Santillana - Essential Science 6 - Course Book

Science, Geography and History
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Book
Santiliana f
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Richmond
PUBLISHING
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Contents
Read
and tick
I CAN DO IT
UNIT
can describe an ecosystem.

can sequence a food chain.
Ecosystems
can distinguish different parts of the body.
The body
can describe the human brain.
10
can classify male and female genital organs.

can describe the birth process and newborn babies.
16
can classify energy sources.

can describe qualities of light and sound.
20
can describe electricity and electric circuits.

can explain magnetism and magnetic fields.
Sexual
characteristics
Energy
Electricity
and magnetism
can identify types of forces and motion.
Forces
25
can name the planets in the Solar System.
The Solar
System
Landscapes
of Spain
The population
of Spain
Europe
Prehistory and
Antiquity
The Middle Ages
27
can describe eclipses.
31
can identify the different landscapes of Spain.

can talk about Spanish climates, flora and fauna
34
can talk about population density in Spain.

can describe political organisations in Spain.
38
can identify physical features of Europe.

can talk about the European Union.
can classify different periods of Prehistory.
44
can talk about Pre-Roman and Roman times.
47
can sequence events in the Middle Ages.

can describe medieval society.
50
can talk about the importance of the Golden Age

can sequence events in Spanish history.
53
can talk about the Civil War and the dictatorship.

can describe 20[h century culture in Spain.
Spain after
1492
The 201h century
PROJECT
PROJECT
PROJECT
PROJECT
PROJECT
1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
can describe machines and their mechanisms.
14
15
23
24
30
PROJECT 6:
PROJECT 7:
PROJECT 8:
PROJECT 9:
GLOSSARY:
42
43
56
57
58-63
Worksheet 1.
Apply your knowledge
Date
CLASSIFICATION
Classify into flora, fauna and the environment.

soil
blackbirds
pine trees
roses
snakes
rain
rabbits
spiders
grass
water
rocks
ENVIRONMENT
FAUNA
FLORA
'
f
k
,
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v" .<
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EtiiM._
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te
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J* .
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5:.
.
--
4
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-_
Investigate.
What living things can you find in a pond? What is their environment like?
VOCABULARY
Match and write.
rivers
b
c
coral reefs
are terrestrial ecosystems.

are marine ecosystems.
are freshwater ecosystems
rainforests
j| Worksheet 2. Date

RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN
LIVING THINGS
Match and label.
secondary consumer
producer
tertiary consumer
octopus
seaweed
primary consumer
Number the elements in these food chains.
trees and shrubs
giraffe
plankton
shark
shrimp
small fish
VOCABULARY
Match.
competition
parasitism
mutualism
A living thing lives in or on another living thing and harms the host.
Several species compete for the same things.
A living thing eats the parasites in or on another living thing,
which benefits both living things.
Worksheet 3.
Read and learn
Date
SOME ENDANGERED SPECIES
Match and label.
fishing gear
dolphin
hunting
Read carefully.
Whales and dolphins: endangered species

Whales and dolphins belong to the family of marine mammals
called cetaceans. Cetaceans are warm-blooded mammals.
They play an important role in the environment.

Some species of whales and dolphins are endangered.
Pollution is degrading their habitat. Hunting is killing some of them,
and others die in collisions with ships. Fishing gear is also dangerous for
whales and dolphins because they can be trapped in it. If current trends continue,
some cetacean species will become extinct in the next few decades.
Answer the questions.

a
Which family do whales and dolphins belong to?

Name three things which endanger whales and dolphins.
Why is fishing gear dangerous to whales and dolphins?
Investigate.
Find information and pictures about three other endangered species.
whale
Worksheet 4.
Date

THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Match and label.
fixed joint
movable joint
gliding joint
Complete the sentences.

a
b
c
b
c
It enables us to
It protects-
Name the joints which we use.

a
The skeleton supports the
Swimming:
Brushing our teeth:
Bending over to pick up a ball: __._
Investigate.
What do we need to do to keep our bones healthy?
Worksheet 5.
Date
THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

a
b
c
The muscular system enables the body to
It gives the body its
It protects
2 Match and label.

.
Extending arm movement

a
Flexing arm movement
The biceps relaxes. The triceps contracts. The arm straightens.

