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V a = W L / ( SG ) W u
Then, job yield equals the sum of V a for cement, gravel, sand, and water.
http://www.engineeringcivil.com/job-mix-concrete-volume.html/comment-page-1
To determine the proportions of concrete mix constituents of; Cement, Fine aggregate (or
Reference data consists of published figures and tables is required to determine the design values
including;
Mix parameters such as target mean strength, water-cement ratio and concrete density.
Unit proportions such as the weight of materials.
The design process can be divided into 5 primary stages. Each stage deals with a particular aspect of the
concrete mix design:
Stage 1: Determining the Free Water/ Cement Ratio
i) Specify the required characteristic strength at a specified age, f c
ii) Calculate the margin, M.
M = k x s .. [ F1 ]
where;
k = A value appropriate to the defect percentage permitted below the characteristic strength. [ k = 1.64 for
5 % defect ]
s = The standard deviation (obtained from CCS 1).
CCS 1: Approximate compressive strength (N/mm2) of concrete mixes made with a free-water/cement ratio of 0.5
where;
fm = Target mean strength
fc = The specified characteristic strength
iv) Given the type of cement and aggregate, use the table of CCS 1 to obtain the compressive strength, at
the specified age that corresponds to a free water/cement ratio of 0.5.
v) In figure CCS 4, follow the starting line to locate the curve which passes through the point (the
compressive strength for water/cement ratio of 0.5). To obtain the required curve representing the
strength, it is necessary to interpolate between the two curves in the figure. At the target mean strength
draw horizontal line crossing the curve. From this point the required free water/cement ratio can be
determined.
Stage 2: Determining the Free-Water Content
CCS 2: Approximate free-water contents (kg/m3) required to give various levels of workability.
Given the Concrete Slump or Vebe time, determine the free water content from table CCS 2.
Stage 3: Determining the Cement Content
Cement Content = Free Water Content / Free-water or Cement Ratio
.. [ F3 ]
The resulting value should be checked against any maximum or minimum value that may be specified. If
the calculated cement content from F3 is below a specified minimum, this minimum value must be
adopted resulting in a reduced water/cement ratio and hence a higher strength than the target mean
strength. If the calculated cement content is higher than a specified maximum, then the specified strength
and workability simultaneously be met with the selected materials; try to change the type of cement, the
type and maximum size of the aggregate.
Stage 4: Determining the Total Aggregate Content
This stage required the estimate of the density of fully compacted concrete which is obtained from figure
CCS 5. This value depends upon the free-water content and the relative density of the combined aggregate
in the saturated surface-dry condition. If no information is available regarding the relative density of the
aggregate, an approximation can be made by assuming a value of 2.6 for un-crushed aggregate and 2.7 for
crushed aggregate.
With the estimate of the density of the concrete the total aggregate content is calculated using equation
F4:
Total Aggregate Content = D C W
.. [ F4 ]
where;
D = The wet density of concrete ( in kg/m3)
C = The cement content (in kg/m3)
W = The free-water content (in kg/m3)
Stage 5: Determining of The Fine and Coarse Aggregate Contents
This stage involves deciding how much of the total aggregate should consist of materials smaller than 5
mm, i.e. the sand or fine aggregate content. The figure CCS 6 shows recommended values for the
proportion of fine aggregate depending on the maximum size of aggregate, the workability level, the
grading of the fine aggregate (defined by the percentage passing a 600 m sieve) and the free-water/
cement ratio. The best proportion of fines to use in a given concrete mix design will depend on the shape
of the particular aggregate, the grading and the usage of the concrete.
CCS 6: Recommended proportions of fine aggregate according to percentage passing a 600 m sieve.
The final calculation, equation F5, to determine the fine and coarse aggregate is made using the
proportion of fine aggregate obtained from figure CCS 6 and the total aggregate content derived from
Stage 4.
Fine Aggregate Content = Total Aggregate Content x Proportion of Fines .. [ F5 ]
Coarse Aggregate Content = Total Aggregate Content Fine Aggregate
3.
Three cubes are prepared in 100 mm x 100 mm each. The cubes are cured before testing. The
procedures for making and curing are as given in laboratory guidelines. Thinly coat the interior
surfaces of the assembled mould with mould oil to prevent adhesion of concrete. Each mould filled
with two layers of concrete, each layer tamped 25 times with a 25 mm square steel rod. The top
surface finished with a trowel and the date of manufacturing is recorded in the surface of the concrete.
The cubes are stored undisturbed for 24 hours at a temperature of 18 to 22 0C and a relative humidity
of not less than 90 %. The concrete all are covered with wet gunny sacks. After 24 hours, the mould is
striped and the cubes are cured further by immersing them in water at temperature 19 to 21 oC until
the testing date.
4.
Compressive strength tests are conducted on the cubes at the age of 7 days. Then, the mean
compressive strengths are calculated.
The Calculations
Here is one example of calculation from one of the concrete mix design obtained from the laboratory. We
have to fill in all particulars in the concrete mix design form with some calculations
Firstly, we specified 30 N/mm2 at 7 days for the characteristic strength. Then, we obtained the standard
deviation, s from the figure CCS 3. So, s = 8 N/mm2.
From the formula F1, k = 1.64 for 5 % defect. The margin, M is calculated as below:
M = k x s = 1.64 x 8 = 13.12 N/mm2
Fine aggregate
= 700.40 kg
Coarse aggregate (10 mm) = 1142.75 kg
The volume of trial mix for 3 cubes
= [(0.1 x 0.1 x 0.1) x 3] + [25% contingencies of trial mix volume]
= 0.006 + 0.00075
= 0.00375 m3
The quantities of trial mix = 0.00375 m3, in which is;
Cement
= 1.57 kg
Water
= 0.71 kg
Fine aggregate
= 2.61 kg
Coarse aggregate (10 mm) = 4.29 kg
The Results of Mix Design
Slump Test = True Slump of 55 mm
All the 3 concrete cubes produced were then cured for 7 days. After that, the compressive cube test is
carried out. The results are as follows:
Sample
Compressive Strength
32.37
33.54
35.70
Average
For cubes after 7 days of curing, compressive strength should not be less than 2/3 target mean strength.
= 2/3 43.12 = 28.75 N/mm2 < 33.9 N/mm2
After 7 days of curing, the compressive strength of concrete cubes produced by the mix design method
pass the specific strength requirements.
All the raw materials, which is cement, aggregates, and sand should be protected from
suitable. For example, if the aggregates are wet or saturated, less amount of water should be added,
vice versa.
Compaction should be done carefully, as either under or over-compaction will bring significant
negative effect on the concrete produced.
The Conclusion
1.
By using the concrete mix design method, we have calculated the quantities of all ingredients, that
is water, cement, fine and coarse aggregate according to specified proportion.
2.
The concrete produced did not fulfill the compressive strength requirements due to several
reasons. Furthermore, some steps mentioned above should be taken into consideration to overcome
this problem.