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International Journal of Exploring Emerging Trends in Engineering (IJEETE)

Vol. 01, Issue 04, DEC, 2014 WWW.IJEETE.COM

COMPARISON OF EFFICIENCY ON DIFFERENT LOAD DURING ENERGY AUDIT OF


THERMAL POWER PLANT
1

Pankaj Sindhu, 2Somvir Arya, 3Dr. Rohit Garg


Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, IIET, Kinana, Jind, Haryama
2
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, IIET, Kinana, Jind, Haryama
3
Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, IIET, Kinana, Jind, Haryama
1

AbstractThis document carry out the reading


of efficiency of a thermal power plant for
different load factor of 450MWand 480 MW.
And calculate the efficiency of Boiler, turbine
and heaters.
KeywordsEnergy audit , Thermal power
Plant
INTRODUCTION
Objective of energy management is to manage
the energy efficiency of the individual subsystem equipment etc., the objective of energy
audit is to balance the total energy inputs with
its use and to identify all energy streams in a
facility. Energy Audit quantifies the usage of
energy according to its discrete functions.
Energy audit focuses attention on energy cost
also. Costs involved in achieving higher
performance are studied by financial analysis
and the best alternative is selected. The analysis
basically checked the efficiency of energy use at
present. Energy Audit covers the overall process
of data collection and carrying out technical and
financial analysis to evolving specific energy
management action. Energy Audit identifies the
performance of each equipment and compares it
with the base case.

I.

Energy Conservation and Energy Audit


Energy conservation means reduction in energy
consumption but without making any sacrifice
of quantity and quality of production. It is
therefore imperative that electricity, Which is in
shortage, be utilize efficiently and corrective
measures are searched for adoption. This could

ISSN 2394-0573

be done by Energy AuditMaintaining the


Integrity of the Specifications
Need of Energy Conservation and Energy
Audit
In the present scenario of rapidly growing
demand of energy in transportation, agriculture,
domestic and industrial sectors, the conservation
of energy has become essential for over coming
the mounting problems of the world wide crisis
and environmental degradation. There are two
factors contributing to the increase in the energy
consumption (i) more than 20% increase in
worlds population and (ii) world wide
improvement standard of living. The industrial
sector consumes about 50% of our energy and
therefore improving energy efficiency is the
focus of the thesis work. It has been estimated
that 25% improvement in the energy efficiency
of the industrial sectors as per the data given in
Table-1 is possible. In industry there are about
ten energy intensive like steel, petroleum,
fertilizer, cement, paper etc. which consumes
about 60% of the energy used by industrial
sector. Increasing government regulation,
shortage of energy resources, soaring prices
have compelled the energy consumers to go in
for energy savings.
Energy audit is of the tool to help in energy
savings. Therefore energy conservation and
energy audit in industry are never concepts for
improving energy efficiency and have emerged
as thrust areas. The conservation of energy
programs of an industrial process contributes in
improving energy efficiency and further
increased energy efficiency enhances the

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International Journal of Exploring Emerging Trends in Engineering (IJEETE)


Vol. 01, Issue 04, DEC, 2014 WWW.IJEETE.COM
productivity. Along with conservation of energy
there is urgent need to explore newer
alternatives and renewable energy resources
Sr.No.
1
2
3
4

Energy
ConsumingnSectors
Industrial
Domestic
Agriculture
Transportation

Scope
of
Improvement
25%
30%
30%
20%

To meet the growing demand for energy in


industries, one of the aims is to identify the
technical support in improving their energy
performance through comprehensive energy
audits, implementation assistance, technology
audits, and capacity-building. Energy audits
help in identifying energy conservation
opportunities in all the energy consuming
sectors. While these do not provide the final
answer to the problem, but do help to identify
the existing potential for energy conservation,
and induces the organizations/individuals to
concentrate their efforts in this area in a focused
manner.

Thermal Power Plant burns fuels and use the


resultant heat to raise the steam, which drive the
turbo generator. The fuel may be fossil (Coal,
Oil or Natural Gas) or it may be fissionable
(uranium). Whichever fuel is used the object is
same to convert heat into mechanical energy
into electricity by rotating a magnet inside a set
of windings.
Conventional power plants work on Rankine
cycle. The cycle may be split into distinct
operations:
Water is admitted to the boiler raised to
boiling
temperature
and
then
superheated.
The superheated steam is fed to a steam
turbine where it does work on the blades
as it expends.
The expended steam is rejected o the
condenser and the resultant condensate is
fed back to the boiler via feed heaters.
The turbine drives a generator, which is turn
supplies electricity to the bus bars.

