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IN RURAL WATERSHEDS
Roads are perhaps the most significant and easily controlled sources of modification to the stream systems. Road systems
can have three major impacts on stream systems in the watersheds: episodic sediment delivery, chronic sediment
delivery, and hydromodification.
Poorly constructed roads tend to collect surface flow from the landscape and concentrate that runoff into discrete
discharge points, thereby increasing the flow volumes the stream would normally experience during a storm event. These
increased flows can cause bank erosion and channel incision further downstream. Storm-proofing road systems can have
an immediate benefit to the hydrologic and biologic function of streams in the watershed.
Focusing treatments on chronic sediment sources can significantly reduce future sediment delivery as well as normalize
the hydrology of the watershed.
When looking at rural road systems to improve water quality 4 factors should be taken into account 1) Episodic erosion
sources, 2) Chronic erosion sources, 3) Hydromodification, and 4) Treatment prioritization.
Episodic erosion occurs when soils fail in response to storm events or other triggers. These erosion volumes are a
potential volumes that may or may not occur during a given storm event. The erosion may occur once, or in pulses over
an indeterminate time period. Stream crossing washouts, road-related landslides, and gullying are examples of episodic
erosional features.
Chronic erosion is sediment production from hydrologically connected road surfaces and cutbanks that collect flow and
deliver it to the stream system. This erosional process is termed chronic because it occurs annually during any storm
events that produces runoff.
Hydrologically connected road lengths are identified as the length of road that drains down to episodic erosion features,
such as stream crossings, fillslope failures, or gullies.
Hydromodification: Poorly constructed roads tend to collect surface flow from the landscape and concentrate that runoff
into discrete discharge points thereby increasing the flow volumes that the stream channel would normally experience
during the storm event. Increasing the volume of water to a stream channel causes stream to incise and erode its banks to
accommodate the larger flows. Channel incision and bank failures are yet another erosional concern identified in the
TMDL for the Napa River.
Along with channel incision and bank failures, concentrating surface runoff into stream channels can cause higher stream
flows during the wet season and less stream flow during the dry season. If surface runoff is allowed to percolate into
surrounding soils then the groundwater system can be recharged, allowing for sustained flows during summer months.
These summertime flows are necessary to various aquatic species to live until the following years rains bring the much
need flows to the watershed.
Treatment priority is a professional evaluation of how important it is to quickly perform erosion control or erosion
prevention work. It is also defined as High, Moderate and Low and represents both the severity and urgency of addressing
the threat of sediment delivery to downstream areas. An evaluation of treatment immediacy considers erosion potential,
future erosion volumes, the value or sensitivity of downstream resources, and treatability of the site. Generally, sites that
are likely to erode or fail in a normal winter and that are expected to deliver significant quantities of sediment to a stream
channel are rated as having a high treatment priority.
Cutbank
Outboard road
Fillslope
Inboard
ditch/road
A'
A'
grade
inal road
Orig
1. Rolling dips will be installed in the roadbed as needed to drain the road surface.
2. Rolling dips will be sloped either into the ditch or to the outside of the road edge as required to
properly drain the road.
3. Rolling dips are usually built at 30 to 45 degree angles to the road alignment with cross road grade
of at least 1% greater than the grade of the road.
4. Excavation for the dips will be done with a medium-size bulldozer or similar equipment.
5. Excavation of the dips will begin 50 to 100 feet up road from where the axis of the dip is planned as
per guidelines established in the rolling dip dimensions table.
6. Material will be progressively excavated from the roadbed, steepening the grade unitl the axis is
reached.
7. The depth of the dip will be determined by the grade of the road (see table below).
8. On the down road side of the rolling dip axis, a grade change will be installed to prevent the runoff
from continuing down the road (see figure above).
9. The rise in the reverse grade will be carried for about 10 to 20 feet and then return to the original
slope.
10. The transition from axis to bottom, through rising grade to falling grade, will be in a road distance of
at least 15 to 30 feet.
