1

Number

Working with
numbers

In previous years you have been introduced to new numbers and have found some
interesting facts about familiar numbers.
Now you will take a fresh look at some of that work and at the use of calculators.

In this chapter you will:

apply a range of mental strategies to aid computation

revise operations on whole numbers, integers, decimals and fractions
divide two-digit and three-digit numbers by a two-digit number
apply order of operations to simplify expressions
round numbers and estimate answers
estimate and calculate squares, cubes, other powers, square roots and
cube roots
explore the properties of the square and square root of products:
(ab) 2 and ab

Wordbank

mental calculation To operate with numbers in your head, without using

pen and paper, or calculator.
order of operations The rules for calculating an expression containing
mixed operations, such as 14 2 4 + 1.
decimal places The places after the decimal point in a number.
square root The positive value which, if squared, will give the number
required, for example 49 = 7 because 7 2 = 49.
cube root The value which, if cubed, will give the number required,
for example 3 8 = 2 because 2 3 = 8.
improper fraction A fraction whose numerator is larger than its
denominator, for example 7--4- .
mixed numeral A numeral consisting of a whole number and a fraction,
for example 1 3--4- .

Think!
Can you think of a simple way of evaluating 18 2?
What about

49 9 ?

W OR KI NG W I T H NUM B E R S

CHAPTER 1

Start up
Worksheet
1-01
Brainstarters 1

Skillsheet
1-01
Factors and
divisibility

1 Find the answers to these without using a calculator:

a 69
b 74
c 43 + 20
d 17 + 25
e 58
f 99
g 42 7
h 36 4
i 64 8
j 16 9
k 66
l 45 9
2 Round 2870 to the nearest hundred.
3 Rewrite these integers in ascending order:
6, 0, 9, 7, 1, 5, 3, 3
4 Find the highest common factor of:
a 12 and 8
b 20 and 25
5 Find:
a 52

c 6 and 18
b 82

c 152

43

125

100

g 33
i

36

6 Find the lowest common multiple of:

a 6 and 10
b 2 and 5

c 3 and 4

7 Convert each of these fractions to a decimal.

a

2
--5

1
--4

3
--8

8 Rewrite these numbers in ascending order:

1.805, 1.085, 1.85, 1.05, 1.058, 1.508
9 Complete these pairs of equivalent fractions:
2
4
a --- = --3
?
4
?
b --- = -----5
40
c

5
?
--- = -----8
32

10 Convert each of these decimals to a common fraction in its simplest form.

a 0.003
b 0.8
c 0.05

Mental calculation shortcuts

In the Skillbank sections of New Century Maths 7, you were provided with a variety of
strategies for mental calculation to simplify numerical expressions. Some of them are shown
in the table on the next page.

NEW CENTURY MATHS 8

Skill

Examples

Multiplying by a multiple of 10

5 80 = 5 8 10 = 40 10 = 400

Changing the order when

adding or multiplying

15 + 37 + 18 + 45 + 22 = (15 + 45) + (18 + 22) + 37

= 60 + 40 + 37 = 137
7 4 5 = 7 (4 5) = 7 20 = 140

Adding and subtracting 8 or 9

43 + 29 = 43 + 30 1 = 73 1 = 72
67 18 = 67 20 + 2 = 47 + 2 = 49

Doubling and halving numbers

47 2 = double 40 + double 7 = 80 + 14 = 94
1
--- 144 = half of 140 + half of 4 = 70 + 2 = 172
2
1
--2

338 = half of 320 + half of 18 = 160 + 9 = 169

Multiplying and dividing by 4

or 8

17 8 Double 17 = 34, double 34 = 68, double 68 = 136.

17 8 = 136.
560 4 Half 560 = 280, half 280 = 140.
560 4 = 140

Estimating answers

43 + 125 + 66 + 32 40 + 130 + 70 + 30
= (130 + 70) + (40 + 30)
= 270
635 18 640 20 = 64 2 = 32

Multiplying and dividing by 5,

15, 20, 25, 50

18 5 = 9 2 5 = 9 10 = 90
300 25 = 300 100 4 = 3 4 = 12

Multiplying by 9, 11, 99, 101

17 11 = 17 10 + 17 1 = 170 + 17 = 187
25 9 = 25 10 25 1 = 250 25 = 225

Commonly used fractions and

decimals

0.25 24 =
0.6 36 =

1
--4
2
--3

24 = 6
36 = ( 1--- 36) 2 = 12 2 = 24
3

Exercise 1-01
1 Use the mental calculation shortcuts shown in the table above to evaluate each of the
following expressions.
a 0.1 130
b 58 + 19
c 68 2
d 8 60
e Estimate 26 + 71 + 146 + 19 + 14
f 26 + 71 + 146 + 19 + 14
g 16 5
h 0.3 24
i 6 25 4
j 600 25
k 168 4
l 32 11
m 3 70
n 16 + 48
o 140 5
p 0.5 38
q Estimate 88 + 43 + 27 + 7 + 102
r 88 + 43 + 27 + 7 + 102
2 Use mental calculation shortcuts to evaluate these:
a 7 1000
b 14 15
c 400 50
f
k
p
u

392 8
0.25 44
0.75 20
15 8

g
l
q
v

16 25
80 5
382
27 99

h
m
r
w

475
22 8
5 900
28 + 35

d
i
n
s
x

1
--2

232

46 9
300 20
12 50
63 2

e 74 28
j 27 4
o 16 101
t 15 + 39
y 1--2- 826

W OR KI NG W I T H NUM B E R S

CHAPTER 1

The four operations

The four basic operations of arithmetic are:

addition

subtraction

multiplication

division

We will now review these operations.

Example 1
Complete this number grid:
+

14

8
12

Solution
+
8

14

13

22

12

17

26

14

5 + 8 14 + 8

13

22

5 + 12 14 + 12

12

17

26

Example 2
Simplify 504 18.