Problem Formulation
In RGTPP Khedar, 600 MW units is
consideration for energy Audit for Energy Audit
and Efficiencies of main sub-units as like Boiler,
Turbine and generator, Condenser & Heater are
calculated and compared are different loads
which highlights in NTPC 210MW units energy
efficiency has to be improved to survive in
Global Market.
Efficiency of any plant or equipment is the ratio
of output to its input, expressed as percentage.
Output and input are expressed in same physical
units. The output is the electrical energy sent to
the grid and input is the heat energy of the fuel
fired in boiler.
Overall station efficiency =
Output of Station
X 100
Input of Station
= Energy sent out (KW)
______
Fuel burnt (Kg) x Calorific value of fuel (K
Cal/Kg)
ISSN 2394-0573

Thermal Power Plant Cycle

Working Cycle of Typical Coal Fired Power


Station
Layout shows a Coal Fired Power Station. Its
main raw material is Coal, air and Water. The
Coal brought to the station by trains or by the
other means & this travels from Coal handling
plant by conveyor belt to the coalbunkers, from
where it is fed to the Pulverizing Mills, which
grind it as fine as face as face powder. The
finely powdered coal mixed with pre-heated air,
is then blown into the Boiler by a fan called
Primary Air Fan where it burns, more like a gas
than as a solid in the conventional domestic or
industrial grate, with additional amount of air
called secondary air supplied by a Forced Draft
Fan.
As the coal has been ground so finely the
resultant ash is also a fine powder. Some of it
binds together to from lumps, which fall into the
ash pits at the bottom of furnace. The water-

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Vol. 01, Issue 04, DEC, 2014 WWW.IJEETE.COM
quenched ash from the bottom of furnace is
conveyed to pits subsequent disposal or sale.
Most of ash, still in fine particles form is carried
out of the boiler to the Precipitators as dust,
where electrodes charged with high voltage
electricity traps it. The dust is then conveyed by
water to disposal areas or to Bunkers
For sale while the cleaned flue gases pass on
through Induced Draft Fan to be discharged up
the Chimney.
Meanwhile the heat released from the coal has
been absorbed by the many Kilometers of tubing
which line the boiler walls. Inside the tubes is
the Boiler Feed Water, which is transformed by
the heat into steam at high pressure and
temperature. The steam, super heated is further
tubes (Super Heater) passes to the Turbine
where it is discharged through nozzles on the
turbine blades. Just as the energy of the wind
turns the sails of the windmill, so the energy of
steam, striking the blades, makes the turbine
rotate. Coupled
To the end of the turbine is the rotor of the
Generator a large cylindrical magnet- so that
when the turbine rotates the rotor with it. The
rotor is housed inside the stator having heavy
coils of copper bars in which electricity is
produced through the movement of the magnetic

ISSN 2394-0573

fields created by the rotor. The electricity passes


from the stator winding to the Step-up
Transformer which increases its voltage so that
it can be transmitted efficiently over the power
lines of the grid.
The steam, which has given up its heat energy,
is changed back into water in a condenser so
that it is ready for re-use. The condenser
contains many Kilometers of tubing through
which cold water is constantly pumped. The
steam passing around the tubes loses heat and is
rapidly changed back to water. But the two lots
of water (i.e., boiler feed water and cooling
water) must never mix. The cooling water is
drawn from the river/sea, but the boiler feed
water must be absolutely pure, far purer than the
water, which we drink, if it is not to damage the
boiler tubes.
Heat, which the water extracts from the steam in
the condenser, is removed by pumping the water
out to the Cooling Towers. The water is sprayed
out at top of the towers and as it falls into the
pond beneath it is cooled by the upward draught
of air. The Pump then recalculates the cold
water in the pond.
Data Collection:
Table No.2

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International Journal of Exploring Emerging Trends in Engineering (IJEETE)


Vol. 01, Issue 04, DEC, 2014 WWW.IJEETE.COM
DATA OF 600MW THERMAL POWER
Sr.
Description
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Condition