The triceps relaxes. The biceps contracts. The arm bends.
Investigate.
What are the names of some of the muscles we have in our legs?
VOCABULARY
Read the definitions. What is it?

a
b
c
It can be gliding, movable or fixed.
Strong elastic tissues which connect the bones of a joint.. _

The flexible tissue which covers the ends of the bones.
d A tissue which connects muscles to bones.

.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
1 Write true or false.

.
b
c
The cerebellum coordinates movements and maintains balance.

The cerebrum controls reflex movements.-.-.
Next, nerves transmit this information to the brain.
After that, nerves transmit the command to the arm muscles.
Finally, the arm muscles contract and the person answers the telephone.
The brain stem regulates internal organs.
Put this sequence of voluntary movements in the correct order.
The brain has five parts.
First, the ears receive information.

Then, the brain recognises the telephone call. It decides to answer the telephone.
Look at the pictures. Are the arm movements reflex (R) or voluntary (V)?
Investigate and learn

BONES MUSCLES AND GLANDS
,
Read the questions. Investigate and then answer.

(Only some of the information is in your book.)
a
How many bones do adult human beings have?

1 About 106.
.
2. About 206.
1
b
Babies have more bones than adults.

1 True.
.
Gliding joints.
2 Tendons
.
How many muscles do human beings have?

1 More than 700.
What connects muscles to bones?

1
2 False
2. More than 600.
Muscles can be divided into two groups. What are they?

1
Reflex and involuntary.
2. Voluntary and involuntary.
f. Where are our deltoid muscles?

1 In our shoulders.
.
The pituitary gland.
The indoctrinate system. 2. The endocrine system.
Where is the parotid gland, one of the salivary glands?

1 In the face.
.
2. The pancreas.
What is the name of the system responsible for growth and reproduction?
1
2. The brain.
Which gland produces insulin?

1
Which organ controls body temperature?

1 The heart.
2 In our legs.
2. In the neck.
Investigate.
If your salivary glands are swollen and you have a temperature or fever,
what illness may you have?
Worksheet 8.
Date
SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS
Match.
a
These develop at puberty.
1. primary
sexual characteristics
We have these when we are born.
2. secondary sexual characteristics
Complete these sentences about secondary sexual characteristics.
b
c
Women have wider
than men.
Women have higher
than men
Men have more developed
than women
Men have more
than women.
Investigate.
What hormones are responsible for the changes that occur during puberty?
Do emotional changes occur?
I Worksheet 9. Date__ _ _ _ __
1
THE HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Classify the male and female genital organs.

uterus
scrotum
testes
vas deferens
Fallopian tubes
vulva
clitoris
penis
seminal vesicles
ovaries
FEMALE GENITAL ORGANS
urethra
vagina
labia
prostate gland
MALE GENITAL ORGANS
External
Internal
VOCABULARY
Read the definitions. What is it?

*
b
c
It is the place where the baby develops during pregnancy.

Sperm travels through this tube to the urethra.
They produce the eggs necessary for fertilisation.They produce the sperm cells.
e. It is a channel which goes from the uterus to the outside of the body.
f
It is a bag of skin which contains the testicles.
v_
Worksheet 10. Date_

1
Apply your knowled
FERTILISATION AND PREGNAN
Find nine more words related to fertilisation and reproduction.
EGGHY
LSUXP
TSORZABDEH
P
PLACENTA
EVSEWLFAZK
RECJ
REAYYU
I (B A B Y) M 0 N G T
OWLUNBSTOE
DAT
GRCETR
YCORSYUREU
ANMPFOETUS
Underline the errors and correct the information.

a
b
c
d
e
One egg cell matures and passes through a Fallopian tube about every fifteen days.
If the egg cell is fertilised, it leaves the body through the vagina.
Men produce one sperm cell every day.
The embryo grows in the Fallopian tubes.
The placenta gives the embryo nutrients and hydrogen from the mother.
Pregnancy normally lasts about ten months.
Investigate.
When a healthy woman stops having periods, she goes though a stage called
12
Worksheet 11.
Read and learn
Date
NEWBORN BABIES
Read and answer.

a
The average weight of newborn babies is ...

2 1.8 kilos.
1 3.2 kilos.
.
The average length of newborn babies is ...

1 about 25 centimetres.
.
2 about 50 centimetres.
.
Newborn babies have ...

1. good
2. poor eyesight.
Newborn babies have ...