Solution
Method 1: Long division

Method 2: Preferred multiples

28
18 ) 5 0 4
3 6

18 ) 5 0 4
1 8 0

10 times

324
1 8 0

10 times

144
1 4 4

18 into 50 goes 2
18 into 144 goes 8

144
90

5 times

54
54

3 times

0
504 18 = 28

NEW CENTURY MATHS 8

28 times

Exercise 1-02
1 Copy and complete the following number grids:
a

17

23

48

95

Example 1

b top row minus left-hand column

35

46

38

77

43

81

57

59

68

91 112

34
c

12

15

20

37

d top row divided by left-hand column

10

18

33

15

120 180 135

2 Find the answers to the following:

a 285 + 633
b 581 + 1023
d 688 35
f 899 389
h 158 7
i 601 36

c 3417 + 45
g 1436 802
i 246 25

3 Find the answers to the following:

a 780 12
b 512 16
d 672 42
e 756 21

c 525 35
f 364 52

Example 2

W OR KI NG W I T H NUM B E R S

CHAPTER 1

Working mathematically
Reasoning and communicating: Doubling numbers
Calculators always carry out calculations in the same way. People, however, can use
calculator answers to discover patterns and relationships between numbers.
1 a Use a calculator to double each of these numbers. (Write the answers.)
2358 4229 7490 63 236 180
b Choose your own numbers to double and write the answers.
2 Use your answers from Question 1 to explain what happens to numbers when you
double them.
a What happens to the number of digits?
b What happens to the number of zeros at the end?
3 Double these numbers and write the answers.
9 99 999 9999 99 999 etc.
a Can you see a pattern in the answers?
b How long before your calculator breaks the pattern? What does your calculator do?
4 What do you notice if you triple some numbers?

Integers
Worksheet
1-02
Integer review

Integers are the positive and negative whole numbers and zero. You have previously learned
the rules for operating with integers using the number line. Negative numbers can be entered
into a calculator using the sign change key +/ or () .

Example 3
Skillsheet
1-02
Integers

1 Find the answer to 1 + 5.

Solution
-2

Skillsheet
1-03
Integers using
diagrams

-1

On a calculator:

+/

The answer is 4.

2 Find the answer to 3 2.

Solution
-6

-5

-4

On a calculator:

-3

-2

-1

+/

The answer is 5.

NEW CENTURY MATHS 8

 Adding a negative number is the same as subtracting its opposite.

Subtracting a negative number is the same as adding its opposite.
positive positive = positive

positive negative = negative

negative positive = negative
+
+

negative negative = positive

(The above is also true for dividing with integers.)

+
When multiplying or dividing two numbers which
have the same sign, the answer is positive.
When multiplying or dividing two numbers which have different signs,
the answer is negative.

Example 4
Find the answer to 4 (2).

Solution
4 (2) = 4 + 2
=6
On a calculator: 4
The answer is 6.

(subtracting a negative number is the same as adding its opposite)

+/

Example 5
Find the answer to:
a 3 5

b 6 (2)

Solution

a 3 5 = 15
On a calculator:
+/

b 6 (2) = 3
On a calculator:
5

The answer is 15.

+/

+/

The answer is 3.

Exercise 1-03
1 Find the answers to the following:
a 3 10
b 6 13
2 Find the answers to the following:
b 6 (4)
a 5 + (-8)
e 6 15
f 7 + 8
i 18 + 10 3
j 7 + 3 + 8

Example 3

c 12 3 11

d 2 7
Example 4

c 12 (5)
g 13 + 13
k 18 15 + 3 6

d 15 + 3
h 654
l 2 12 3 + 18

W OR KI NG W I T H NUM B E R S

SkillBuilder
3-03

CHAPTER 1

Example 5

SkillBuilder
3-15

3 Work out answers to each of the following:

a 5 4
b 3 (6)
d 26 (13)
e 15 (3)
g 5 (9)
h 10 7
j 64 (4)
k 25 (5)
n (2) (2) 7
m 18 (2) (3)

c
f
i
l
o

4 Find the answers to the following:

a 11 7 4
b 8+35
d 12 (3) + 4
e 8 4 (2)
g 25 + 10 15
h 8 (3) 5

c 3 2 + 5
f 638
i 6 (2) (1)

(4) (8)
14 2
12 (4)
75 (5)
(5)2

5 We have a number of ways of saying add, such as plus and increase. Find other
words which mean to subtract and to multiply.

Rounding and estimation

Worksheet
1-03
Estimation
game

There are many situations in which it is impractical or impossible to give an exact answer.
If the length of a wall is measured or calculated to be 4.831 metres, we may approximate it
to 4.83 m or 4.8 m.
In Year 7, we looked at rounding a number to a certain number of decimal places.
To round a decimal:
cut the number at the required decimal place
look at the digit immediately to the right of the specied place
if this digit is 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4, leave the number in the specied place unchanged
if the digit is 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9, add 1 to the number in the specied place

Example 6
Round 5.261 correct to one decimal place.

Solution
5.2 61
cut The next digit is 6, so add 1 to the 2 in the tenths place, to give 3.
So 5.261 is 5.3 (correct to one decimal place).

Example 7
Round 4.8239 correct to two decimal places.

Solution
4.82 39
cut The next digit is 3, so the number 2 does not change.
So 4.8239 is 4.82 (correct to two decimal places).

10

NEW CENTURY MATHS 8

Example 8
a Estimate the answer to 6.03 12.16 53.99
b Use your calculator to nd the exact answer, then round it to two decimal places.

Solution

a 6.03 12.16 53.99 6 12 54 = 72 54 = 18.

Estimated answer = 18.

=
b On a calculator: 6.03
12.16
53.99
gives 19.3348.
Rounded answer = 19.33 (correct to two decimal places).

Note: Most scientic calculators have a FIX mode that rounds the number on its display to a
given number of decimal places. You may like to investigate the FIX mode.

Exercise 1-04
1 Round each of these, correct to one decimal place.
a 3.851
b 4.0736
c 0.3333
d 7.34

e 15.0801

2 Round each of these, correct to three decimal places.

a 9.7043
b 13.45671
d 53.09423
e 68.91093

c 0.08281
f 100.003011

Example 6

3.991
Example 7

3 Round each of these, correct to the number of decimal places shown in the brackets.
a 38.055
[2]
b 99.005 [1]
c 86.539 [1]
d 3.0983
[3]
e 4.70771 [4]
f 3.198
[2]
g 32.999 [1]
h 19.769312 [4]
4 For each of these questions, make an estimate of the answer and then use your calculator
to evaluate the answer to the number of decimal places shown in brackets.
a 1.9 5.3 + 8.66 [1] b (19.75 14.3) 5.1 [2] c 301.603 98.5
[2]
2
2
2
d 7.09 10.38
[1] e 9.9 4.71
[1] f 3.61 2.08 11.431 [2]

Spreadsheet
1-01
Rounding
decimals
Example 8

Order of operations
You should remember when carrying out calculations that there is a certain order in which
the operations are done.

The order of operations

First:
Grouping symbols (innermost brackets rst)
Second: or (working left to right)
Third: + or (working left to right)

Worksheet
1-04
Order of
operations
puzzle
Skillsheet
1-04
Order of
operations

Scientic calculators are also programmed to perform calculations using the order of
operations rules.

