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  • Teachers' Union: Reclaiming Dignity

    Încărcat de

    Adnan Shakir
    774 vizualizări74 pagini
    Pakistan’s education crisis is severe, with education spending still less than 2% of GDP, over 25 million children out of school and thousands of schools continuing to be non-functional. The organised voice of teachers in the country, teachers’ associations and unions, are vital to any effort aimed at improving the reach and quality of the education system. Here, we publish our new report RECLAIMING DIGNITY: The State of Teachers’ Unions and their Future to help contribute to a better appreciation of organised and collective behaviour on the part of government employed teachers across the country. Our new study answers questions about the nature and role of groups that represent the government-employed teachers in Pakistan. Between September 1, 2014 and January 3, 2015 we interviewed over 100 individual representatives from a total of 28 associations and unions across all four provinces, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Gilgit Baltistan and FATA. This report provides a qualitative snapshot of the landscape of organised teachers in Pakistan. According to our study, teachers’ associations and unions do, to a significant degree, represent the aspirations of Pakistan’s teaching community. Political, social and legal barriers instituted by various governments in Pakistan have prevented the development of teachers’ associations as solution-oriented bodies; and most provincial governments and education departments are focused on punitive and coercive measures to ‘bring teachers in line’ rather than involving them as legitimate constituents and agents in the process of education reform. At the same time, teachers' unions and associations are guilty of sustained and deep parochialism, which comes at the cost of the quality of education provided to Pakistani children. We believe no effort to improve the state of education can be successful without understanding and effectively engaging with teachers’ associations and unions. Improved teaching is going to be at the heart of the transformation of education in Pakistan. This cannot be achieved without talking to teachers. We hope the report sparks this vital and overdue conversation.

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    Pakistan’s education crisis is severe, with education spending still less than 2% of GDP, over 25 million children out of school and thousands of schools continuing to be non-functional. The organised voice of teachers in the country, teachers’ associations and unions, are vital to any effort aimed at improving the reach and quality of the education system. Here, we publish our new report RECLAIMING DIGNITY: The State of Teachers’ Unions and their Future to help contribute to a better appreciation of organised and collective behaviour on the part of government employed teachers across the country. Our new study answers questions about the nature and role of groups that represent the government-employed teachers in Pakistan. Between September 1, 2014 and January 3, 2015 we interviewed over 100 individual representatives from a total of 28 associations and unions across all four provinces, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Gilgit Baltistan and FATA. This report provides a qualitative snapshot of the landscape of organised teachers in Pakistan. According to our study, teachers’ associations and unions do, to a significant degree, represent the aspirations of Pakistan’s teaching community. Political, social and legal barriers instituted by various governments in Pakistan have prevented the development of teachers’ associations as solution-oriented bodies; and most provincial governments and education departments are focused on punitive and coercive measures to ‘bring teachers in line’ rather than involving them as legitimate constituents and agents in the process of education reform. At the same time, teachers' unions and associations are guilty of sustained and deep parochialism, which comes at the cost of the quality of education provided to Pakistani children. We believe no effort to improve the state of education can be successful without understanding and effectively engaging with teachers’ associations and unions. Improved teaching is going to be at the heart of the transformation of education in Pakistan. This cannot be achieved without talking to teachers. We hope the report sparks this vital and overdue conversation.

    Drepturi de autor:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
    Indicator pentru conținut neadecvat
    774 vizualizări74 pagini

    Teachers' Union: Reclaiming Dignity

    Încărcat de

    Adnan Shakir
    Pakistan’s education crisis is severe, with education spending still less than 2% of GDP, over 25 million children out of school and thousands of schools continuing to be non-functional. The organised voice of teachers in the country, teachers’ associations and unions, are vital to any effort aimed at improving the reach and quality of the education system. Here, we publish our new report RECLAIMING DIGNITY: The State of Teachers’ Unions and their Future to help contribute to a better appreciation of organised and collective behaviour on the part of government employed teachers across the country. Our new study answers questions about the nature and role of groups that represent the government-employed teachers in Pakistan. Between September 1, 2014 and January 3, 2015 we interviewed over 100 individual representatives from a total of 28 associations and unions across all four provinces, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Gilgit Baltistan and FATA. This report provides a qualitative snapshot of the landscape of organised teachers in Pakistan. According to our study, teachers’ associations and unions do, to a significant degree, represent the aspirations of Pakistan’s teaching community. Political, social and legal barriers instituted by various governments in Pakistan have prevented the development of teachers’ associations as solution-oriented bodies; and most provincial governments and education departments are focused on punitive and coercive measures to ‘bring teachers in line’ rather than involving them as legitimate constituents and agents in the process of education reform. At the same time, teachers' unions and associations are guilty of sustained and deep parochialism, which comes at the cost of the quality of education provided to Pakistani children. We believe no effort to improve the state of education can be successful without understanding and effectively engaging with teachers’ associations and unions. Improved teaching is going to be at the heart of the transformation of education in Pakistan. This cannot be achieved without talking to teachers. We hope the report sparks this vital and overdue conversation.