Superheat
Steam
Steam
Outlet
HPT
and Superheat
Inlet Re-heater
Steam
Steam Outlet Re-heater and Superheat
inlet IPT
Steam
Superheat
Steam Outlet IPT and inlet LPT
Steam
6th Extraction HPT and inlet Superheat
HPH6
Steam
Steam Inlet HPT

HPH6 Outlet and Inlet HPH5

Water

5th Extraction IPT and Inlet


HPH5
HPH5 Outlet and Inlet Dearator
3rd Extraction IPT and Inlet
LPH3
Drip Outlet LPH3 and Inlet
LPH2
2nd Extraction LPT and Inlet
LPH2
Drip Outlet LPH2 and Inlet
LPH1

Superheat
Steam
Water
Superheat
Steam

1st Extraction LPT Inlet LPH1

Pressure
(bar)

Tem.
(0C)

Flow
Enthalpy
(T/Hr) (KJ/Kg)

Energy
(MW)

161

538

835

3586

831.75

31.6

326

735

3090

630.88

28.6

522

675

3529

661.69

360

600

3190

531.66

31.5

320

100

3025

84.027

20

205

100

2007.6

55.76

16.6

453

60

3389

56.48

6.5

171

100

1864.8

51.8

4.5

317

20

3078

1.71

17

2910

1.37

10.85

Water
Superheat
Steam

122.4
0.9

Water
Superheat
Steam

Drip Outlet LPH1 and Inlet to


Water
Hot-well
Superheat
15 Exhaust Steam Outlet LPT
Steam
Condenser Outlet & Inlet Hot16
Water
well
Condensed Steam Inlet to
17
Water
LPH1
Condensate Outlet LPH1 and
18
Water
Inlet LPH2
PLANT AT LOAD 480MW

120
-1.5

14

ISSN 2394-0573

233

97

1650.6
23

47

1554

9.85

1344

0.08

45

505

1335.6

187.36

0.08

40

505

1314.6

184.41

11

45

600

1335.6

222.6

10.5

71

600

1444.8

240.8

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Sr.
No.
19
20

Description
Condensate Outlet
and Inlet LPH3
Condensate Outlet
and Inlet Dearator

LPH2
LPH3

Condition

Pressure
(bar)

Tem.
(0C)

Flow
(T/Hr)

Enthalpy
(KJ/Kg)

Energy
(MW)

Water

11.8

115

600

789.9

253.41

Water

11.9

151

600

798.4

273.01

21

BFP Inlet

Water

9.2

169

718

746.8

362.7

22

Condensate Inlet HPH5

Water

184.5

173

718

1756.5

363.54

Water

184

205

718

1754

352.66

Water

184

236

718

1754

428.04

Water

179.5

321

718

1734.8

434.74
522.69

23
24
25

Condensate Outlet
and Inlet HPH6
Condensate Outlet
and Inlet Economizer
Feed Water Inlet

HPH5
HPH6
Drum

26

Steam Inlet LTSH

Steam

176.04

365

718

820

27

Steam Inlet Platen SH

Steam

172.05

408

718

860

28

Steam
Heater

Steam

168.7

490

718

898

674.3

29

Flue Gas Inlet Re-heater

Flue Gas

-10

635

800

3813.6

847.46

Flue Gas

-7

620

800

3750.6

833.46

Flue Gas

-0.08

950

800

5136.6

1141.46

30
31

Inlet

Flue
Gas
Super Heater
Flue
Gas
Super-heater

Final

Super

Inlet

Final

Inlet

Platen

32

Flue Gas Inlet LTSH

Flue Gas

-0.4

861

800

4762.8

1058.39

33

Flue Gas Inlet Economizer

Flue Gas

-0.65

433

800

2965.2

658.93

34

Flue Gas Inlet APH

Flue Gas

93.7

313.8

800

1356

529.19

35

Flue Gas To Stack

Flue Gas

101.4

121.7

800

2727

392

36

SA Inlet APH

Air

145.6

32

800

2629

526.39

37

SA Inlet Boiler

Air

240

272

850

2289

540.45

38

PA Inlet APH

Air

615

36.5

142

1299.9

51.27

39

PA Inlet Boiler

Air

615

292

142

2373

93.59

40

Coal Supply to Boiler

Coal

41
42

Cold
Water
Inlet
to
Water
Condenser
Hot Water Outlet From
Water
Condenser
ISSN 2394-0573