W OR KI NG W I T H NUM B E R S

11

CHAPTER 1

Example 9
Find answers for each of the following:
a 6+52
b 18 (2 + 1)

c 52+39

Solution

a 6 + 5 2 = 6 + 10
= 16
On a calculator:
+

d 2 [25 (24 8)]

b 18 (2 + 1) = 18 3
=6
On a calculator:
2

18

c 5 2 + 3 9 = 10 + 27
= 37

On a calculator: 5

d 2 [25 (24 8)] = 2 [25 3]

= 2 22
= 44
On a calculator:

25

24

Example 10
Evaluate:
8
a -----------------39 23

8 + 16
b --------------12 8

Solution
8
a ------------------ Divide 8 by all of 39 23.
39 23
(
On a calculator: 8 
39
The answer is 0.5 or

23

12

1
--- .
2

8 + 16
b --------------- Divide all of 8 + 16 by all of 12 8.
12 8
On a calculator:
(

16

The answer is 6.

Exercise 1-05
Example 9

1 Calculate:
a 8+52
c 652
e 36+25
g 34 18 3
i 15 (20 2)

12

NEW CENTURY MATHS 8

b
d
f
h
j

723
12 6 3
7 + 15 3
(34 29) 6
5 10 + 16 2

k
m
o
q
s

3 6 2 5
(38 14) (7 + 5)
72 (4 + 16) 7
[(38 14) 6] 4
6 [22 (4 2)] + 1

l
n
p
r
t

26 (14 + 12)
(7 10) 20 5
14 [3 + 2 2]
48 (29 + 3) + (26 5 4)
[36 (2 4)] [3 (5 + 2) + 7]

2 Simplify each of the following. Give your answers to one decimal place where necessary.
15 + 5
19 + 5
45 2
a --------------b --------------c --------------------58
18 6
100 + 10
-66
d --------------14 + 4

41 13
------------------15 + 8

[ 28 ( 5 3 ) ]
g ---------------------------------( 56 30 ) 2

7 ( 11 2 )
h ------------------------------------------30 [ ( 7 2 ) 1 ]

4+52
--------------------------16 + 10 4

96 3 2
-----------------------18 3 + 2

Example 10

CAS
1-01
BODMAS

Just for the record

The abacus
The abacus is often called the first computer.
It was invented by the Chinese in the 14th
century and it is still used today to add, subtract,
multiply, divide and to solve mathematical
problems involving fractions and square roots.
The word abacus comes from the Greek word
abax meaning calculating board. The abacus
An abacus uses place value
is composed of three sections: the upper beads,
to represent numbers.
the lower beads and the horizontal centre bar
called the beam. Only the beads which have been moved to touch the two sides of the
beam represent numbers. Each vertical row of beads represents a power of 10 (that is
10 000, 1000, 100, 10, 1). The beads below the beam represent one unit of that row.
The beads above the beam represent five units of that row.
Study the examples shown:

Abacus showing 15
(One 10 unit bead and one 5 unit bead)

1
0
0
0
0

1
0
0
0

1
0
0

1
0

Abacus showing 517

(One 500 unit bead, one 10 unit bead, one 5 unit bead and two 1 unit beads)

Represent 23, 56 and 466 on an abacus.

W OR KI NG W I T H NUM B E R S

13

CHAPTER 1

Decimals
Addition and subtraction
Worksheet
1-05
Decimal
review
Skillsheet
1-05
Decimals

Make sure you keep place-value columns correct by placing the decimal points underneath
each other.

Example 11
Evaluate:
a 2.1 + 44.3 + 13.25

b 13.85 5.6

Solution

a 2.1 + 44.3 + 13.25

2.1
44.3
+ 13.25

b 13.85 5.6
13.85
5.6
8.25

59.65

Multiplication and division

Example 12
1 Evaluate:
a 12 0.1

b 5.31 1.3

c 6.25 5

Solution
Multiply without decimal points rst. Then make sure you have the same number of
decimal places in the answer as there were at the start of the question.
a 12 0.1
b 5.31 1.3
(question has one decimal place)
(question has three decimal places)
Multiplying without decimal points:
Multiplying without decimal points:
12
531
1
13
12
1593
5310
Answer: 1.2
(answer has one decimal place)
6903
c 6.25 5 = 1.25
1.25
5) 6.25

Answer: 6.903
(answer has three decimal places)

2 Simplify 12.4 0.04.

Solution
When dividing by a decimal fraction, make the decimal fraction a whole number by moving
the decimal point the appropriate number of places to the right.
In this case: 0.04 4
Move the decimal point in the other number the same number of places: 12.4 1240.
Divide the new rst number by the new second number: 12.4 0.04 = 1240 4 = 310.

14

NEW CENTURY MATHS 8

Exercise 1-06
1 Write each of these as a fraction in its simplest form:
a 0.3
b 0.07
c 0.03
e 0.4
f 0.82
g 0.35
2 Work out these calculations:
a 1.3 + 0.8
d 3.92 0.49
g 20.03 1.06
j 65.001 13.06

d 0.009
h 0.026
Example 11

b
e
h
k

42.51 + 3.6
3.6 0.46
12.56 9.88
9 0.004

3 Find the answers to the following:

a 4.2 3
b 12.61 2
d 18.5 0.5
e 1.3 0.6
g 6.24 1.2
h 0.12 1.2
j 0.87 12
k 0.252 2.1

c
f
i
l

18.4 6.9
12 + 0.56 + 3.4
4.123 + 71.05 + 6.3
3.671 1.289

c
f
i
l

24.8 4
0.06 0.4
238 1.4
1.7 1.5

Example 12

Number grids
Exercise 1-07
1 Complete each of these number grids by nding the missing numbers.
(Round decimals to two places, when required.)
a

4.1

2.07

9.36

b top row minus

left-hand column

26

8.6

2.1

0.6

17.6

18

5.8
5.4
11.93

2.04

12.11

e top row divided by left-hand column

70.07

0.65

0.5

20.14

0.81

0.07

2 Complete each of these number grids, rounding answers to two decimal places.
a

1.6

b top row minus

left-hand column

1.11

4.7

12.8

36.12

94.6

28.7

18.2

5.9

24.78

15.9
3.8
W OR KI NG W I T H NUM B E R S

15

CHAPTER 1

0.8

0.7

0.1512

2.5

3.528

0.8

40
4

3 Select an operation (+, , , or ) to use with each of these number grids. Find a set of
numbers that will correctly ll the grid each time.
a

b
45

15

18

c
9

21

60

24

48

48

Skillbank 1A
Time before and time after
SkillTest
1-01
Time before
and after

1 Examine these examples.

a What is the time 4 hours and 25 minutes after 6:30pm?
6:30pm + 4 hours = 10:30pm
Count: 6:30, 7:30, 8:30, 9:30, 10:30
10:30pm + 25 minutes = 10:55pm.
b What is the time 7 hours and 40 minutes after 11:45am?
11:45am + 7 hours = 6:45 pm
Count: 11:45, 12:45, 1:45, 2:45, 3:45, 4:45, 5:45, 6:45
6:45pm + 40 minutes = 6:45pm + 15 minutes + 25 minutes = 7:00pm + 25 minutes
= 7:25pm.
or
15 minutes
7 hours
25 minutes
= 7 hours 40 minutes

11:45am

12:00noon

7:00pm

7:25pm

c What is the time 10 hours and 15 minutes after 1850 hours?