Reverse grade
distance
<6
55
15 - 20
0.9
0.3
65
15 - 20
1.0
0.2
10
75
15 - 20
1.1
0.01
12
85
20 - 25
1.2
0.01
>12
100
20 - 25
1.3
0.01
Geologic and Geomorphic Studies Watershed Restoration Wildland Hydrology Erosion Control Environmental Services
PO Box 4433, Arcata, CA 95518 / Ph: 707-839-5130 / FAX: 707-839-8168 / www.pacificwatershed.com
h
itc
d
ard
Inb
Native Hillside
ll
ma
rm
Be
6%
Cutslope
Road Tread
8%
Fillslope
Notes
Base of fillslope
Native Hillside
As-Built Features
o
Inb
Cutslope
4
4%
h
itc
d
ard
Fillslope
8%
Ax
is
8%
of
Di
Base of fillslope
Pacific Watershed Associates Inc.
Geologic and Geomorphic Studies Watershed Restoration Wildland Hydrology Erosion Control Environmental Services
PO Box 4433, Arcata, CA 95518 / Ph: 707-839-5130 / FAX: 707-839-8168 / www.pacificwatershed.com
Waterbar installation:
1. Waterbar construction for seasonal use roads. Specifications are average
and may be adjusted to conditions.
2. A tie-in cut and berm to cutbank.
3. B angle waterbar 300-400 downgrade with road centerline.
4. C berm height should be 4-6 above the roadbed.
5. D cut depth should be 4-6 into roadbed.
6. E approach should be 3-4 length.
Berm optional
Inslope 4%
Horizontal
reference
Inslope
No ditch
Horizontal
reference
Outslope 4-6%
Outslope
Retain ditch
No berm
Horizontal
reference
Crown
Outsloping Pitch for Roads Up to 8% Grade
Road grade
Unsurfaced roads
Surfaced roads
4% or less
5%
6%
7%
8% or more
Typical Drawing #9
Ditch plug
Poor
OK
Best
Geologic and Geomorphic Studies Watershed Restoration Wildland Hydrology Erosion Control Environmental Services
PO Box 4433, Arcata, CA 95518 / Ph: 707-839-5130 / FAX: 707-839-8168 / www.pacificwatershed.com
Typical Drawing #8
Cutbank
A
Fillslope
Berm
Berm
Berm
Dispersion of
runoff
A'
B'
A
Berm inhibiting drainage of
outslopes or crowned road
Sidecast berm
Ditch
4%
6%
B'
Aggressive
outslope along
old bermed reach
facilitates
drainage even
after minor
grading operations and vehicle
rutting
Ditch
Stream
Stream
rd
oa pe
b
In lslo
fil
Ou
tbo
ar
df
ills
lop
Culvert
2D*
Trash Rack
D - Culvert diameter
D* - If the culvert is designed for the 100-year peak storm flow, the trash rack height above the streambed
should equal D.
If the culvert is undersized, then the trash rack needs to be extended vertically above the streambed
to match or exceed the expected headwall height.
Plan view
Notes:
1. Many materials can be used for a singlepost trash rack including old railroad
track, galvanized pipe, and fence posts.
Outboard fillslope
Road surface
Culvert
inlet
Culvert
Bottom
Inboard
fillslope
D
Optional
bracing
A
re
f D e t a il
Channel
margins
ao
Top
Single-post
trash rack
Geologic and Geomorphic Studies Watershed Restoration Wildland Hydrology Erosion Control Environmental Services
PO Box 4433, Arcata, CA 95518 / Ph: 707-839-5130 / FAX: 707-839-8168 / www.pacificwatershed.com
Typical Drawing #3
Critical dip
Fill
Native hill slope
Culvert
Cross section
Critical dip
Isometric
Critical Dip Construction:
Typical Drawing # 1c
Year round use roads are either paved or rocked well enough so that none of the native surface is visible and
raindrop impact is absorbed by the applied surface.
Un-surfaced roads are either closed during rainy periods of the year or are not used when the road
surface is wet.
All road surfaces are disconnected from streams by implementing a variety of surface drainage
techniques including berm removal, road surface shaping (outsloping, insloping, or crowning) and
installing rolling dips, ditch relief culverts, and /or waterbars.
Ditches and cutbanks are disconnected from streams by frequently draining them with rolling dips &/or
ditch relief culverts.