    Drepturi de autor:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
    Indicator pentru conținut neadecvat
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    Pakistan Education Statistics 2011-12. Academy for Educational Planning and Management, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad.

    3.1

    12
    6

    7
    8

    (Collective Bargaining)

    10
    13

    14

    (Informalization)
    (Collective Bargaining Agent)

    (Commitment)
    (Collective Bargaining Agent)

    15
    16
    11

    Candland, Christopher (2007) Labour, Democratization and Development in India and Pakistan, London: Routledge, 216 pages
    The ILO conventions include: 29 (against Forced or Compulsory Labour), 87 (concerning Freedom of Association and Protection of the .7
    Right to Organise), 98 (concerning the Right to Organise and Collectively Bargain), 100 (about Equal Remuneration), 105
    (on the Abolition of Force Labour), 111 (concerning Discrimination in respect of Employment and Occupation),
    138 (concerning Child Labour) and 182 (on the Worst Forms of Child Labour).

    Empty words: Force retirement of PTU chief puts talks in quandary, 16 June 2015 .15
    Brutal police action against protesting teachers in Karachi, 28 May 2010 .16

    17

    (Cadre-based association)

    (Informalization)

    (Fixed Term Educators)


    19

    18

    20

    The commonly-used term for changing the terms of employment from temporary to permanence within the .19
    goverments Basic Pay Scale (BPS) structure.
    Collective caution: Teachers follow LHWs in polio drive boycott, 25 Jul 2014 .20

    3.2

    (Rationalization)

    3.3

    21

    24

    22

    (IDEAS)
    25

    23

    (Clientelism)

    Beteille 2009; Kingdon and Muzammil 2008 .23


    Bari et al, 2013, An Investigation into Teacher Recruitment and Retention in Punjab .25

    (mobilisation)
    28

    (mobilisation)

    29

    26

    30

    27

    Teachers rally against changes in Islamiyat Syllabus, 16 Mar 2012 .28

    10

    31

    (Decentralisation)

    Collective Bargaining)

    (Agent

    Collective)

    32

    (Bargaining
    33

    Eberts, 2007
    Argys and Reese, 1995

    11

    12

    (Collective Bargaining)

    (Persons of Contact)

    13

    7
    Alif Ailaan and SAHE. 2014, The voice of teachers:
    learning from teachers across Pakistan. Islamabad: Alif
    Ailaan. xii-122 pp.
    Argys, Laura M., and Daniel I. Rees (1995). Unionization
    and School Productivity: A Reexamination. In Research
    in Labor Economics 14: 4968.
    Bari, F. Raza, R. Aslam, M. Khan, B. Maqsood, N.
    2013, An Investigation into Teacher Recruitment and
    Retention in Punjab, Institute of Development and
    Economic Alternatives, available at: http://ideaspak.org/
    wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Teacher-Recruitment-andRetention_Final.pdf
    Beteille, T. 2009, Absenteeism, Transfers and Patronage:
    The Political Economy of Teacher Labor Markets in India,
    World Bank. Working Paper.
    Candland, C. 2007, Labor, Democratization and
    Development in India and Pakistan, London: Routledge,
    216 pages