228
6

30

40000

1272.6

14139.99

37

40000

1302

14466.67

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Data Analysis
Data Analysis of plant at 480 MW
Boiler Section
Inlet in Boiler
(1)At (40) Coal = 228T/hr
= 228 x 1000/3600 =63.33 Kg./Sec.
Calorific Value = (C.V) of Coal = 3350 K
Cal/Kg
Energy = 3350 x 63.33 x 4.2/1000 = 891.05
MW
(ii) At (2) Energy
= 630.875 MW
(iii)At (24) Energy = 349.825 MW
Outlet from Boiler
(iv) At (1) Energy = 831.75 MW
(v) At (3) Energy = 661.69 MW
(vi) Flue Gases (These are not taken in
consideration)
Total Inlet = (i) + (ii) + (iii)
= 891.05 + 630.875 + 349.825
= 1871.75 MW
Total Outlet = (IV) + (v) + (VI)
= 831.75 + 661.69 + 0
= 1553.4 MW
Loss in Boiler = Inlet Outlet = 1871.75
1553.4
= 318.35 MW
Efficiency of Boiler = 1553.4x 100/ 1871.75
= 82.99 %
Section Turbine & Gen.
(i) HPT Inlet (1) = 831.75 MW
Outlet (2) + (5) = 630.87 + 84.027
= 714.89 MW
Net Energy at HPT = 831.75 714.89
= 116.86 MW
(ii)

IPT Inlet (3) = 661.69 MW


Outlet (4) + (7) = 531.66+56.48
= 588.14 MW
Net Energy at IPT = 661.69 588.14
= 73.55 MW

(iii)

Net Input at Turbine (HPT, IPT & LPT)


= 116.86 + 73.55 + 518.65
= 709.06 MW
Efficiency of Turbo Generator
= 480 x 100/ 709.06
= 67.70 %
Section Condenser:
Condenser Efficiency = Actual Cooling Water
Temp rise
Max Possible Temp.
Rise
= (T42 T41)
x100
T 17 T41
= (37 30) x100
45 30
= 46.67 %
Section Heaters (LP & HP)
LPH1 Effectiveness

= T18 T17
T 13 T17
= 71 - 45
97 45
= 0.50

LPH2 Effectiveness

= T19 T18
T 11 T18
= 89 - 71
218 71
= 0.12

LPH3 Effectiveness

= T20 T19
T 9 T19
= 117 - 89
303 89
= 0.13

HPH5 Effectiveness

= T23 T22
T 7 T22
= 196 - 161
420 161
= 0.135

HPH6 Effectiveness

= T24 T23
T 5 T23
= 238 - 196

LPT Inlet (4) = 531.66 MW


Outlet (9) + (11) + (13) = 1.71 + 1.37 +

9.93
= 13.01 MW
Net Energy at LPT = 531.66 13.01
= 518.65 MW
ISSN 2394-0573

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330 196
= 0.31
Overall station efficiency
Station x 100
=

Output

of

Input of Station
Energy sent out (KW)

.
Fuel burnt (Kg) x Calorific value of
fuel (K Cal/kg)
Fuel burnt (Coal)
= 114 T/ Hr
= 31.67 Kg/Sec
C.V = 4860 K Cal/kg
= 4860 x 4.2
= 20412 KW
Heat Input = 20412 x 31.67/1000 = 646.45 MW
Overall Efficiency of Plant =
232
x
100/646.45
= 35.89%

ISSN 2394-0573

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DATA OF 600MW THERMAL POWER
Sr.
No.

Description

Steam Inlet HPT

Condition

Steam Outlet IPT and inlet LPT

6th Extraction HPT and inlet


HPH6

Superheat
Steam
Superheat
Steam
Superheat
Steam
Superheat
Steam
Superheat
Steam

HPH6 Outlet and Inlet HPH5

Water

5th Extraction IPT and Inlet


HPH5
HPH5 Outlet and Inlet Dearator
3rd Extraction IPT and Inlet
LPH3
Drip Outlet LPH3 and Inlet
LPH2
2nd Extraction LPT and Inlet
LPH2
Drip Outlet LPH2 and Inlet
LPH1