1850 hours + 10 hours = 0450 hours (next day).
Count: 1850, 1950, 2050, 2150, 2250, 2350, 0050, 0150, 0250, 0350, 0450
0450 hours + 15 minutes = 0450 hours + 10 minutes + 5 minutes
= 0500 hours + 5 minutes = 0505 hours.
or
10 minutes
10 hours
5 minutes
= 10 hours 15 minutes

1850 hours 1900 hours

2 Now nd the time of day.

a 3 hours 20 minutes after 9:05am
c 4 hours 35 minutes after 6:15pm
e 2 hours 45 minutes after 0325 hours
g 8 hours 30 minutes after 12:40am
i 6 hours 25 minutes after 0435 hours
k 9 hours 50 minutes after 2:30pm

16

NE W C E N T U R Y M A T H S 8

0500 hours

b
d
f
h
j
l

0505 hours

5 hours 40 minutes after 7:30pm

11 hours 10 minutes after 11:45am
7 hours 5 minutes after 1705 hours
4 hours 55 minutes after 10:20pm
2 hours 15 minutes after 2050 hours
3 hours 10 minutes after 8:25am

3 Examine these examples.

a What is the time 3 hours and 15 minutes before 11:20am?
11:20am 3 hours = 8:20am
Count back: 11:20, 10:20, 9:20, 8:20
8:20am 15 minutes = 8:05am.
b What is the time 2 hours and 40 minutes before 7:20pm?
7:20pm 2 hours = 5:20pm
Count back: 7:20, 6:20, 5:20
5:20pm 40 minutes = 5:20pm 20 minutes 20 minutes = 5:00pm 20 minutes
= 4:40 pm.
or
20 minutes
2 hours
20 minutes
= 2 hours 40 minutes

4:40pm 5:00pm

7:00pm

7:20pm

c What is the time 8 hours and 45 minutes before 1115 hours?

1115 hours 8 hours = 0315 hours
Count back: 1115, 1015, 0915, 0815, 0715, 0615, 0515, 0415, 0315 (or 11 8 = 3).
0315 hours 45 minutes = 0315 hours 15 minutes 30 minutes
= 0300 hours 30 minutes = 0230 hours
or
30 minutes
8 hours
15 minutes
= 8 hours 45 minutes

0230 hours

0300 hours

4 Now nd the time of day:

a 1 hour 15 minutes before 7:20pm
c 3 hours 20 minutes before 3:30pm
e 2 hours 10 minutes before 1455 hours
g 5 hours 25 minutes before 4:15am
i 4 hours 20 minutes before 2005 hours
k 3 hours 55 minutes before 5:30pm

1100 hours

b
d
f
h
j
l

1115 hours

4 hours 40 minutes before 11:20am

5 hours 35 minutes before 8:25am
3 hours 45 minutes before 0740 hours
9 hours 30 minutes before 9:45pm
2 hours 15 minutes before 0615 hours
4 hours 40 minutes before 12:00 noon

Powers
Remember that powers are used as a shorthand way of writing repeated multiplication.
We write 2 2 2 2 as 24.

Skillsheet
1-06
Indices

Example 13
Evaluate 53.

Solution
53 = 5 5 5
= 125

Squares can be found on the calculator using the x 2 key.

Other powers can be found on the calculator using the power key

xy

or

W OR KI NG W I T H NUM B E R S

17

CHAPTER 1

Example 14
Use your calculator to nd:
a 142

b 64

c 25

Solution
a On a calculator: 14
142 = 196.

x2

gives the answer 196.

b On a calculator: 6
64 = 1296.

xy

gives the answer 1296.

c On a calculator: 2
25 = 32.

xy

gives the answer 32.

Exercise 1-08
Example 13

1 Evaluate each of the following:

a 52
b 23
c 62
2
4
g 8
h 4
i 103

d 34
j 92

2 Find the missing power each time.

a 2 =8
b 3 = 27
d 4 = 4096
e 5 = 125
Example 14

3 Calculate:
a 3 22
e 43 2
i 62 82

b 2 32
f 43 22
j 24 + 2

4 a Find (2 3)2.
b Find:
i 22
2
c Does (2 3) = 22 32?

e 71
k 35

f
l

15
63

c 10 = 100
f 3 = 243
c 22 32
g 45 53
k 33 32

d 52 6
h 32 52
l 53 + 25

ii 32
Explain your answer.

ii 42
iii 52
5 a Find:
i (4 5)2
2
2
2
b Does (4 5) = 4 5 ? Explain your answer.
6 Use what you found in Questions 4 and 5 to complete this pattern:
(3 8)2 =

.
7 Write three examples of your own to show that (ab)2 = a2b2.
8 Copy and complete the following:
a 182 = (6 3)2

18

b 222 = (2 11)2

= 62

NEW CENTURY MATHS 8

c 302 = (
=
=

10)2

d 162 = (2
=

e 282 = (

)2

7)2

152 = (

)2

Working mathematically
Applying strategies and reasoning: Crossnumber puzzle
Choose the correct clue from each pair and complete the puzzle.
Across
1
6
1. 37 6 or 37 2
2. 22 3 or 23 3
2
3. 6543 or 5432
4. 282 or 292
3
8
5. 5 16 1 or 5 16 + 1
9. 457 9 or 579 4
9
10. 27 or 28
11. 33 25 or 33 22
4
7
12. 82 52 or 72 52
14. 29 + 3 or 29 3
5
Down
1. 63 or 53
4. 87 or 78
6. 122 or 152
7. 72 or 92
8. 72 32 or 62 32

10.
12.
13.
15.
16.

12

15

13

16

10

14

11

123 or 231
840 24 or 840 35
11 12 or 13 14
16 3 or 16 6
25 13 or 52 13.

