Paspalum conjugatum

Vernacular names : bufallo grass, hillo grass, sour grass, thurston grass.

Description : perennial, tufted, creeping, with long, often purplish, stolons,

rooting at the often hairy nodes which usually bear only one leafy culm. Culms
erect or scrambling, massive, compressed, glabrous, 20-75 cm long, internodes
7-9 cm long-fimbriate, at the base sometimes with a ring of long white hairs, 3-5
cm long, ligule membranous, 0,5 mm high, truncate, blade flat, linear to linearlanceolate, glabrous beneth, 4,5-24 cm x 6-20 mm, base shortly attenuate,
obtuse, top long-attenuate, acute, margins fimbriate, rough towards the base,
blade of upper leaves often rudimentary. Inflorescence terminal, consisting of 2(3) subopposite (the third somewhat lower), initially erect, later patent, 3-15 cm
long spicoid racemes, pseudo-spike axis glabrous, apically narrowed, drooping,
naked, spikelets yellowish green, shortly pedicelled, compressed, with one
bisexual flower, imbricate in one row at both sides of the basal keel, erectpatent, broadly elliptic with obtuse or shortly acuminate top, 1,75-2 x 1-1,mm,
margin with long white-silky hairs, shed as a whole, lower glume lacking, G 2 and
L1 very thin, as long as the spikelet, without midrib, lateral nerves present, G 2
convex, ovate-acute, with densely long-hairy margins, L 1 flat, similar to G2. But
glabrous, L2 hardened, leathery, lemon-yellow, convex, glabrous. P 1 Lacking, P2 as
long as L2, with the same tecture, flat on the back, acute, the rather narrow
membranous margins incurved.
Stament 3 : anthers bright yellow. Styles 2, free:stigmas white or yellowish,
plumose, laterally esserted. Caryposis broadly ellipsoid, transparently yellowish
brown.
Origin : tropical america
Distribution : pantropical. Throughout Indonesia.
Ecology : on not too dry, slightly to rather deeply shaded sites (but also in sunny
places) in everwet regions, on roadsides, lawns, under hedges, on premises, in
secondary forests, plantations, often abundant and forming dense masses, which
suppress seedlings of other plants. May grow (poorly) on poor and acid soils. Up
to 2000 m alt. Upland, lebak and tidal rice fields
Propagation and dispersal : caryopsis and stolon fragments, zoochorous. The
long hairs of the spikelets attach themselves easily, when wet.
Agricultural importance : serious weed in rubber, banana, coconut and citrus
plantations, pastures, less serious in rice fields
Control : amitrole alone or followed by paraquat of MSMA (1,3 kg in 1821 of
water) or diuronalone or followed by the above-mentioned herbicides.

Eleocharis congesta
Venacular names : bulu mata munding
Description : erect annual or perennial without stolons, strongly tillering, with
fibrous roots, 5-40 cm tall. Stems tufted, slender, often capillary, striate or 5-7angular-ribbed, smooth, bright green, multi-chambered inside, 0,5-1 mm in
diameter. Leaves reduced to bladeless, tubular, appressed and mucronate
sheaths, reddish at their base. Inflorescence a single, terminal, densely manyflowered, ebracteate, narrowly ovoid to lanceolate, acutish spikelet, often
proliferating at the base, 3-9 x 1,5-3 mm, glumes helically imbricate. Caducous
(the lower 1-2 usually empty and persistent), 1,5-2 mm long, membranous,
appressed, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, obtuse, hardly keeled, one-nerved,
middle ones pale or rusty brown, midrib green, margins whitish, membranous.
Flowers bisexual, perianth of 6 retrorsely hairy bristles, bristles slender, slightly
to distinetly longer than the nut, initially whitish, ultimately rusty brown.
Stamens 2(-3), anthers linear, shortly apiculate. Style glabrous, articulated with
the nut, the thickened base persistent, stigmas 3, shorter than the style. Nut
obovoid, trigonous with strongly convex back. Smooth or finely striate, yellow to
yellowish brown, 8-10 mm long: style base conspicuous shortly pyramidal,
glabrous, as long as or slightly longer than wide, one-third to one-half as broad
as the nut.
Origin : East Asia
Distribution : South east and east asia. From india to china and japan.
Throughout indonesia, except the moluccas and irian jaya
Ecology : shallow water, inundated and marshy places, ditches, up to 2800 m alt;
more common in west than in east java. Lowland-irrigated and tidal rice fields.
Agricultural importance : a weed of minor importance.
Control : manual

Cyperus kyllingia endl

Vernacular names : teki
Decription : tufted perennial, 5-45 cm tall, with short, horizontal, creeping
rhizomes, 1-2 mm in diameter and convered by ovate-lanceolate scales,
internodes very variable in length. Stems crowded or remote, solid, rather stiff,
sharply three-angular, smooth, 1-1,5 mm in diameter. Leaves 2-4, welldeveloped, soft to rather stiff, keeled, linear, margins of the upper part scabrous,
usually shorter than the stems, 2-4(-5) mm wide. Inflorescence terminal, headlike, ovoid-globose to ellipsoid, 8-12 x 6-10 mm, with usually 1-3, much smaller
sessile heads at its base, initially pure white, later rusty brown; rachis conical,
with helically inserted prismatic knobs each bearing a spikelet; involucral bracts
3-4, patent or reflexed, foliacecous, very acute, unequal, the lowest up to 30 cm;
spikelets very closely packed, sessile, patent, obliquely ovate-elliptic, strongly
compressed 3-3,5 x 1-1,8 mm, falling off as a whole, first and second glume
narrow, membranous, transparent, 1-1,5 mm long;other glumes boat-shapped,
strongly compressed, apiculate or macronulate, sharply keeled, broadly winged
on the keel, white, except the green upper part of the keel, later brownish,
puncticulate, veined; wings ciliate-serrate, 0,3-0,4 mm wider;third glume 2,5-3
mm long with a bisexual flower, fourth glume with a narrow,
Orign : asia
Distribution : tropics and subtropics of asia, less common in tropical africa and
australia, rare in tropical america;widely distributed in malesia. Throughout
indonesia
Ecology : slightly shaded or not too sunny and not too dry sites, wastelands,
roadsides. Grass-lands, gardens, coffe-estate, secondary forestic at low and
medium altitudes, rarely up to 1700 m. Upland and rainfed rice fields
Control : 1,1 kg MSMA + 0,45 kg, 2,4-D in 182 1/ha of water