What is the next
Chapter 6
Modeling of Information Source
(Section 6.1)
Source-Coding Theorem (Section 6.2)
Homework: 5.7 5.9 5.13
Note: Homework is due to one week after it

is assigned.
Chapter 5
Thank you for your attention!

Any question?

Effect of Noise in Analog Communication Systems

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5.1 Effect of noise on linear-modulation systems

Copyrights Zhu, Weihong

Principles of the Communications

School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University

5.1 Effect of Noise on Linear-modulation Systems

Fig5.1.1 Block diagram of the demodulator

Copyrights Zhu, Weihong

Principles of the Communications

School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University

5.1 Effect of Noise on Linear-modulation Systems

Copyrights Zhu, Weihong

Principles of the Communications

School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University

5.1 Effect of Noise on Linear-modulation Systems

Figure 5.1.3 Baseband system

Principles of the Communications

School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University

5.1 Effect of Noise on Linear-modulation Systems

The power of the noise is

If we denote the received power by PR, the baseband SNR

Copyrights Zhu, Weihong

Principles of the Communications

School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University

5.1 Effect of Noise on Linear-modulation Systems

5.1.2 Effect of Noise on DSB-SC AM

r (t ) = Ac m(t ) cos(2 f c t + c ) + nc (t ) cos 2 f c t ns (t ) sin 2 f c t

= [ Ac m(t ) cos(2 f c t + c ) + nc (t ) cos 2 f c t ns (t ) sin 2 f c t ] cos(2 f c t + )

Copyrights Zhu, Weihong

Principles of the Communications

School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University

5.1 Effect of Noise on Linear-modulation Systems

For DSB-SC AM signal, the demodulator is coherent or

School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University

5.1 Effect of Noise on Linear-modulation Systems

In DSB-SC AM , the output SNR is the same as the SNR

Why do we still use DSB-SC AM system?

Copyrights Zhu, Weihong

Principles of the Communications

School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University

5.1 Effect of Noise on Linear-modulation Systems

5.1.3 Effect of Noise on SSB AM

r (t ) = ( Ac m(t ) + nc (t )) cos 2 f c t + ( Ac m (t ) ns (t )) sin 2 f c t

= 12 Ac m(t ) cos(c ) + 12 Ac m (t ) sin(c ) + 12 Ac m(t ) cos(4 f c t + c + )

+ 12 Ac m (t ) sin(4 f c t + c + ) + 12 [ nc (t ) cos + ns (t ) sin ]

Copyrights Zhu, Weihong

School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University

5.1 Effect of Noise on Linear-modulation Systems

How to explain the upper conclusion?

Principles of the Communications

School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University

5.1 Effect of Noise on Linear-modulation Systems

5.1.4 Effect of Noise on Conventional AM

If the demodulator is a coherent demodulator

Copyrights Zhu, Weihong

Principles of the Communications

School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University

5.1 Effect of Noise on Linear-modulation Systems

Copyrights Zhu, Weihong

Principles of the Communications

School of Information Science and Engineering, Shandong University

5.1 Effect of Noise on Linear-modulation Systems