Energy and Metabolism

Chapter 4
Part 2

4.5 Movement of Ions and Molecules

For metabolism to work, a cell must keep its

internal composition stable even when
conditions outside are greatly different
Selective permeability
Membrane property that allows some substances,
but not others, to cross

Selective Permeability of Cell Membranes

Gases (such as oxygen

and carbon dioxide), small
nonpolar molecules, and
water cross a bilayer freely.

Other molecules
and ions cannot
cross a lipid bilayer
on their own.

lipid
bilayer

Fig. 4-10, p. 69

Animation: Selective permeability

Concentration Gradient

Concentration
The number of molecules or ions per unit volume
of a fluid

Concentration gradient
Difference in concentration of a substance
between adjoining regions of fluid

Diffusion
Molecules or ions tend to follow their own
concentration gradient and diffuse into an
adjoining region of fluid in which they are less
concentrated
Diffusion
Net movement of molecules or ions from a region
of higher concentration to a region of lower
concentration

Diffusion Rate

How quickly a particular solute diffuses through

a particular solution depends on five factors
1. Size
2. Temperature
3. Steepness of the concentration gradient
4. Charge
5. Pressure

Osmosis and Tonicity

Water molecules tend to diffuse in response to

their own concentration gradient

Osmosis
Net diffusion of water molecules across a
selectively permeable membrane between two
fluids with different water concentrations

Osmosis

selectively permeable
membrane
Fig. 4-11, p. 70

Animation: Osmosis experiment

Osmosis and Turgor

Turgor counters osmosis

Turgor
Pressure that a fluid exerts against a wall,
membrane, or other structure that contains it

Osmotic pressure
Amount of turgor that prevents osmosis into
cytoplasm or other hypertonic fluid

Osmosis and Tonicity

Tonicity describes relative concentrations of
solutes in fluids separated by a selectively
permeable membrane
Hypotonic: Low solute concentration relative to
another fluid
Hypertonic: High solute concentration relative to
another fluid
Isotonic: Same solute concentration relative to
another fluid

Osmosis, Tonicity and

Selectively Permeable Membranes
Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a
selectively permeable membrane from the
region with a lower solute concentration
(hypotonic) toward the region with a higher
solute concentration (hypertonic)

Osmosis will continue until the two fluids are

isotonic, or until some pressure against the
hypertonic fluid counters the movement

Cells and Tonicity

In multicelled organisms, the volume of the cell

will change if the extracellular fluid is not isotonic
Cells in hypertonic fluid shrink
Cells in hypotonic fluid swell

Maintaining the tonicity of extracellular fluids is

an important part of homeostasis

Osmosis, Tonicity and

Selectively Permeable Membranes

Fig. 4-12 (a), p. 71

2%
sucrose

2% sucrose

10% sucrose

water
Fig. 4-12 (a), p. 71

Fig. 4-12 (b-d), p. 71

B Red blood cells

immersed in an isotonic
solution do not change in
volume. The uid portion
of blood is typically
isotonic with cytoplasm.

C Red blood cells

immersed in a hypertonic
solution shrivel up
because more water
diffuses out of the cells
than into them.

D Red blood cells

immersed in a hypotonic
solution swell up
because more water
diffuses into the cells
than out of them.
Fig. 4-12 (b-d), p. 71

Animation: Tonicity and water movement

Animation: Solute concentration and

osmosis

3D Animation: Osmosis

4.6 Membrane Crossing Mechanisms

Gases, water, and small nonpolar molecules can

diffuse across a lipid bilayer

Most other molecules and ions cross only with

the help of transport proteins, which gives a cell
or membrane-enclosed organelle control over
which substances enter and exit

Transport Proteins

Each type of transport protein moves a specific

ion or molecule across a membrane

The types of transport proteins in a membrane

determine which substances cross it
Examples: glucose transporters, calcium pumps

Passive and Active Transport

Passive transport
Concentration gradient drives a solute across a
cell membrane through a transport protein
Requires no energy input

Active transport
A transport protein use energy, usually from ATP,
to pump a solute across a cell membrane against
its concentration gradient

Passive Transport

Extracellular
Fluid

glucose

Cytoplasm

lipid bilayer

Stepped Art
Fig. 4-13c, p. 72

Extracellular
Fluid

glucose

Cytoplasm

lipid bilayer

Fig. 4-13a, p. 72

Fig. 4-13b, p. 72

Fig. 4-13c, p. 72

Animation: Passive transport I

Active Transport

Sarcoplasmic
Reticulum

Cytoplasm
calcium
A

Fig. 4-14, p. 73

Sarcoplasmic
Reticulum

calcium

Cytoplasm

Fig. 4-14, p. 73

Animation: Active transport

Cotransport
Cotransporter
Active transport protein that moves two
substances across a membrane in opposite
directions at the same time

Example: sodium-potassium pump

ATP powers an active transport protein that
pumps Na+ out of and K+ into a cell

Cotransport: Sodium-Potassium Pump

Extracellular
Fluid

Cytoplasm

Fig. 4-15, p. 73

Membrane Trafficking

Patches of membrane constantly move to and

from the cell surface as vesicles that fuse with or
pinch off from the plasma membrane
The lipid bilayer reseals itself when the
membrane is disrupted

Endocytosis and Exocytosis

Endocytosis
Process by which a cell takes in a small amount
of extracellular fluid by a ballooning inward of its
cellular membrane

Exocytosis
Process by which a cell expels a vesicles
contents to extracellular fluid by merging the
vesicle with the plasma membrane

Membrane Crossings

Animation: Membrane cycling

Phagocytosis

Phagocytosis (cell eating)

Endocytic pathway by which cells such as
macrophages and other white blood cells engulf
particles such as microbes or cellular debris
Amoebas also are phagocytic cells

Phagocytosis

Animation: Phagocytosis

Animation: Endocytosis and exocytosis

Animation: Active transport

Animation: Passive transport II

4.7 Impacts/Issues Revisited

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) converts ethanol
to toxic acetaldehyde, which is then converted to
acetate by ALDH

4.7 Impacts/Issues Revisited

Alcoholic liver disease

Fig. 4-18a, p. 75

Fig. 4-18b, p. 75

Digging Into Data:

Effects of Artichoke Extract on Hangovers