1
eyesight.
a poor sense of smell. 2. a good sense of smell.
Read and check your answers.
Newborn babies
Newborn babies weigh approximately 3.2 kilos on average, and are about 50 centimetres long.
They have narrow shoulders and hips, and their arms and legs are relatively short.
Their heads are very large in proportion to their bodies. Some babies are born with a lot of hair,
while others may be nearly bald. All newborn babies have enlarged genitals, and male infants
have a very large scrotum.
Newborn babies cannot see very well. They can only focus on objects about 30 centimetres
in front of their face. This is sufficient for a baby to look at its mother,s face when it is
breastfeeding. Although newborn babies may spend a lot of time staring at objects around them,
they prefer to look at human faces. Newborn babies have a developed sense of smell.
In fact, newborn babies can recognise their mother by their sense of smell.
3
Investigate.
Find out about:
a
newborn babies
'
hearing_
'
newborn babies sense of touch.
Project
INVESTIGATE EOOD CHAIN CONNECTIONS
1
Look below at the food chain connections among living things from the grasslands.
Add two more living things. Draw arrows to show their position in the food chain.
secondary
consumer
primary
consumer
producer
Make a table. Include your examples. Look for more information.

Living thing
14
Feeds on ...
Project 2
MEASURING YOUR PULSE WITH A DRINKING STRAW
1
Measure (and watch!) your pulse by taking the following steps.

a
Find your pulse on the side of your neck

with two fingers.
Stick a piece of plasticine where the pulse
feels the strongest.
With the help of your partner, stick a straw
in the plasticine. Observe what happens.
d. Count how many times the straw moves

in one minute (or in 15 seconds and multiply
the result by 4). Record your pulse at rest
in the chart below.
e
Run in the same place for one minute.

Record your pulse again.
After running for one minute
At rest
Number of pulses
per minute
Observe your results and answer the questions.

a
What is your pulse at rest?
What happens to your pulse after running in place for one minute?
What can you conclude about the impact of physical activity on your pulse rate?
Explain the reason for an increase in your pulse rate after physical activities.
. Try to find your pulse on other parts of your body: wrists temples, even ankles!
,
Project
INVESTIGATE FOOD CHAIN CONNECTIONS
1
secondary
consumer
primary
consumer
producer

Living thing
14
Feeds on ...
Project 2
1

a

with two fingers.
Count how many times the straw moves
in the chart below.

At rest
Number of pulses
per minute

a
,
Project
INVESTIGATE FOOD CHAIN CONNECTIONS
1
secondary
consumer
primary
consumer
producer

Living thing
14
Feeds on ...
Project 2
1

a

with two fingers.
Count how many times the straw moves
in the chart below.

At rest
Number of pulses
per minute

a
,
g] Worksheet 12. Date_

1
music
gives
our bodies energy.
cars
heat
Energy moves our
We use energy to play
Energy from the Sun gives us

_
food
work
Energy is the ability to do
b.
and_
Classify the energy sources.

sunlight
oil
natural gas
uranium
Non-renewable energy1 sources

;
ENERG)
Complete the sentences. Use the words below.

light
_ _
,
.
water
wind
biomass
coal
Renewable energy sources
______
---1
Investigate.
Compare the impact on the environment of using non-renewable and renewable energy sources
Worksheet 13.
Date
TYPES OF ENERGY
Match.
a
b
c
d
e
Electrical energy ...
Light energy ...
..
Thermal energy...
Chemical energy ..
Nuclear energy ..
..
Mechanical energy...
...
is found in uranium and plutonium
is found in light.
is released as heat.
is produced by things in motion.
is produced by fossil fuels and biomass.
is produced by the flow of electric charge.
Complete each sentence with the correct type of energy.
| light
thermal
electrical
mechanical
chemical
wind
In a washing machine, electrical energy is transformed into mechanical energy.

a
b
c
At a windmill,_ energy is converted into- energy.

In an electric cooker,
energy.
In a taxi, _ energy is converted into-energy and into

_
energy is converted into
energy.
In a light bulb, _energy is converted into_energy and

energy.
Worksheet 14.
Date
LIGHT
1. Write true or false.

a
b
c
d
e
Light travels at 20,000 km per second.

