S2009 L12-14

55:195 Advanced Electronic Circuits
Lecture 12
12--14
Signal Generators
Material: Chapter 10+Lecture Notes
A. Kruger
Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009
Lecture 12,13, 14-1
Organizational
Midterm exam is first Thursday after Spring Break,
namely March 26
Posted homework 7, due Wednesday March 25
Homework 6 due Thursday
T.A. is grading homework, should be done by Friday
Completed Lab 1 is due Thursday April 2
A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-2
Transistor Arrays/Matched Transistors
LM394 (DIP)
A. Kruger
LM394 (Metal Can)
MAT04
HFA3906
Manufactured on same substrate

Same process
Same temperature
Very good match
Manufacturers often super match these transistors
Plain arrays have good characteristics
Supper-matched devices have excellent match, but are
expensive. Can be as high as $20
Lecture 12,13, 14-3
Triangular Wave Generators

Sect 10.4 (F)
Figure 10.19 (F)
This was worked in detail on the black board in class
A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-4
Triangle Waves with Independent Slopes

Schmitt trigger with
symmetrical thresholds
VT =
R1
Vclamp
R2
Charge and discharge times are

different
Assume vSQ= +Vclamp
D3 is on, D4 is off
Current through C is vSQ / (R+RH)
I=
VSQ
R + RH
Vclamp
R + RH
vTR drops and trigger snaps when

it reaches VT
Remember:
Vclamp
R1
C Vclamp = C
t
R
R
+
R
H
2
Assume ideal
diodes, V D(on) = 0
R
TL = 2 1 C ( RL + R)
R2
A. Kruger
Cv = It
TH = 2
R1
C ( RH + R)
R2
Lecture 12,13, 14-5

Figure 10.20 (F)
Real diodes (VD(on) 0) changes

Vclamp, but recall that TH and TL
do not depend on Vclamp
TL = 2
A. Kruger
R1
C ( RL + R)
R2
TH = 2
R1
C ( RH + R)
R2
Lecture 12,13, 14-6

Figure 10.20 (F)
Use matched diodes. The

CA3039 the author suggests is
obsolete
One solution: use BE junction of
matched transistors
TL = 2
A. Kruger
R1
C ( RL + R)
R2
TH = 2
R1
C ( RH + R)
R2
Lecture 12,13, 14-7

Figure 10.20 (F)
By adjusting TH and TL one can

generate a wide variety of waves:
triangular sawtooth pulse
A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-8

Figure 10.20 (F)
R3 must be large enough to limit

the maximum current through the
bridge, but small enough not to
affect charging and discharging C
See Example 10.5
A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-9
Inverting Schmitt Trigger

VTL 0.4 V 0 V
VTH =
3.6
15 = 10 V
1.8 + 36
< 0.4 V when

in saturation
Open collector
comparator
A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-10
Voltage--Controlled Oscillator
Voltage
Figure 10.21 (F)
Inverting Schmitt trigger with

thresholds VTL = 0, VTH = 10 V
Voltage-controlled switch
A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-11
Voltage
A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-12
Voltage
Current through here is always
iI = (vI vI / 2) /(2 R) = vI /(4R)
The Schmitt trigger and switch

determines if the current flows
here
A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-13
Voltage
Assume vSQ is low and switch is open
Current flows through here,

charging the capacitor
iI
This voltage drops until it reaches VTL ~ 0.

Then the Schmitt trigger snaps.
A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-14
Voltage
Current through here is always
(vI vI / 2)/(2R) = vI /(4R)

This means iI has to come from
here
iI
The current here is 2iI
This voltage now rises until it

reaches VTH = 10 V when the
trigger snaps again.
Now the switch is closed
A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-15
Voltage
Capacitor current is iI = vI /(4R) or
iI = vI /(4 R)
The time to charge/discharge the capacitor is one-half the period
iI t = Cv
A. Kruger
(vI /(4R))t = C (VTH VTL )
f0 =
vI
8RC(VTH VTL )
Lecture 12,13, 14-16
Triangle--to
Triangle
to--Sine Wave Conversion
Figure 10.22 (F)
One can show that THD is minimized at about 0.2% is Vim 172 mV, where Vim is the peak
amplitude of the triangular wave
This circuit has a sinusoidal-like Voltage Transfer Characteristic (VTC) vo ~ tanh(vI)
A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-17
Practical Triangle
Triangle--to
to--Sine Conversion
Figure 10.23 (F)
Current mirror
Current-to-voltage
converter
Matched transistors
A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-18
Sawtooth Generators
Sect 10.5 (F)
Figure 10.24 (F)
Switch
Ignore for now
Input offset null