    Alleged illegal appointments: Unpaid teachers take to


    the streets 3 July 2013, The Express Tribune, available
    at:
    http://tribune.com.pk/story/572027/alleged-illegalappointments-unpaid-teachers-take-to-the-streets/
    Brutal police action against protesting teachers in
    Karachi, 28 May 2010, DAWN, available at: http://www.
    dawn.com/news/538297/brutal-police-action-againstprotesting-teachers-in-karachi
    Collective caution: Teachers follow LHWs in polio drive
    boycott, 25 July 2014, The Express Tribune, available
    at: http://tribune.com.pk/story/663013/collective-cautionteachers-follow-lhws-in-polio-drive-boycott/
    Education authorities: Teachers threaten strike in 15
    days, 29 Nov 2013, The Express Tribune, available
    at:
    http://tribune.com.pk/story/638474/educationauthorities-teachers-threaten-strike-in-15-days/
    Empty words: Forced retirement of PTU chief puts talks in
    quandary, 16 June 2014, The Express Tribune, available
    at:
    http://tribune.com.pk/story/722409/empty-wordsforced-retirement-of-ptu-chief-puts-talks-in-quandary/

    Eberts, Randall W. 2007. Teachers Unions and Student


    Performance: Help or Hindrance?, The Future of
    Children 17(1) (Spring): 175-200.

    Gilgit-Baltistan Teachers Association decides to start


    protest movement from April 11, 6 Apr 2014, Pamir
    Times, available at: http://pamirtimes.net/2014/04/06/
    gilgit-baltistan-teachers-association-decides-to-startprotest-movement-from-april-11/

    International Trade Union Confederation, 2007. Annual


    Survey of violations of trade union rights, Lithuania,
    available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/4c52ca212.
    html

    Pakistan: Sindh High Court ruled that the ban on


    teacher unions is illegal, 5 January 2007, Education
    International, available at: http://www.ei-ie.org/en/news/
    news_details/568

    Khalid, A. 2014, Patronage Politics, Institute of


    Development and Economic Alternatives, Lahore.
    Available at: http://ideaspak.org/patronage-politics/
    Kingdon, G and Muzammil, M. 2008, A political economy
    of education in India: The case of Uttar Pradesh, Oxford
    Policy Institute. Working Paper.
    National Assembly of Pakistan, Industrial Relations Act
    2012. Government of Pakistan, available at: <http://www.
    na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1335934287_218.pdf>
    Pakistan Education Statistics 2013-14. Academy for
    Educational Planning and Management, Government of
    Pakistan, Islamabad.
    Vaillant, D. 2005, Education Reform and Teachers
    Unions: Avenues for Action. UNESCO: International
    Institute for Education Planning, Paris.

    PTU President sent on compulsory retirement, 10


    June 2014, The News International, available at: http://
    www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-5-255057-PTUpresident-sent-on-compulsory-retirement
    Public education: Teachers union calls for more
    protests, 30 December 2013, The Express Tribune,
    available at: http://tribune.com.pk/story/652433/publiceducation-teachers-union-calls-for-more-protests/
    Punjab government to form district school regulating
    authorities, 19 June 2013, Pakistan Today, available
    at:
    http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/06/19/
    city/islamabad/punjab-govt-to-form-district-schoolregulating-authorities/
    Sindh bans teachers unions, 22 July 2006, Daily
    Times, available at: http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/
    karachi/22-Jul-2006/sindh-bans-teacher-unions
    Sindh police teargas and baton charge protesting
    teachers, 31 Aug 2006, Socialist World, available at:
    http://www.socialistworld.net/mob/doc/2408
    Teachers
    Package:
    FGTA
    demands
    quick
    implementation, 1 Jan 2011, The News International,
    available at: http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News6-23311-TEACHERS%E2%80%99-PACKAGE
    Teachers rally against changes in Islamiyat Syllabus,
    16 Mar 2012, DAWN, available at: http://www.dawn.
    com/news/703167/teachers-rally-against-changes-inislamiat-syllabus-2

    14

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    vi

    vii

    viii

    ix

    1
    2

    1
    3

    Pakistan Education Statistics 2011-12. Academy for Educational Planning and Management, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad.

    3.1

    12
    6

    7
    8

    (Collective Bargaining)

    10
    13

    14

    (Informalization)
    (Collective Bargaining Agent)

    (Commitment)
    (Collective Bargaining Agent)

    15
    16
    11

    Candland, Christopher (2007) Labour, Democratization and Development in India and Pakistan, London: Routledge, 216 pages
    The ILO conventions include: 29 (against Forced or Compulsory Labour), 87 (concerning Freedom of Association and Protection of the .7
    Right to Organise), 98 (concerning the Right to Organise and Collectively Bargain), 100 (about Equal Remuneration), 105
    (on the Abolition of Force Labour), 111 (concerning Discrimination in respect of Employment and Occupation),
    138 (concerning Child Labour) and 182 (on the Worst Forms of Child Labour).