Outflow from rolling dips and ditch relief culverts do not discharge to streams or onto active (or
potentially active) landslides.
Gullies (including those below ditch relief culverts) are dewatered to the extent possible.
Decommissioned roads have been de-compacted (ripped) and have frequently installed permanent
drainage structures (cross road drain) to prevent runoff contribution to streams.
Treatment
type
Rolling dip*
Ditch relief
culvert
Critical dip
Outlsope road
fill ditch
Outslope road
keep ditch
Inslope road
Crown Road
Remove berm
Rock road
surface
Dozer
Water Truck
Roller
Labor
1.5
1.5
0.5
0.5
0.25
0.5
500 ft/hr
500 ft/hr
1,500 ft/hr
300 ft/hr
300 ft/hr
1,500 ft/hr
0
0
500 ft/hr
300 ft/hr
300 ft/hr
1,000 ft/hr
300 ft/hr
300 ft/hr
1,000 ft/hr
1,500 ft/hr
1,000 ft/hr
0
0
0
0
1,500 ft/hr
1,500 ft/hr
1,500 ft/hr
These production rates do not include time for moving between treatment areas and assumes a 12-15 foot road width.
Assume lower productivity if underground utilities exist and/or traffic control needs to be managed. Water truck will most likely
be used for only half the time that the dozer are doing road shaping and Ditch relief culvert installation.
Back filling
Backfill material shall be free of limbs or other large organics that could decompose over time. Be sure
to prevent rocks from denting culverts. Backfill compacting will be done with water in 0.5-1 foot lifts.
Compaction can be done using a gas powered tamper, sheepsfoot roller, excavator/backhoe bucket,
and/or by track walking.
Rock
Base rock for road surface is 1.5minus Class ll aggregate base should be calculated at 2 tons per cubic
yard. Road rock is applies 12 wide by 0.25 (3) depth.
Rip-rap (light class 1-2) should be calculated at 1.6 tons per cubic yards.
NCRCD
Date:_________
Project Name
Road Log of Treatments for _____________________road (Map#
Station
(ft.)
Site #
Road
Tmt *
Comments/Treatment
)
CMP
Needs
Rock
Needs
BB# = berm breach; BIS = Break in slope; CD# = critical dip; CMP = corrugated metal pipe; CR# = crown road; DRC# = Install
ditch relief culvert; EOS = end of survey; KD = keep/cut inboard ditch; ISR-KD# = Inslope road-cut ditch; OSR-FD# = Outslope
road fill ditch; OSR-KD# = Outslope road and keep ditch; RB-side# = Remove berm and sidecast; RB-Pull# = Remove berm by
pulling fill onto the road; RD# = Rolling dip; RR# = Rock road; SB# = Sediment basin; SOS = Start of survey; WB# = Waterbar;
XRD# = Cross road drain.
0+00
SOS
Start of survey at
Page 1 of 1
NCRCD
Date: 12Nov2013
Project: Big Daddy Bucks
Road Log of Treatments for Main Access Road (Map#)
Station
(ft.)
Site #
Road
Tmt *
Comments/Treatment
Rock
Needs
BB# = berm breach; BIS = Break in slope; CD# = critical dip; CMP = corrugated metal pipe; CR# = crown road; DRC# = Install
ditch relief culvert; EOS = end of survey; KD = keep/cut inboard ditch; ISR-KD# = Inslope road-cut ditch; OSR-FD# = Outslope
road fill ditch; OSR-KD# = Outslope road and keep ditch; RB-side# = Remove berm and sidecast; RB-Pull# = Remove berm by
pulling fill onto the road; RD# = Rolling dip; RR# = Rock road; SB# = Sediment basin; SOS = Start of survey; WB# = Waterbar;
XRD# = Cross road drain.
0+00
SOS
Start
OSR-FD
1, Start
0+10
2.
End OSRFD 1
2+00
2+10
DRC 1
1.
2.
RD 1
2.
3+50
CD1
Start re-rock
road surface
with 25 yd3
1.5- road
base
End re-rock
road surface
3+00
18 x 30
CMP, 1
coupler
Page 1 of 1
6 T-post