Light always travels in a straight line.
A shadow is formed when light meets an obstacle
A book is a translucent object.
A window is a transparent object.
Circle the illustration which represents how we see things.
What colour do these objects not absorb?
Investigate.
Is light reflected or refracted when it hits a translucent object?
18
Worksheet 15.
Date
Read and learn

SOUND
Look at the diagram and read the text carefully.

How we hear
Our ears help us to hear and to keep our balance.

Each ear has three main parts: the outer ear,
the middle ear and the inner ear.
When something makes a noise it sends

vibrations or sound waves, through the air.
,
The outer ear collects these sound waves

and sends them into the ear canal.
Then the sound waves reach the middle ear.
Here they hit the eardrum which is a stretched

membrane, like the skin of a drum. The eardrum vibrates and makes
tiny bones in the middle ear vibrate too.
,
These vibrations travel into the inner ear and make a liquid in the cochlea move
The nerves inside the cochlea turn the vibrations into messages which travel to the brain
through the auditory nerve. The brain interprets these vibrations as sound
.
Circle the words in the text which you do not understand.

Look up the meanings in a dictionary and write them down.
Number the following steps in chronological order.
The brain interprets these vibrations as sound.
The sound waves reach the middle ear and hit the eardrum.
The outer ear collects the sound waves and sends them into the ear canal
The cochlea sends messages to the brain through the auditory nerve
The eardrum vibrates and makes tiny bones in the middle ear vibrate too
These vibrations travel into the inner ear to the cochlea
Investigate.
Ears are very delicate. How can we help to protect them?
Worksheet 16.
Date
ELECTRICITY
Find ten words related to electricity.

repel
b
c
negatively
attract
positively
If an object has more negative charges than positive charges, it is
charged.
If an object has more positive charges than negative charges, it is
charged.
If an object has the same number of positive and negative charges, it is
d
e
neutral
Objects with the same charges_
each other.
Objects with opposite charges-
each other.
VOCABULARY
>
Match.
a
b
c
d
e
20
The flow of electrical charges
insulators
Electrical current flows easily through these materials
electrical current
Electrical current does not flow easily through these materials
a switch
The source of electricity in an electric circuit
conductors
It controls the flow of electrical current in an electric circuit
a generator
Worksheet 17.
Date
MAGNETS AND MAGNETISM
Write true or false.

a
b
c
d
e
A magnet is an object that can attract all types of objects.

Magnets have two poles.Opposite magnetic poles repel each other.
To make an electromagnet, you only need a conducting wire.

Magnetic strips store information on credit cards.
What type of magnets are used in the following objects?

electromagnet
magnetic strip
magnetic recording media
CORPORATE
B5b 9l8bb0 0000C
08-08 THRU OS
i FfiRAMDt'
0*
*orr
>
British Ra
Investigate.
a
What is a compass?
is
b What does it tell us about the Earth?
.
Worksheet 18.
Date
ELECTRICITY PRODUCTIOI
AND DISTRIBUTIOI
1
Number the pictures in order.
high-tension
homes
generator
substation
power
transmission lines
sW1
t9 I
o II
0
.
|
. I
What does electricity produce in each case (heat, movement, light or sound)?
a
Lights on:_
b Electric razor:
.
d. Hairdryer:
e. Radiator:
Radio:_
Think.
Think of three ways we can use less electricity and save energy.
turbine
Project 3
MAKE ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
Make a series circuit.
You will need the following:

1 5 volt battery
.
. 3 light bulb holders

. 3 light bulbs
4 wires
Make a parallel circuit.

You will need the following:
1
5 volt battery
3 light bulb holders

3 light bulbs
6 wires
Now answer the questions by experimenting with the circuits.

1
What happens if you remove one of the light bulbs from the series circuit?
What happens if you remove one of the light bulbs from the parallel circuit?
How is a string of lights for a Christmas tree connected in series or in parallel? Why?
,
MAKE YOUR OWN COMPASS

You need the following:
a needle
a magnet
tape
a cork
Instructions.
1
Magnetise the needle by stroking the magnet along the needle 10 or 20 times
in the same direction.
Tape the needle to the top of the cork.
Put the cork in a bowl of water and let it float. Observe what happens.
4
5
Now give the needle a little spin, and then see where it stops.
Congratulations! You have built your own compass.
Explain what happened when you gave the needle a spin.
Why?