    Empty words: Force retirement of PTU chief puts talks in quandary, 16 June 2015 .15
    Brutal police action against protesting teachers in Karachi, 28 May 2010 .16

    17

    (Cadre-based association)

    (Informalization)

    (Fixed Term Educators)


    19

    18

    20

    The commonly-used term for changing the terms of employment from temporary to permanence within the .19
    goverments Basic Pay Scale (BPS) structure.
    Collective caution: Teachers follow LHWs in polio drive boycott, 25 Jul 2014 .20

    3.2

    (Rationalization)

    3.3

    21

    24

    22

    (IDEAS)
    25

    23

    (Clientelism)

    Beteille 2009; Kingdon and Muzammil 2008 .23


    Bari et al, 2013, An Investigation into Teacher Recruitment and Retention in Punjab .25

    (mobilisation)
    28

    (mobilisation)

    29

    26

    30

    27

    Teachers rally against changes in Islamiyat Syllabus, 16 Mar 2012 .28

    10

    31

    (Decentralisation)

    Collective Bargaining)

    (Agent

    Collective)

    32

    (Bargaining
    33

    Eberts, 2007
    Argys and Reese, 1995

    11

    12

    (Collective Bargaining)

    (Persons of Contact)

    13

    7
    Alif Ailaan and SAHE. 2014, The voice of teachers:
    learning from teachers across Pakistan. Islamabad: Alif
    Ailaan. xii-122 pp.
    Argys, Laura M., and Daniel I. Rees (1995). Unionization
    and School Productivity: A Reexamination. In Research
    in Labor Economics 14: 4968.
    Bari, F. Raza, R. Aslam, M. Khan, B. Maqsood, N.
    2013, An Investigation into Teacher Recruitment and
    Retention in Punjab, Institute of Development and
    Economic Alternatives, available at: http://ideaspak.org/
    wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Teacher-Recruitment-andRetention_Final.pdf
    Beteille, T. 2009, Absenteeism, Transfers and Patronage:
    The Political Economy of Teacher Labor Markets in India,
    World Bank. Working Paper.
    Candland, C. 2007, Labor, Democratization and
    Development in India and Pakistan, London: Routledge,
    216 pages

    Alleged illegal appointments: Unpaid teachers take to


    the streets 3 July 2013, The Express Tribune, available
    at:
    http://tribune.com.pk/story/572027/alleged-illegalappointments-unpaid-teachers-take-to-the-streets/
    Brutal police action against protesting teachers in
    Karachi, 28 May 2010, DAWN, available at: http://www.
    dawn.com/news/538297/brutal-police-action-againstprotesting-teachers-in-karachi
    Collective caution: Teachers follow LHWs in polio drive
    boycott, 25 July 2014, The Express Tribune, available
    at: http://tribune.com.pk/story/663013/collective-cautionteachers-follow-lhws-in-polio-drive-boycott/
    Education authorities: Teachers threaten strike in 15
    days, 29 Nov 2013, The Express Tribune, available
    at:
    http://tribune.com.pk/story/638474/educationauthorities-teachers-threaten-strike-in-15-days/
    Empty words: Forced retirement of PTU chief puts talks in
    quandary, 16 June 2014, The Express Tribune, available
    at:
    http://tribune.com.pk/story/722409/empty-wordsforced-retirement-of-ptu-chief-puts-talks-in-quandary/

    Eberts, Randall W. 2007. Teachers Unions and Student


    Performance: Help or Hindrance?, The Future of
    Children 17(1) (Spring): 175-200.