Square roots and cube roots

The square root (
give that number.
The cube root ( 3

) of a given number is the positive value which, if squared, will

) of a given number is the value which, if cubed, will give that number.

Skillsheet
1-07
Square roots
and cube roots

Example 15
Find the square root of 36.

Solution
36 = 6 because 62 = 6 6 = 36

On a calculator:

36

Example 16
Find the cube root of 125.

Solution
3

125 = 5 because 53 = 5 5 5 = 125

On a calculator:

125

W OR KI NG W I T H NUM B E R S

19

CHAPTER 1

Example 17
Estimate the value of

40 .

Solution
There is no exact answer for the square root of 40, because there isnt a number which,
if squared, equals 40 exactly. Instead, we estimate and nd a number whose square is close
to 40.
Looking at the square numbers, 52 = 25, 62 = 36, 72 = 49, we can tell that 40 must lie
somewhere between 6 and 7. Because 40 is closer to 36 than to 49, the square root must be
closer to 6.
As an estimate, 40 = 6.3 .
On the calculator, the answer is 6.324555..., a more accurate answer than our estimate above.

Exercise 1-09
1 Copy and complete the following table:
1

Number

10

11

16

Number squared

512

Number cubed
Example 17

2 Between which two numbers does 80 lie? (Choose one from the answers given.)
A 40 and 41
B 9 and 10
C 79 and 81
D 8 and 9
3 Between which two numbers does
A 22 and 23
B 5 and 6

45 lie? (Choose from the answers given.)

C 6 and 7
D 8 and 9

4 Between which two whole numbers does

31 lie?

5 Give estimates for each of the following.

a
Example 15

Example 16

56

105

210

100

576

6 Find the square root of:

a 4
b 121
e 784
f 256

c 81
g 289

d 900
h 1089

7 Find the cube root of:

a 8
b 343
e 512
f 1728

c 2197
g 8000

d 216
h 2197

800

8 Give the answer to each of these to one decimal place:

a
e

37

495

9 a Find

100

502

6.5

2000

1.1

1103

36 .

b Find:
c We know that

20

ii

4
36 =

NEW CENTURY MATHS 8

4 9.

9
Does

36 =

4 9?

Explain your answer.

12

10 a Find:

b We know that

225
225 =

ii
25 9 .

25
Does

iii
225 =

25 9 ?

Explain your answer.

11 Use what you found in Questions 9 and 10 to complete each of the following:
a

64 =
=
=

900 =
=
=
2025 =
= 9
=

484 =
=
=

121

100

324 =
=
=

81

16 4

1764 =
= 6
=

12 Write three examples of your own to show that

ab =

a b.

13 Evaluate each of the following. (Give answers to one decimal place where necessary.)
3 3

144
d ------------9

2+ 3

11 2

7 2
3

43 43 4

Fractions
2 numerator
--7 denominator
Fractions can be entered into a calculator using the fraction key:

a b/c .

Skillsheet
1-08
Fractions

Some types of fractions

proper: the numerator is smaller than the denominator. For example 1--2- ,

5
78
------ , -----------12 1200

improper: the numerator is larger than the denominator. For example 5--3- ,

Skillsheet
1-09
Fractions and
decimals

11 123
------ , --------5
74

mixed numeral: a whole number and a common fraction. For example 1 3--5- , 4 7--8-

Example 18
Change these improper fractions into mixed numerals:
a

7
--2

27
-----4

27
-----4

Solution
a

7
--2

=72
=

3 1--2-

On a calculator: 7

a b/c

= 27 4
= 6 3--4-

On a calculator: 27

a b/c

W OR KI NG W I T H NUM B E R S

21

CHAPTER 1

Example 19
Change these mixed numerals into improper fractions:
a 2 1--3-

b 4 2--5-

Solution
23
+1
2 1--3- = 6----------3

45
+2
--------------4 2--5- = 20
5

7
--3

On a calculator:
2

a b/c

On a calculator:
=

a b/c

Pressing d/c (
improper fraction.

22
-----5

or

a b/c

SHIFT

d/c

a b/c

a b/c

d/c

a b/c ) converts a mixed numeral into an

2nd F

Example 20
Simplify these fractions:
10
-----25

36
-----60

Solution
To simplify fractions, we divide the numerator and the denominator by a common factor.
10
-----25

10 5
--------------25 5

2
--5

36
-----60

On a calculator: 10

25

a b/c

36 6
--------------60 6

62
--------------10 2

3
--5

36
-----60

or

On a calculator: 36

36 12
-----------------60 12

3
--5

60

a b/c

Exercise 1-10
Example 18

Example 19

1 Write each of these improper fractions as a mixed numeral:

a

3
--2

11
-----3

9
--4

11
-----5

20
-----3

47
-----11

100
--------21

73
-----15

2 Write each of these mixed numerals as an improper fraction:

a 3 1--2-

b 4 1--3-

e 6 3--4-

7 1--5-

c 5 1--4-

d 5 2--3-

g 10 1--7-

h 15 3--4-

3 Arrange these fractions in order, starting with the smallest.

1
--- ,
4
Example 20

3
--- ,
4

1
--- ,
8

3
--- ,
8

5
--- ,
8

7
--8

4 Simplify the following:

a

5
-----10

4
-----12

12
-----26

18
-----24

15
-----25

17
-----34

32
-----48

60
--------100

44
-----77

150
--------310

21
-----35

18
-----16

22

NEW CENTURY MATHS 8

5 Copy and complete each of the following:

=

1
--2

15
-----60

24
---------

-----6

1
------

6
-----10

2
--3

-----8

54
---------

--------12

3
--4

9
-----15

4
--5

21
-----28

--------30

16
---------

-----4

15
-----10

Operations with fractions

Addition and subtraction
To add or subtract fractions, the fractions must have common denominators.
Worksheet
1-06
Fraction
review

Example 21
Evaluate:
a

1
--3

5
--6

5
--7

c 1 2--3- + 4 1--5-

2
--3

d 3 3--4- 1 1--2-

Worksheet
1-07
Fractagons

Solution
a

1
--3

5
--6

21
-----------23

2
--6

7
--6

b
+

5
--6

5
--6

5
--7

35
-----------37

15
-----21

1
-----21

2
--3

72
-----------73

14
-----21

= 1 1--6On a calculator:
1
c

b/

On a calculator:
5

a b/c

a b/c

a b/c

a b/c

a b/c

a b/c

a b/c

a b/c

b/

a b/c

a b/c

1 2--3- + 4 1--5=1+4+
=5+

10
-----15

2
--3

3
-----15

1
--5

-----= 5 13
15

On a calculator: 1
d 3 3--4- 1 1--2=31+

3
--4

=2+

2
--4

3
--4

1
--2

= 2 1--4On a calculator: 3

W OR KI NG W I T H NUM B E R S

23

CHAPTER 1

Multiplication and division

To multiply fractions, multiply the numerators together and multiply the denominators
together. Convert any mixed numerals to improper fractions rst.
To divide by a fraction, multiply by its reciprocal. Convert any mixed numerals to improper
fractions rst.