Schmitt trigger with threshold VT =
A. Kruger
VCC
=5V
1 + R2 R5
Lecture 12,13, 14-19
Basic Sawtooth Generator
Assume the switch is open

Capacitor charges through R and vST rises linearly until it reaches the trip voltage VT
Remember:
Cv = It
and here I = iI = |vI|/R, so
TCH = RCVT / | vI |
Once the trip voltage is reached, the Schmitt trigger snaps, and closes the switch,
which discharges the capacitor.
Now vST = 0, and the Schmitt trigger snaps back, the switch opens, etc.,
A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-20
Basic Sawtooth Generator
Provides one-shot action, making sure the switch

(FET) is on long enough so C is fully discharged.
The delay TD is proportional to R1C1 , keep it much
smaller than TCH.
f0 =
A. Kruger
1
1
=
TCH + TD RCVT / | vI | +TD
Lecture 12,13, 14-21
Practical Sawtooth Generator

Sect 10.5 (F)
Figure 10.24 (F)
One-shot pulses at output or comparator

A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-22
Current--Controlled Oscillator (CCO)

Current
Sect 10.5 (F)
Figure 10.24 (F)
Drive this circuit with a current sink, and one has a current-controlled
oscillator (CCO) analogous to a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)
A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-23
Monolithic Waveform Generators

Sect 10.6 (F)
Figure 10.25 (F)
ICs designed to provide waveforms with minimum of external components

At core they have a triangular/square wave generator
Triangular output passed through a wave shaping circuit to provide a sine wave
Grounded-Capacitor VCOs
Voltagecontrolled
current
sources
Schmitt Trigger
A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-24
ICL8038/NTE864 Waveform Generator

Figure 10.26 (F)
Voltage-controlled
current sources
Switch-controlled current sink

A. Kruger
Switch
Reminiscent of 555 timer
Lecture 12,13, 14-25

Q1 and Q2 are programmable current sources.
Magnitude set by external resistors RA and RB.
iB =
vI
RB
iA =
Figure 10.26 (F)
vI
RA
Q3 is an emitter
follower that also
compensates for VBE
drops of Q1 and Q2
A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-26

Figure 10.26 (F)
Two identical current sinks sinks 2iB or 0, controlled by switch

A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-27

Figure 10.26 (F)
Thus, current into C is iA or the current out of C is 2iB iA

A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-28
A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-29
ICL8038/NTE864 Wave Shaper

Figure 10.27 (F)
a4 = ??
a3 = ??
a2 =
10 || 27
= 0.68
(1 + 10 || 27)
a1 =
10
= 0.909
(1 + 10)
a0 = 1
A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-30
ICL8038/NTE864 Application
Figure 10.28 (F)
ICL8038 is obsolete, but one can still

find old stock
NTE864 is a pin-for-pin replacement
(available at e.g., Mouser) but pricey
Output is centered around Vcc/2, sine TDH ~ 1%
A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-31
ICL8038 As A Linear VCO
Note that the control is

referenced to Vcc. This
is annoying in some
applications
A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-32
ICL8038/NTE864 Application
Figure 10.29 (F)
See text
A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-33
Emitter--Coupled VCO
Emitter
Figure 10.30 (F)
Astable
Low
50 % Duty cycle, square and
triangle waveforms available
Low
Off
High
On
OffOn
VBE increases
Fixed
iI t = Cv
A. Kruger
v = 2VBE
f0 =
iI
4CVBE
Easy to convert into CurrentControlled Oscillator (CCO)
Lecture 12,13, 14-34
XR--2206 Function Generator

XR
0.1 Hz 1 MHz
Figure 10.31 (F)
20
ppm/oC
0.5% THD
Much less
expensive than 8038
What type of
capacitor should this
be?
This is an emitter-coupled CCO

similar to the previous slide
A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-35
Frequency--Shift Key Modulation

Frequency
A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-36
Sinusoidal FSK Generator

Figure 10.32 (F)
This adjusts iI oscillation frequency

A. Kruger
f0 =
iI
4CVBE
Lecture 12,13, 14-37
V-F and FF-V Converters (VFCs)

Sect 10.7 (F)
Difference between V-F and VCO?

