References:

Centrifugal Pump Handbook third edition Winterthur,

Switzerland, Sulzer Pump Ltd
Handbook of pumps & Pumping, Brian Nesbit, Elsevier
Science & Technology books
Pump Handbook third edition McGraw Hill
Pumps System Energy Efficiency Ref. Guide, CEATY
International
Introduction to Marine Engineering
Marine Auxiliary Machinery
Maritime Engineering Reference Handbook

Pumps
Sistem Dan Permesinan Kapal

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Introduction
Pumps : sebuah alat yang berfungsi
untuk menambah energy ke suatu
cairan atau yang menyebabkan
penambahan tekanan dan
memungkinkan terjadinya gerakan dari
fluida tersebut

Energi yang ditambahkan oleh pompa

ke fluida yang lewat dinamakan total
head

Pumps Functions

Components of a
pumping system
are:

Transfer liquid

Pumps

Circulate liquid

Prime movers

Piping Valves,
Other fittings,
controls and
instrumentation
End-use
equipment,
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Head atau energy per-unit

mass flow rate fluida
umunya terdiri dari
Pressure head karena
gaya per-unit area fluida
Dynamic / velocity head
yang diukur dari energy
keinetik fluida
Potential atau static head
karena ketinggian cairan

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Bernoulli Equation

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Flow rate depend on friction

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General Pumping Fundamental

Pressure is needed to
pump the liquid through
the system at a certain
rate. This pressure has to
be high enough to
overcome the resistance of
the system, which is also
called head. The total
head is the sum of static
head and friction head.

Static head

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Static head is the

difference in height
between the source and
destination of the
pumped liquid

Static head consists of:

Static suction head (hS): resulting from lifting

the liquid relative to the pump center line. The
hS is positive if the liquid level is above pump
centerline, and negative if the liquid level is
below pump centerline (also called suction lift)

Static discharge head (hd): the vertical distance

between the pump centerline and the surface of
the liquid in the destination tank

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Friction head:

This is the loss needed to overcome that is caused by the resistance to flow in
the pipe and fittings.

It is dependent on size, condition and type of pipe, number and type of pipe
fittings, flow rate, and nature of the liquid.

In most cases the total head of a system is a combination of static head and friction head
Total head = Static head + friction head
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Pump performance curve :

The head and flow rate determine the performance of a pump.

The figure shows a typical curve of a centrifugal pump where the head
gradually decreases with increasing flow.

As the resistance of a system increases, the head will also increase.

Typical characteristic curve of centrifugal pump

Typical characteristic curve of

rotodynamic & positive displacement pump

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Pump Operating Point

The rate of flow at a certain head is called the duty point. The pump performance
curve is made up of many duty points.

The pump operating point is determined by the intersection of the system curve
and the pump curve

The Best Efficiency Point (BEP) is the pumping capacity at maximum impeller
diameter, in other words, at which the efficiency of the pump is highest. All points
to the right or left of the BEP have a lower efficiency

Combined pump & system curve

10

Pump efficiency & diameter of pump

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Reynolds Number

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Head loses in straight pipe

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Head loses in fitting

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Total Head Pompa (hp)

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Net Positive Suction Head

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Pump connected

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Contoh: Karakteristik Unjuk kerja pompa sentrifugal

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Selecting the right pump

Oversized pump
Requires flow control
(throttle valve or by-pass
line)
Provides additional head
System curve shifts to
left
Pump efficiency is
reduced
Solutions if pump already
purchased
Variable Speed Drives or
two-speed drives
Lower RPM
Smaller impeller

The Best Efficiency Point (BEP) is the pumping capacity at maximum impeller diameter,
in other words, at which the efficiency of the pump is highest.
All points to the right or left of the BEP have a lower efficiency.
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Pump Performance Curves

Efficiency

NPSH

Impeller
Diameter

Developed
Head
Horsepower

Flow Rate
http://capsicum.me.utexas.edu/ChE354/resources.html
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Contoh
Soal 1

39

Calculate the pipe loss in a 2 meter pipe with the diameter

d=32 mm and a flow of Q = 10 m/h
The pipe is made of galvanized steel with a roughness of 0.15,
and the fluid is water at 20C.

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Contoh
Soal 2

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Unit Penggerak Pompa

Umumnya unit penggerak pompa

terdiri dari 3 jenis penggerak
Motor bakar
Motor listrik
turbin

Yang menjadi pertimbangan dalam

memilih penggerak pompa adalah
efisiensi tenaga pembangkit,
transmisi bahan bakar ke penggerak
pompa,
mudah pemeliharaannya,
beaya bahan bakar,
modal,
flexibility,
independensi operasi, dan
pengawasan.

44

Penggerak tipe motor bakar dan

turbin sangat tidak ekonomis untuk
perencanaan pompa karena
konstruksinya berat, besar dan
memerlukan system penunjang
misalnya pelumasan, pendinginan dan
pembuangan gas hasil pembakaran

Sistem penggerak motor listrik lebih

sesuai dimana konstruksinya kecil dan
sederhanan sehingga dapat
digabungkan mejadi satu unit kesatuan
dalam rumah pompa

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Dasar-dasar Pemilihan Pompa

Didasarkan pada system ekonomisnya,

yakni keuntungan dan kerugian jika
pompa tersebut digunakan dan dapat
memenuhi kebutuhan pemindahan
fluida sesuai dengan kondisi yang
direncanakan.