Example 22
Evaluate:
3
--5

b 1 1--2- 3 2--5-

2
--7

4
--5

d 2 1--2- 1 1--3-

2
--3

Solution
3
--5

6
-----35

2
--7

1 1--2- 3 2--5-

3
--2

51
-----10

17
-----5

1
= 5 ----10

On a calculator:
3

a b/c

4
--5

On a calculator:
2

a b/c

2
--3

a b/c

a b/c

a b/c

a b/c

2 1--2- 1 1--3-

5
--2

4
--3

6
--5

5
--2

3
--4

= 1 1--5-

15
-----8

4
----5

a b/c

3
----21

= 1 7--8On a calculator:
4

a b/c

On a calculator:
2

a b/c

a b/c

a b/c

Exercise 1-11
Example 21

SkillBuilder
2-052-17
Adding and
subtracting
fractions

1 Evaluate:
a

1
--5

3
--5

3
--8

1
--8

2
--5

3
-----10

2
--3

1
--5

3
--7

2
--3

3
--5

1
--4

1
--2

1
--4

h 1 1--2-

2 1--3-

2 5--6- 1 1--2-

k 2 1--3- + 1 1--6-

3 1--3- 1 2--3-

n 2 3--4-

o 3 1--5- + 1 3--4-

m 4 2--5- + 1 3--4Example 22

2 a

24

1
--2

1
--3

NEW CENTURY MATHS 8

2
--5

3
--7

3
--4

5
--8

3
--4

1
--2

2
--5

2
--5

3
--4

e 1 1--2- 2
1
-----11

8 1--4-

3 1--4-

4
--5

g 1 2--3-

2 3--8-

11
-----16

2
--3

1
--4

h 3 1--2- 1 1--4-

1
--3

1
--2

2 3--4-

3 a

1
--2

1
--5

15

3
--4

24

3
--5

60

2
--3

33

4
--7

21

1
--2

SkillBuilder
2-24
Multiplying
mixed fractions

3
--5

Skillbank 1B
Time differences
1 Examine these examples.
a What is the time difference between 11:40am and 6:15pm?
From 11:40am to 5:40pm = 6 hours
Count: 11:40, 12:40, 1:40, 2:40, 3:40, 4:40, 5:40
From 5:40am to 6:00pm = 20 minutes
From 6:00pm to 6:15pm = 15 minutes
5 hours + 20 minutes + 15 minutes = 6 hours 35 minutes
20 minutes
6 hours
15 minutes
or

11:40am 12:00noon

6:00pm

SkillTest
1-02
Time
differences

= 6 hours 35 minutes

6:15pm

b What is the time difference between 8:30pm and 1:20am?

From 8:30pm to 12:30am = 4 hours
Count: 8:30, 9:30, 10:30, 11:30, 12:30
From 12:30am to 1:00am = 30 minutes
From 1:00am to 1:20am = 20 minutes
4 hours + 30 minutes + 20 minutes = 4 hours 50 minutes
30 minutes
4 hours
20 minutes
= 4 hours 50 minutes
or

8:30pm

9:00pm

1:00am

1:20am
W OR KI NG W I T H NUM B E R S

25

CHAPTER 1

c What is the time difference between 1645 hours and 2320 hours?
From 1645 hours to 2245 hours = 6 hours
(22 16 = 6)
From 2245 hours to 2300 hours = 15 minutes
From 2300 hours to 2320 hours = 20 minutes
6 hours + 15 minutes + 20 minutes = 6 hours 35 minutes
15 minutes
6 hours
20 minutes
= 6 hours 35 minutes
or

1645 hours

1700 hours

2 Now nd the time difference between:

a 11:10am and 7:40pm
c 4:45pm and 8:10pm
e 1:05pm and 12:30am
g 0425 hours and 0935 hours
i 7:55am and 3:50pm

2300 hours

b
d
f
h
j

2320 hours

6:20pm and 12:00 midnight

2:30am and 10:55am
9:35am and 11:15am
1440 hours and 2025 hours
2:45pm and 10:10pm

Applying number
Exercise 1-12
1 Michael went shopping and bought the following items: an exercise book at $2.70,
two pens at $1.60 each, a drink at $1.50 and a packet of chips for $2.65.
a How much did Michael spend in total?
b If Michael paid with a $20 note, how much change did he receive?
2 Jessicas car holds 45 litres of petrol. If the price of petrol is 92.6 cents per litre,
how much will Jessica need to pay to ll the tank?
3 Traci needs to build a wooden rectangle similar to the one shown.
How much timber would be left from a 3.4 m length of timber?

0.5 m
0.8 m

4 Lendal spent
left?

3
--4

of his pocket money. If his pocket money is $14, how much does he have

5 A mobile phone plan charges $20 per month plus $0.18 for each phone call. How much
will Thao need to pay if she made 92 calls in one month?
6 Katy, Josh and Kylie shared a $500 000 lotto win. How much did they each receive?
7 In 1912, Donald Lippincott from the USA ran 100 m in 10.6 seconds while, in 2002,
Tim Montgomery, also from the USA, ran 100 m in 9.78 seconds.
a If he could maintain the same speed, how far (to the nearest metre) could Donald have
run in one minute?
b How far could Tim have run in one minute?
c After one minute, how far ahead of Donald would Tim be?

26

NEW CENTURY MATHS 8

8 Copy these shopping dockets and ll in the missing sections:

a

Fruity Fruit Shop

2 kg of potatoes
at $2.15 per kg
1 1-2- kg of carrots
at $2.99 per kg
5 kg of oranges
at $3.55 per kg
Total
Amount tendered:

3 sponge cakes
at $3.88 each
6 1.25 L bottles of lemonade
at $1.65 each
1 loaf of sliced bread
at $2.55
1 2 L carton of milk
at $2.85
2 videos at $29.99 each

$50
Total
Amount tendered:

Change

$100

Change

9 From a jar containing 160 lollies, Lindy takes 3--8- of the lollies and shares them equally
among her four children. How many lollies does each child receive?
10 Elly made a dress for herself and the expenses were:
3 metres of material at $15.60 per metre.
2 1--2- metres of lace at $1.85 per metre.
2 1--4- metres of ribbon at $1.05 per metre.
6 buttons at 35 cents each.
Elly saw a similar dress for sale at $126.50. How much did Elly save by making the dress
herself?
11 Calculate the area of each of these triangles.
a
b
20.4 m
33.7 m
11.1 cm

23.6 cm

12 Danielle uses half a sheet of contact to cover her books, and Christina uses two-fths of
the same sheet of contact. What fraction of the original sheet remains?
Worksheet
1-08
Magic
squares
Did you know that your calculator can talk? Not out loud, but it can give you written messages.

