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Observation
Question
Hypothesis
Prediction
Experiment
Conclusion
Ulcers
A Case Study in the
Scientific Method
15
Ulcers
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20
# Ulcers/ patient
Group 1
Group 2
Treatment Group
22
# Ulcers/ patient
# Ulcers/ patient
Group 1
Group 2
Treatment Group
# Ulcers/ patient
Group 1
Group 2
Treatment Group
# Ulcers/ patient
Group 1
Group 2
Treatment Group
Group 1
Group 2
Treatment Group
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24
25
LOW
POWER
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27
28
29
30
Alternative explanations
(hypotheses):
1. The biopsy specimens were contaminated
AFTER samples were taken from the patients.
2. The bacteria live in the stomach, but do no
damage.
3. The bacteria are an opportunistic species that
arrives AFTER ulcers have already weakened
the stomachs defenses.
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33
A: An experimental treatment.
B: A control group.
C: An independent variable.
D: A dependent variable.
E: A hypothesis.
34
Important Aspects of
Experimental Design
Testable hypothesis, i.e., a way to measure a
response and a way to divide groups up into:
Control and Treatment Groups
Control is group that does not get the
hypothesized treatment.
Treatment is group that does get the
hypothesized treatment.
35
36
Number of ulcers
after 2 months
Control
Experimental
37
Con
Exptl
Number of ulcers
after 2 months
Con
Con
Exptl
Exptl
Number of ulcers
after 2 months
Number of ulcers
after 2 months
Number of ulcers
after 2 months
Con
Exptl
38
Number of ulcers
after 2 months
Control
Experimental
39
Number of ulcers
after 2 months
Con
Con
Exptl
D
A
Con
Number of ulcers
after 2 months
Exptl
Exptl
Number of ulcers
after 2 months
Number of ulcers
after 2 months
Con
Exptl
40
EPILOGUE
43