Usually, VFCs have more stringent requirements than
VCOs
VCOs are often designed to be uses inside of control
loops, which corrects errors, etc.
VFC have large dynamic range (4 decades or more)
Low linearity error (< 0.1%)
Great temperature stability
A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-38
AD537 Voltage
Voltage--to
to--Frequency Converter
30 ppm/oC
Figure 10.33 (F)
Linearity error: 0.1% typical
What type of capacitor

should this be?
f0 =
A. Kruger
vI
10RC
Lecture 12,13, 14-39
AD537 Application
Figure 10.34 (F)
A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-40
Charge--Balancing VFCs
Charge
Figure 10.37 (F)
Supply a capacitor with continuous charge, by charging with a

voltage-controlled current source
Simultaneously pull out discrete change packets at a rate f0
Control f0 such that the net charge flow is always zero
I packet
vI
Sense voltage and control switch

frequency so that net charge flow into C
is zero
A. Kruger
f 0 = kvI
Note, in principle, the value of

C is not important
Lecture 12,13, 14-41
Charge
VFC32 Voltage-to Frequency Converter
Figure 10.35 (F)
Choose R so that iI is less than 1 mA
TH =
f0 =
7.5 V
C
1 mA
vI
7.5RC
D(%) = 100
vI
R 1 mA
TL = C1v1 iI
A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-42
Charge
Figure 10.35 (F)
VFC32 Voltage-to Frequency Converter

Choose R so that iI is less than 1 mA
TL = C1v1 iI
f0 =
TH =
vI
7.5RC
7.5 V
C
1 mA
D(%) = 100
A. Kruger
vI
R 1 mA
Lecture 12,13, 14-43
Frequency--to
Frequency
to--Voltage Conversion
Figure 10.36 (F)
Voltage across
capacitor is now the
output
Drive Comparator
Some Ripple
A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-44
A. Kruger
Lecture 12,13, 14-45

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55:195 Advanced Electronic Circuits

Material: Chapter 10+Lecture Notes

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Lecture 12,13, 14-1

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Lecture 12,13, 14-2

Transistor Arrays/Matched Transistors

LM394 (Metal Can)

Manufactured on same substrate

Lecture 12,13, 14-3

Triangular Wave Generators

Figure 10.19 (F)

This was worked in detail on the black board in class

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Lecture 12,13, 14-4

Triangle Waves with Independent Slopes

Charge and discharge times are

vTR drops and trigger snaps when

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Lecture 12,13, 14-5

Triangle Waves with Independent Slopes

Real diodes (VD(on) 0) changes

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Lecture 12,13, 14-6

Triangle Waves with Independent Slopes

Use matched diodes. The

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Lecture 12,13, 14-7

Triangle Waves with Independent Slopes

By adjusting TH and TL one can

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Lecture 12,13, 14-8

Triangle Waves with Independent Slopes

R3 must be large enough to limit

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Lecture 12,13, 14-9

Inverting Schmitt Trigger

< 0.4 V when

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Lecture 12,13, 14-10

Inverting Schmitt trigger with

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Lecture 12,13, 14-11

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Lecture 12,13, 14-12

iI = (vI vI / 2) /(2 R) = vI /(4R)

The Schmitt trigger and switch

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Lecture 12,13, 14-13

Current flows through here,

This voltage drops until it reaches VTL ~ 0.

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Lecture 12,13, 14-14

(vI vI / 2)/(2R) = vI /(4R)

The current here is 2iI

This voltage now rises until it

Now the switch is closed

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Lecture 12,13, 14-15

The time to charge/discharge the capacitor is one-half the period

(vI /(4R))t = C (VTH VTL )

Advanced Electronic Circuits 55:036 The University of Iowa, 2009

Lecture 12,13, 14-16