Superheat
Steam
Water
Superheat
Steam

2
3

7
8
9
10
11
12

Steam Outlet HPT and


Inlet Re-heater
Steam Outlet Re-heater and
inlet IPT

150

540

150

150

540

38

340

38

38

340

38

540

38

38

540

38

340

38

38

340

184

246

184

184

246

42

326

42

42

326

189

200

189

189

200

1.7

220

1.7

1.7

220

123

123

100

-0.28

-0.28

100

Water

-0.6

94

-0.6

-0.6

94

-0.376

76

-0.376

-0.376

76

14

Drip Outlet LPH1 and Inlet to


Hot-well

Water

15

Exhaust Steam Outlet LPT

Superheat
Steam

Condenser Outlet & Inlet HotWater


well
Condensed Steam Inlet to
Water
LPH1
Condensate Outlet LPH1 and
Water
Inlet LPH2
PLANT AT LOAD 480 MW

ISSN 2394-0573

Energy
(MW)

-0.28

Superheat
Steam

18

Flow Enthalpy
(T/Hr) (KJ/Kg)

Superheat
Steam

1st Extration LPT Inlet LPH1

17

Tem.
(0C)

Water

13

16

Pressure
(bar)

50

50

0.0945

45

0.0945

0.0945

45

0.1

36

0.1

0.1

36

11.8

50

11.8

11.8

50

11.8

72

11.8

11.8

72

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3.5.2 Data Analysis of plant at 480 MW
Sr.
No.
19
20

Description
Condensate Outlet LPH2
and Inlet LPH3
Condensate Outlet LPH3
and Inlet Dearator

Condition

Pressure
(bar)

Tem.
(0C)

Water

150

540

Water

38

340

38

540

21

BFP Inlet

Water

22

Condensate Inlet HPH5

Water

23
24
25

Condensate Outlet HPH5


and Inlet HPH6
Condensate Outlet HPH6
and Inlet Economizer
Feed Water Inlet Drum

Boiler Section
Flow
(T/Hr)

Enthalpy
(KJ/Kg)

Energy
(MW)

3414.6

652

2574.6

466.2887

786

3414.6

745.521

1146.6

2574.6

2179.8

475.923

Water

38

340

Water

184

246

Water

42

326

2515.8

786

26

Steam Inlet LTSH

Steam

189

200

27

Steam Inlet Platen SH

Steam

1.7

220

28

Steam Inlet Final Super


Heater

Steam

123

29

Flue Gas Inlet Re-heater

Flue Gas

-0.28

100

1566.6

Flue Gas

-0.6

94

1541.4

Flue Gas

-0.376

76

1465.8

50

1356.6

30
31

Flue Gas Inlet Final


Super Heater
Flue Gas Inlet Platen
Super-heater

32

Flue Gas Inlet LTSH

Flue Gas

33

Flue Gas Inlet Economizer

Flue Gas

0.0945

45

1335.6

34

Flue Gas Inlet APH

Flue Gas

0.1

36

1297.8

35

Flue Gas To Stack

Flue Gas

11.8

50

1356.6

36

SA Inlet APH

Air

11.8

72

1449

313.95

37

SA Inlet Boiler

Air

200

290

2364.6

38

PA Inlet APH

Air

800

36

1297.8

54.075

39

PA Inlet Boiler

Air

700

278

2314.2

40

Coal Supply to Boiler

Coal

41
42

Cold Water Inlet to


Condenser
Hot Water Outlet From
Condenser
ISSN 2394-0573

780

150

142

Water

35

1293.6

Water

46

1339.8

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Vol. 01, Issue 04, DEC, 2014 WWW.IJEETE.COM
Inlet in Boiler
At (40) Coal
= 114T/hr
= 114 x 1000/3600
=31.67 Kg./Sec.
Calorific Value
= (C.V) of Coal
= 4860 K Cal/Kg
Energy = 4860 x 31.67 x 4.2/1000 =
646.45 MW

(i)

(ii)
(iii)