Yang perlu diperhatikan dalam

pemilihan jenis pompa adalah fungsi
terhadap instalasi pemipaan, kapasitas,
head, viskositas, temperature kerja dan
jenis motor penggerak.

45

Kondisi yang diinginkan dalam

perencanaan
Kapasitas dan head pompa harus
mampu dipenuhi.
Fluida yang mengalir secara
kontinu.
Pompa yang dipasang pada
kedudukan tetap.
Konstruksi sederhana
Menmpunyai effisiensi yang tinggi
Harga awal relative murah juga
perawatannya

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Selection & Application of

pump
Fluid Properties
pH, operating T, Solid
Concentration,
specific gravity,
vapour P, viscosity,

End use requirement

Design pump capacity
End use process
requirement
Total system head

Environmental factor
Ambient T, humidity,
operating P

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Klasifikasi Pompa
Pompa displasment
Cairan atau gas
dipindahkan dari
pengisapan ke
pengeluaran dengan
variasi mekanis volume
dari sebuah ruang atau
beberapa ruang
(chamber).
Pompa Sentrifugal
Aliran melewati pompa
disebabkan oleh gaya
sentrifugal yang
diberikan ke cairan
dengan putaran sebuah
impeller atau beberapa
impeller.
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Displacement

Pengeluaran berbanding
langsung dengan kecepatan

Pengeluaran sedikit berkurang

saat tekanan bertambah,
biasanya akan lebih banyak slip
pada fluida yang encer (less
viscous)

Pompa dibuat dengan tekanan

pengeluaran sama dengan
hambatan yang muncul,
mengabaikan kecepatan

Pompa ini adalah self priming

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Displacement - Rotary Pump

Peristaltic pump

49

Screw pump

A vacuum is created by the rollers

compressing the hose and moving
along
Liquid is drawn into vacuum

Rollers capture liquid between

them and move liquid towards
discharge

Rotary piston pump

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Vane pump

50

Not suitable for high viscosity products

Such liquids include LPG, ammonia, solvents, alcohol, fuel oils, gasoline, and
refrigerants.

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Lope pump

51

Lobe pumps can handle solids.

A gentle pumping action minimizes product emulsification.

Can operate dry for brief periods of time.

Can handle viscous products

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gear pump

52

For each revolution of an internal gear

pump, (below) the gears have a fairly
long time to come out of mesh
allowing the spaces between gear
teeth to completely fill and not
cavitate.

External gear pumps (below) come in

single or double configurations.

Handle viscous and watery-type

liquids.

Reduced speeds with high-viscosity

liquids results in greater efficiency.

Two gears come into and out of mesh

to produce flow.

Uses two identical gears rotating

against each other.

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Displacement - Reciprocating Pump

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Piston, Plunger Pump

55

All reciprocating pumps (and some rotary pumps) depend on check valves (sometimes
Known as non-return valves)

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Diaphragm pump

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perfect sealing

high mechanical efficiency,

since flexing a diaphragm
involves much less friction
then sliding a piston with
seals up and down a
cylinder

diaphragms need to be
high quality rubber

a diaphragm pump is
similar to a large diameter
piston pump with a short
stroke

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Dynamic

Dynamic pumps are used in

conditions where high
volumes required and a
change in flow is not a
problem.

As the discharge pressure

on a dynamic pump is
increased, the quantity of
water pumped is reduced

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Dynamic - Centrifugal Pump

Pompa centrigugal berfungsi berfungsi

mengubah energi (external driving force)
ke energi kinetik di fluida dengan
memberikan impuls ke fluida dengan
bantuan impeller.

Sebuah difuser atau volute mengubah

seluruh energi kinetik ke dalam
tekanan atau dengan kata lain mesin ini
menggunakan hukum dasar (Bernoulli)
konversi energi potensial ke energi
kinetik dan sebaliknya

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Dalam hal kecepatan pompa konstran,

maka:
Head bervariasi dengan kuadrat
diameter
Kapasitas bervariasi dengan
diameter
Power bervariasi dengan diameter
pangkat tiga

Dalam hal kecepatan pompa adalah

sebuah variabel, maka:
Head bervariasi dengan kecepatan
kuadrat
Kapasitas bervariasi langsung
dengan kecepatan
Power bervariasi dengan kecepatan
pangkat tiga, karena fungsi dari head
dan kapasitas

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Bearing
housing
Electric
Motor

Discharge
Nozzle

Shaft
Volute
casing

Suction
Nozzle

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Classification of impeller by flow

Semi axial impeller

Thicker the Impeller- More Water

Larger the DIAMETER - More Pressure

Increase the Speed - More Water and Pressure

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Radial impeller
Axial propeller

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Dynamic - Special Effect Pump

Gas lift pump

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Hydraulic Ram Pump

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Jet (Eductor) Pump

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Electromagnetic Pump

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Type, duties and capacities of centrifugal & displacement pump

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Diesel
propulsion
vessel

Pump used in
marine
shipboard
applications

Ships
service

Hotel
services

Engine fresh water & sea

water cooling pump

Single stage Centrifugal

pump

Fuel oil transfer pumps

Multiple screw or rotary

pumps

Fuel oil supply & booster

pumps

Multiple screw or gear

pumps

Lubricating oil pumps

Multiple screw or gear

pumps

Hydraulic System pumps

Positive displacement pump

Bilge, ballast& Fire pumps

Single stage centrifugal

pump

Single stage centrifugal

pumps

Single stage centrifugal pump

Cargo
Multiple screw , lobe type
rotary, sliding vane pump
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