Calculator talk

Try this calculation on it:

623 411 213 303 + 1296 4 579 288 16
Turn it upside down to read the word. (Hint: You should not eat your food like this!)
W OR KI NG W I T H NUM B E R S

Worksheet
1-09
Cross number
puzzles

27

CHAPTER 1

Exercise 1-13
Skillsheet
1-10
Spreadsheets

1 Turn your calculator upside down and make a list of the numbers that match these letters:
O I Z E h S g L B G D
2 What number would make your calculator display these words?
a hEEL
b SLIDE
c OhIO

d gLOSS

3 Find the answers by turning your calculator upside down after each of the following
calculations:
a 121 217 8550 is liked by all children.
b The number that multiplies by itself to give 196 says Gday.
c The 5 77 8 is a very difcult instrument to play.
d 8.0808 20 tells you what Father Christmas said to the child who pulled his beard.
e Some people like to eat a pickled 52 043 71.
f (12 500 0.625 5 6000 + 152) 4 is the name of an exciting word game.
4 Find the word answers to these questions:
a What is made in the factory where Mavis is the manager?
(343 409 534) 2 13 + 295
b The waves and tides have damaged many of these:
(145 420.4 12 0.24 + 910 500) 16
c This is how Drew told his Mum he would avoid detention for not doing his homework:
(864.5 3.5 20 + 0.9) 19 .
d High on the cliff overlooking the beach was the:
(17 967 15 680) 16 + 1146 Vue hotel.
5 Do each question on your calculator. Turn it upside down to read the answer to the
given clue.
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
n
o
p
q
r
s

28

Question

Clue

9 22 (45 654 45 463)

202 7 73 137
13 456 704 123 456 31
3 17 73 101 137
8237 41
(43 505 + 43 210) 123 000
13 003 823 200
14 (659 2 + 1) 29
1667 7 3
(123 456 + 10 421) 4
8922 + 20 132 + 6285
(300 + 67) 67 2
9 (123 456 + 173 807) 50
4 131 (11 000 733)
5 49 358 005 12 345
0.12 0.37 (2 53 151 + 1)
0.73 1.01 1.37 0.4
0.01 (692 + 62) 7 0.7
(1 + 62 11) 9

Good book
Greetings
Delight
Taint
Cricket legend
One only
Defeated feminist
Snake talk
Not tight
Top brass
Silly birds
Mutiny captain
Beat him
The mind
Dirty
For torture
Santa Claus
Find out
Alternative

NEW CENTURY MATHS 8

t
u
v
w
x
y

2 205 459 32 372 33

79 (822 + 9)
(777 + 10) 7 0.082
2 (1702 41)
(72.62 + 3.31) 0.5 0.7 3
(1.12 2.32 + 0.0178) 241 50

Tree bits
TV awards
Top man
Accounts
Bad business
By the sea shore

Power plus
1 Calculate the answers to three decimal places:
a
c

5.6 2 + 1.8 3

1
2
b ------- ------5
3

6.2 5.4
-----------------------------11.01 + 6.04

5.9 2 + 8.1 2
--------------------------13.6 2.04

2 Solve this crossnumber puzzle using these four pieces of information as a guide:
p + q = 680
f + k = 342
k = 161
k + m = 193
Across
1
2
3
1. 1 less than 11 down
5
3. k
5. p + q + k + f
6
7
6. k + m 80
8. p + q k + 102
8
9
10. k + 1020
12. 2k + 2m + 15
10
13. m
Down
1. Equals 1 across
2. q + k + f + p
3. 4m 7
4. m + k
7. p + q + f + 2k
8. 2f + 2k
9. f 70
11. A dozen

12

11

13

W OR KI NG W I T H NUM B E R S

29

CHAPTER 1

3 Make your own calculator talking puzzles.

Step 1: Enter a number into the calculator so that it spells a word when the calculator is
turned upside down.
5508 spells BOSS
Step 2: Create a string of operations starting with your number:
[(5508 500) 8 + 374] 32 = 31.25
Step 3: Write the reverse operation string which will be your talking clue:
(31.25 32 374) 8 + 500
Step 4: Make up a question, riddle or rhyme:
What do you call a gorilla armed with a machine gun?
Create a calculation and a word problem that makes your calculator give these talking
answers:
a ShELLOIL
b hOLES
c hELLO
d EggShELLS
e ShEBOIL
f two of your own invention
Worksheet
1-10
Scientific
notation

4 Scientic notation (standard form)

Scientic notation is a special way of representing very large or very small numbers.
This is how your calculator handles this problem:
Screen 2.56

Screen 1.678

04

means
that is

2.56 104
2.56 10 10 10 10
= 25 600

-03

means
that is

1.678 103
1.678 10 10 10
= 0.001 678

a Can you see a quick way of writing the answer each time?
b Write each of the following calculator displays as an ordinary number:
i 2.4

04

iii 9.33
v 9.6
vii 1.001
ix 2.4

ii 4.55

05

-02

iv 6.667

02

-06

vi 8.9

-02
08

5 Write each of these in scientic notation:

a 12 000
c 0.007
e 0.0005
g 1 000 000
i 0.000 000 011 1

viii 5.698
x 5.7011

b
d
f
h
j

-06
07
-03

345 000 000

4000
0.000 41
0.000 335
(1.2 104) (6 103)

6 a What is the largest number that can be displayed on your calculator?

b What is the smallest?

30

NEW CENTURY MATHS 8

Worksheet
1-11
Numbers
crossword

Language of maths
calculator
decimal place
evaluate
integer
operation
round

cube
denominator
factor tree
long division
order of operations
simplify

cube root
division
fraction
mixed numeral
power
square

decimal
estimate
improper fraction
numerator
proper fraction
square root

1 What are the four arithmetic operations?

2 If you round a decimal to the nearest hundredth, how many decimal places is this?
3 What are the order of operations rules?
4 What type of numeral can an improper fraction be converted to?
5 How do you write the cube root of 64?
6 What is the cube root of 64?

