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TYPICAL RADIO PROBLEMS

Several sources of information for optimization: QoS indicators, Coverage


predictions, Customer complaints, Drive tests, Abis/A traces, Other teams
information (NSS statistics).
I. Coverage Problem
Bad coverage :
A network facing coverage problems has bad RxLev. RxQual can be bad at the same
time. Sometimes the RxLev can look OK on the street (i.e. from drivetest) but
coverage inside the buildings can be poor due to building losses. Building losses can
range from 10 to 30 dB or more.
Indications :
Customers complain about dropped calls and/or No Network
OMC QoS indicators
TCH failure rate
Call drop rate
Low proportion of better cell HO
High rate of DL & UL Level HO (possibly also DL/UL quality HO)
A interface indicators
High rate of Clear Request message, cause radio interface failure
Drive Test
Poor RxLev ( < -95 dBm)
Investigation and Optimization :
If actual coverage OK compared to predicted ones
Improve coverage by adding Macro site, Microcell site (Border or Shadow areas),
or IBC site (In-building coverage).
Use parameter setting ex. Bi-layer Handover.
If actual coverage is not the one predicted by planning tool
Check antenna system (azimuth, crossed sector?)

Check prediction in the tool (EIRP, Clutter Type, Obstructing building?). Most of the
time the prediction will be incorrect, as it is only a computer simulation
Increase or decrease antenna down-tilt
Check BTS output power set in the OMC-R (BS_TXPWR_MAX: should always be set
at 0)
From Drive test or Abis Interface
RxLev < -95 dBm and
RxQual > 4
II. Interference Problem
Interference:
A network facing interferences problems presents good RxLev and bad RxQual in
the same time on some areas.
Indications:
Customers complain about bad speech quality (noisy calls) and/or call drops
OMC QoS indicators
SDCCH/TCH Drop
Low proportion of better cell HO
High rate of DL/UL quality HO and interference HO
Low HO success rate
A interface indicators
High rate of Clear Request message, cause radio interface failure
Drive Test
RxQual > 4 with RxLev > -85 dBm
Typical causes:
GSM interferences: Co-channel, adjacent.
Non GSM Interference: Other Mobile Network, Other RF sources.
Co-channel interference:

C/I = Carrier-to-interference ratio


12 dB weaker than serving cell to cause poor RxQual). +12 dB is taken into
account for Alcatel ( +9 dB according to GSM standard) (i.e. interference can be 9
Indications: Downlink and/or Uplink Interference, High rate of quality handover,
call drop, and call setup failure.
Investigation: Drive test analysis, Lumpini: Co-channel checking, Check prediction
to verify which cell could be causing the interference, Frequency plan C/I < 12 dB.
Optimization: Antenna optimization, Change frequency, Reduce BTS power (not an
option in TA Orange network), Concentric cell.
Adjacent channel interference:
C/A = Carrier-to-adjacent ratio
-6 dB is taken into account for Alcatel ( -9 dB according to GSM standard).
Indications : Downlink and/or Uplink Interference, High rate of quality handover,
call drop, and call failure
Investigation: Adjacent HO statistics (if they are defined as neighbors). If they
often handover, then adjacent channel interference could be a problem. Drive test
analysis ; Lumpini: Adjacent channel checking ; Cell coverage prediction; Frequency
plan C/I < -6 dB.
Optimization : Antenna optimization, Change frequency, Reduce BTS power (not
an option in TA Orange network), use Concentric cell
Non GSM interference :
Other mobile network : Inter-modulation with GSM BTS/MS receiver
Other RF interferers
Radar
Shop anti-theft mechanism
Medical devices
Other man-made radio transmission
Illegal usage of GSM frequencies (e.g. illegal imported devices, illegal usage of
other organization, )
III. Unbalance power budget Problem

A cell facing unbalanced power budget problems presents a too high path-loss
difference between UL and DL (often DL>UL)
Lower Rx diversity gain of cross polarized antenna in rural area compared to dense
area
Crossed feeders
Traffic not directly in boresight of antenna, where cross-polar discrimination is
lower
Loose connectors
Faulty antenna, feeder, TMA
Rule : try to have delta as small as possible to avoid access network possible only
in 1 direction (usually BTS->MS : OK and MS->BTS : NOK), i.e. uplink limited
Indicators:
OMC QoS indicators
High ratio of Uplink level Handover cause
Low incoming HO success rate
DL level looks OK for HO, but UL is too weak when HO is attempted
Degradation of TCH failures and OC call drop indicators
A interface indicators
High rate of Clear Request message, cause radio interface failure
O&M Alarms
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR)
TMA
Investigation :
Abis monitoring: ABS(delta Path loss) > 10Check if problem is occurring for 1 TRX
or all.
ABS(delta path loss) = ABS(UL Path loss DL Path loss)
UL Path loss = MS transmitted power measured received UL level
DL Path loss = BTS transmitted power combiner loss measured received DL
level

Large difference between uplink and downlink level triggered HO.


Use PM observation counter (in OMC-R)
RT11
Optimization : This equipment should be checked
TRX types (MP, HP)
Antennas or common RF components, TMA (common to all TRX of the BTS)
TRX RF cables, LNA
IV. TCH congestion Problem
TCH Congestion :
TCH Congestion rate (TCH Assignment Phase) is too high (more than 2%)
Rule : try to meet the offered traffic (asked by users) by providing the right
number of resources (TRX extension)
Indications:
Customers complain about Network busy
OMC QoS indicators: High TCH Congestion rate, RTCH Assignment failCongestion, Low incoming Intra/Inter BSC HO success rate (no TCH available),
High Directed Retry rate or Congestion Relief (Motorola) if activated, A interface
indicators: BSS Congestion failure in OC(High rate of Assignment Failure message,
No radio resource available)
Drive Test : Handover to better cell is slow, or never occurs
Optimization:
Special events :
Foreseeable: (footballs match, important meeting, Exhibition, etc): Add some extra
TRXs, Add special mobile BTSs (Cell on Wheel), Activate HR (may not always be
possible due to BSC capacity limitations)
Not foreseeable: car crash on the highway
Daily periodic problems : At busy hour:
Hardware solution: Add TRX(s), concentric cell, new site, Optimize cell boundaries
(i.e. antenna optimization) to share traffic with surrounding cells.

Software solution: Directed Retry, Traffic Handover, Half Rate (Alcatel), Congestion
Relief (Motorola) Flow control (Motorola).
Problems and responsible parties
Coverage problem :
If the measured RxLev does not match the prediction:
Check the prediction, check panoramic pictures for obstructions
Field Operation team to check physical configuration (tilt, azimuth, antenna
height). Also check for faults in the antenna system (VSWR, sweep antennas, DTF
test, etc.)
If Field Operation find no problem, antenna optimization may be required (if
necessary)
If the field realities match the prediction:
RF team to add new sites (tri-sector, micro cellular, indoor cells) to improve poor/no
coverage area (Optimizer requests for some new sites to RF team regarding to the
drive test result).
Interference problem :
Optimization team to identify the interference source and request Spectrum
Management team to correct it in case of internal source (new frequency
planning)
Unbalanced power budget problem :
Field Operation team to check the impacted BTS (Antenna, TMA, RF cables, LNA,
diversity system) according to request from Optimizer.
TCH Congestion problem :
Regional RF to request TRX expansion.

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