    Gilgit-Baltistan Teachers Association decides to start


    protest movement from April 11, 6 Apr 2014, Pamir
    Times, available at: http://pamirtimes.net/2014/04/06/
    gilgit-baltistan-teachers-association-decides-to-startprotest-movement-from-april-11/

    International Trade Union Confederation, 2007. Annual


    Survey of violations of trade union rights, Lithuania,
    available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/4c52ca212.
    html

    Pakistan: Sindh High Court ruled that the ban on


    teacher unions is illegal, 5 January 2007, Education
    International, available at: http://www.ei-ie.org/en/news/
    news_details/568

    Khalid, A. 2014, Patronage Politics, Institute of


    Development and Economic Alternatives, Lahore.
    Available at: http://ideaspak.org/patronage-politics/
    Kingdon, G and Muzammil, M. 2008, A political economy
    of education in India: The case of Uttar Pradesh, Oxford
    Policy Institute. Working Paper.
    National Assembly of Pakistan, Industrial Relations Act
    2012. Government of Pakistan, available at: <http://www.
    na.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1335934287_218.pdf>
    Pakistan Education Statistics 2013-14. Academy for
    Educational Planning and Management, Government of
    Pakistan, Islamabad.
    Vaillant, D. 2005, Education Reform and Teachers
    Unions: Avenues for Action. UNESCO: International
    Institute for Education Planning, Paris.

    PTU President sent on compulsory retirement, 10


    June 2014, The News International, available at: http://
    www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-5-255057-PTUpresident-sent-on-compulsory-retirement
    Public education: Teachers union calls for more
    protests, 30 December 2013, The Express Tribune,
    available at: http://tribune.com.pk/story/652433/publiceducation-teachers-union-calls-for-more-protests/
    Punjab government to form district school regulating
    authorities, 19 June 2013, Pakistan Today, available
    at:
    http://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2013/06/19/
    city/islamabad/punjab-govt-to-form-district-schoolregulating-authorities/
    Sindh bans teachers unions, 22 July 2006, Daily
    Times, available at: http://archives.dailytimes.com.pk/
    karachi/22-Jul-2006/sindh-bans-teacher-unions
    Sindh police teargas and baton charge protesting
    teachers, 31 Aug 2006, Socialist World, available at:
    http://www.socialistworld.net/mob/doc/2408
    Teachers
    Package:
    FGTA
    demands
    quick
    implementation, 1 Jan 2011, The News International,
    available at: http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News6-23311-TEACHERS%E2%80%99-PACKAGE
    Teachers rally against changes in Islamiyat Syllabus,
    16 Mar 2012, DAWN, available at: http://www.dawn.
    com/news/703167/teachers-rally-against-changes-inislamiat-syllabus-2

    14

    34

    35

    Pakistan Education Statistics 2011-12. Academy for Educational plan management,Government of Pakistan, Islamabad .34

    15

    36

    37

    16

    17

    38

    39

    Pakistan Education Statistics 2011-12. Academy for Educational plan management,Government of Pakistan, Islamabad .38

    18

    19

    2007

    20

    1998

    21

    22

    40

    (Sampled Survey)
    41

    45

    42

    43

    (De-foralisation)

    44

    Pakistan Education Statistics 2011-12. Academy for Educational plan management,Government of Pakistan, Islamabad .40
    Punjab government to form district school regulating authorities 19 June 2013 .42
    Public education: Teachers union calls for more protests, 30 December 2013 .43
    Education authorities: Teachers threaten strike in 15 days, 29 November 2013 .44

    23

    46

    PTU Presidents sent on compulsory retirement, 10 June 2014 .46

    24

    47

    25

    48

    49

    26

    27

    28

    29

    30

    31

    158,883

    30
    2

    90,000

    103,000

    50

    23
    50

    1951

    51

    2010
    2014

    52

    120

    2012
    53

    2006
    2010

    15
    17

    16

    2013

    Pakistan Education statistics 2011-12. Academy for Education Planning and Management, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad .50
    Alleged illegal appointments: Unpaid teachers take to the streets 3 July 2013 .52
    Sindh police teargas and baton charge protesting teachers, 31 August 2006 .53

    32

    33

    1955

    100

    2006

    30,000
    16

    2010

    2013

    34

    1984-85
    10,000

    35

    36

    2010
    31,264

    2013

    54

    15,000
    90

    70

    6495
    55

    56

    Pakistab Education Statistics 2013-14. Academy for Education Planning and Management, Government of Pakistan .54
    Gilgit-Baltistan Teachers Association decides to start protest movement from April 11, 6 April 2014 .56

    37

    57

    Pakistan Education Statistics 2013-14. Academy for Educational Planning and Management, Government of Pakistan .57

    38

    58

    Teachers Package: FGTA demands quick implementation, 1 Jan 2011 .58

    39

    40

    41

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