Topic overview

FRACT
IO
N

What parts of this chapter did you remember from last year?
Are there parts of this chapter that you still dont understand?
Discuss any problems with your teacher or a friend.
Copy and complete this topic overview which has been started for you.
Check your work with other students and your teacher.

S
Numerators
ominator
s
Den

OPERAT+IO NS

ALS

.
....

+/

CIM

DE

CAL
CU
LA
TO
3

NUMBERS
9

-3 2 -1
0 1 2 3
IN
TE
GER
S

Powers

a b/c

..

..

W OR KI NG W I T H NUM B E R S

31

CHAPTER 1

Chapter 1
Ex 1-01

Review

1 Evaluate each of these expressions without using a calculator.

a 7 30

b 0.25 16

c 44 29

d 53 9

e 2 154

g 0.1 400

h 25 11

920 20
k 0.6 60

612 4

8 18

m 120 15

n 0.5 100

o 23 50

p 37 8

Ex 1-01

Ex 1-02

Topic test
Chapter 1

18 15

2 a Estimate the answer to 45 + 73 + 11 + 160 + 25.

b Find the exact answer to 45 + 73 + 11 + 160 + 25 without using a calculator.
3 Copy and complete the following number grids:
a

16

21

39

88

b top row minus left-hand column

27

59

81

48

103

51

56

68

99 101

55
c

Ex 1-02

13

29

61

d top row divided by left-hand column

13

21

35

18

36 108 180

4 Evaluate each of these expressions without using a calculator.

a 48 + 126 + 56
b 109 + 53 + 1002
c 783 52
d 652 388
e 27 12
f 44 17
g 231 28
h 1347 6
i 812 7
j 840 12
k 396 18
l 2139 23
m 103 + 2099 + 56
n 236 15
o 4803 178
p 759 11

32

NEW CENTURY MATHS 8

5 Evaluate:
a 4 + 6
c 5 (2)
e 3 8
g 24 (2)
i 36 9
k 10 5 + 20
m 28 7 (2)
o 13 15 6

Ex 1-03

b
d
f
h
j
l
n
p

13 18
11 20
2 7
15 (5)
24 (6) (2)
(2) (2) (2)
12 3 (5)
18 (3) (6)

6 Round each of these numbers correct to the number of decimal places shown in the
brackets.
a 0.473
[1]
b 13.1051
[2]
c 98.0873 [3]
d 69.97
[1]
e 0.952
[2]
f 6.0738
[3]
g 100.099 [1]
h 12.309 16 [4]

Ex 1-04

7 Evaluate:
a 22 5 2
c 12 + 16 4 8
e 16 8 + 23
g 80 [(4 + 5) 8]
i 40 18 3 2
k (84 10) 6 4

Ex 1-05

b
d
f
h
j
l

425
(13 + 8) 11
16 8 5 15
56 (3 + 5 5)
(36 2) (21 9)
[38 + (6 5)] [4 (5 4)]

8 Evaluate these expressions, giving your answers rounded to two decimal places.
83
33 2 5
a --------------b -----------------------15 4
17 6
c

438 15 14
--------------------------------( 69 + 13 ) 7

22 ( 8 6 )
d ----------------------------24 3 + 8

72 ( -4 + 16 )
---------------------------------( 38 16 ) 6

9 Evaluate:
a 2.51 + 6.8
c 37.4 6.9
e 2.6 4
g 4.2 0.2
i 0.26 0.8
k (2.5)2
m 12.5 3.01
o 16.4 0.3 3
10 Calculate:
a 73
d 42 5

Ex 1-05

-14 ( 5 + 2 2 )
----------------------------------------( 11 6 ) 6
Ex 1-06

b
d
f
h
j
l
n

13.3 + 0.82 + 5.6

8 0.03
3.5 0.5
0.071 1.3
9.6 0.12
32.13 5.1
(1.1)2
Ex 1-08

64

b
e 25 4

115

c
f 43 34

W OR KI NG W I T H NUM B E R S

33

CHAPTER 1

Ex 1-08

11 Copy and complete:

202 = (____ 5)2
= ____2 52
= ____ ____
= ____

Ex 1-09

12 Calculate:
a

81

2.25

400

-1

Ex 1-09

13 Without using a calculator, write an estimate for

Ex 1-09

14 Copy and complete the following:

27

10 000

-125
3 3

31 .

3136 = ___ 49
= ____ ____
= ____
Ex 1-10

Ex 1-10

Ex 1-10

Ex 1-11

Ex 1-12

15 Convert each of these improper fractions to a mixed numeral.

a

15
-----4

22
-----5

7
--3

78
-----11

33
-----10

26
-----5

41
-----7

66
-----13

16 Convert each of these mixed numerals to an improper fraction.

a 4 1--2-

b 3 2--3-

e 7 2--3-

8 1--2-

c 6 3--4-

d 11 2--5-

g 15 4--5-

h 3 5--8-

17 Reduce these fractions to their simplest form.

a

6
--8

12
-----14

18
-----36

28
-----48

30
-----70

13
-----13

90
--------130

52
-----26

2
-----10

1
--3

4
--7

3
--4

g 2 1--5- + 1 1--2-

18 Evaluate:
a

2
--7

3
--7

9
-----10

7
--8

2
--3

1 1--2- +

4
--5

2
--3

6
--7

5
--8

1
--6

1
--5

1
--3

1
--2

h 1 5--8-
l

7
-----11

6
--7

1 1--2-

19 a Tamara earns $579.50 for working 38 hours a week. How much does she earn each
hour?
b A light aircraft can climb 320 metres every minute. If it climbed for 4.5 minutes
after take-off, what height did it reach?
c One Friday, the manager of a store added together all the sales gures of the staff.
They were: Mario $1230, Sue $957.60, Theo $883.50, Frank $1448.40,
Samantha $1101.
What was the total of the sales gures?

34

NEW CENTURY MATHS 8

d A gardener took 300 watermelons to market and sold three-quarters of them for
$2.30 each. The rest were sold for $1.90 each.
i How many watermelons were sold for $2.30 each?
ii Calculate the total amount received by the gardener.

e Mark is paid $6.75 per hour. How much does he earn if he works for 16 hours?
A petrol tanker holds 20 000 L of fuel. If 1--4- of the tank is emptied, how much fuel is
left in the tank?
g Copy this shopping docket and ll in the missing sections.
f

2 shirts
at $49.95 each
3 belts
at $35.90 each
4 pairs of socks
at $6.99 each
Total
Amount tendered:

$250

Change

W OR KI NG W I T H NUM B E R S

35

CHAPTER 1