At (2) Energy
At (24) Energy
MW

= 482.74 MW
= 428.04

Outlet from Boiler


(iv)
At (1) Energy = 692.01 MW
(v)
At (3) Energy =634.73MW
(vi)
Flue Gases (These are not taken in
consideration)
Total Inlet= (i) + (ii) + (iii) = 646.45 + 482.74
+ 428.04
= 1557.23
MW
Total Outlet
= (iv) + (v) + (vi)
= 692.01 +
634.73 + 0
= 1326.74
MW
Loss in Boiler = Inlet Outlet
= 1557.23
- 1326.74
= 230.49
MW
Efficiency of Boiler = 1326.74 x 100/
1557.23
= 85.20 %
Section Turbine & Gen.
HPT Inlet (1) = 692.01 MW
Outlet (2) + (5) = 482.74 + 42.22
= 524.96 MW
Net Energy at HPT= 692.01 524.96
= 167.05 MW
(ii) IPT Inlet (3) = 634.73 MW
Outlet (4) + (7) = 436.11+32.34
= 468.45 MW
Net Energy at IPT = 634.73 468.45
= 166.28 MW
(iii)LPT Inlet (4)

= 436.11 MW

Outlet (9) + (11) + (13)


9.73 + 9.85

= 13.45 +

= 33.03 MW
= 436.11 33.03
= 403.08 MW
Net Input at Turbine (HPT, IPT & LPT)
= 167.05 + 166.28 + 403.08
= 736.41 MW
Efficiency of Turbo Generator
= 232 x 100/ 736.41
= 31.50 %
Net Energy at LPT

Section Condenser:
Condenser Efficiency= Actual Cooling Water
Temp rise
Max Possible Temp. Rise
= (T18 T17) x100
T 13 T17
= (37 30) x100
45 30
= 46.67 %
Section Heaters (LP & HP)
LPH1 Effectiveness
= T18 T17
T 13 T17
= 71 - 45
97 45
= 0.50
LPH2 Effectiveness
= T19 T18
T 11 T18
= 89 - 71
218 71
= 0.12
LPH3 Effectiveness
= T20 T19
T 9 T19
= 117 - 89
303 89
= 0.13
HPH5 Effectiveness
= T23 T22
T 7 T22
= 196 - 161
420 161
= 0.135
HPH6 Effectiveness
= T24 T23
T 5 T23
= 238 - 196
330 196
= 0.31
Overall station efficiency
Station x 100

Output

Input of Station
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of

International Journal of Exploring Emerging Trends in Engineering (IJEETE)


Vol. 01, Issue 04, DEC, 2014 WWW.IJEETE.COM
= Energy sent out (KW)
.
Fuel burnt (Kg) x Calorific value of fuel (K
Cal/kg)
Fuel burnt (Coal)
= 114 T/ Hr
= 31.67 Kg/Sec
C.V
= 4860 K Cal/kg
= 4860 x 4.2
= 20412 KW
Heat Input
=
20412
x
31.67/1000 = 595.45 MW
Overall Efficiency of Plant =
232
x
100/595.45
= 31.5%

fired boilers, Vol.42, 2000, Page


No.1100-1110.
6. Dognlin, Chen James, D & Varies B.de
(2001) Review of current combustion,
technologies for burning pulverized
coal, Energy conservation in coal fired
boilers Vol.48, 2001, Page No. 121-131.

Result: in this research we calculate the overall


efficiency of thermal power plant at different
loads 450 MW and 480 MW . this calculation
shows that the power plant work more
efficiently at higher loads as compared to lower
loads.
References
1. Raask, E Lo, K.L. & Song E, Z.
M.(1969) Tube Failures Occurring in
the primary super heaters and repeaters
and in the economizers of coal fired
boilers Vol.12, 1969, pp no. 185
Optimizing Energy efficiency in
industries by G.G. Rajan (January 2001),
Energy Loss Control-models,
2. Pilat, J.Micheel Pinterton, A. (1969)
Source test Cascade impactor for
measuring the size ducts in boilers,
Energy Conservation in Coal fired
boilers Vol. 10,1969, Page No.(410-418)
3. Schulz,E, Worell, E & Blok, K. Size
distribution of submission particulars
emitted from Pulverized coal fired plant
Energy Conservation in Coal Fired
boilers Vol. 10, 1974, Page No.74-80.
4. Neal,
P.W.Lo,
K.L.
(1980)
Conventional automatic control of
boiler outlet steam pressure Energy
Conservation in Coal fired boilers Vol.
16, 1980, Page No.91-98
5. Diez, lgnacio, Lvis Hurt F. Earl (2000)
Evaluation of customary measurements
and
adoption
of
supplementary
instruments Energy conservation in coal
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