FORCES AND MOTION
Match and write.
magnetic force
friction
gravity
a. This force slows or stops moving objects.

b
c
This force affects magnets and some metallic objects.
This force makes objects fall to the ground.

This force is found in objects with electrical charges.
Look, decide and write. Which of the forces in Activity 1 is acting?
r %m
*
<
Think and answer.

a
What force prevents us from floating into space?
What force is acting when a crane picks up heavy

iron objects?
What force is acting when the crane releases them?
electric force
Worksheet 20.
Date

MACHINES
One statement is false. Which one?

a
Machines save us physical effort.
b A television is a machine.
d
e
Machines can convert one type of energy into another.
Simple machines have very few components.
A skateboard is not a machine.
-v
Complex machines have many components.
4*
Which is the odd one out? Circle and explain.

a
bicycle
computer
screwdriver
hammer
racing car
bicycle
plane
gas heater
MP3 player
lorry
microwave oven
washing machine
kite
wind farm
hammer
windmill
VOCABULARY
Match.
a
b
c
d
e
26
The outer part of a machine
microchips
Wheels, axles, springs and chains
casing
A group of operating parts
mechanism
Electrical circuits with very small components
operating parts
The smallest circuits
electronic circuits
Worksheet 21.
Date
THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Classify the planets.
Order: smallest to biggest

1
Mercury
a. The Sun is an enormous yellow planet.

b
c
Terrestrial planets are made up mainly of gases.
Asteroids are natural satellites.
Comets are made up of ice, rock and dust.
All the planets orbit the Sun.
The Sun rotates on its own invisible axis.
Investigate.
a
Why is the Sun bright?

Do all the planets have moons?
Type of planet
terrestrial
_
Worksheet 22.
Apply your knowledgt
Date
THE EARTH AND THE MOOfi

west
in the other.
When it is day in one half of the Earth, it is
and sets in the
The Sun always rises in the

When it is summer in one hemisphere, it is
How long does it take the Earth to orbit the Sun?

How long does it take the Earth to rotate on its own axis?
How long does it take the Moon to orbit the Earth?
Think and answer.
Every four years there is a leap year and we add one day. Why?
VOCABULARY
Match.
28
ellipse
The Earth is a

a
east
An elongated circle is called an
winter
sphere
new
quarter
last
phase
solar
Moon
lunar
eclipse
in the other.
night
Worksheet 23.
Date
Read and learn

CONSTELLATIONS
Read carefully.
Constellations
Constellations are imaginary patterns of stars. Some
of them were named over 6,000 years ago. There are
eighty-eight constellations. Their purpose is to help
us identify different stars. Identifying each individual
star is very difficult. Dividing the sky into constellations
makes it easier. For example, there are three bright
stars in a line in the constellation of Orion. They form
Orion's belt.
Farmers need to know when it is spring in order to

plant crops, and when it is autumn in order to harvest
them. However, there is not much difference between
the seasons in some countries. Since different
constellations are visible at different times of year,

they tell you what time of the year it is. For example,
Scorpio is only visible in the northern hemisphere
in the summer. Thousands of years ago, when farmers
saw certain constellations, they knew it was time
to plant or harvest their crops.
2. Complete the sentences.
a
b
c
Orion's belt can be identified by

Farmers plant many crops in the
Farmers harvest their crops in the
The constellation Scorpio can only be seen in the northern hemisphere in the
Investigate.
In Greek mythology, who was Orion?
YOUR WEIGHT ON OTHER CELESTIAL BODIES

Find out how much you would weigh on other celestial bodies.
Multiply your weight by the corresponding gravitation factor.
Work with a partner. Use a calculator.
Celestial body
Gravitation factor
relative to Earth
27.9
Sun
Mercury
04
Venus
09
Moon
02
Mars
04
Jupiter
25
Saturn
09
Uranus
08
On the surface of ...
I would weigh ... kilos
the Sun_
Mars _
Mercury_
Jupiter
Venus_
Saturn
the Moon_
Uranus
Compare your results.
Where would you weigh most?
Where would you weigh least?
30
Worksheet 24.
Date
LANDSCAPES OF SPAIN
Bay
of Biscay
F R A N C E
O
.
Balearic
Islands
metres
2,000
1 000
.
500
200
Med
a Peak
Label the map.

.
Label the Northern Plateau.
Label the Southern Plateau.
Label the following mountain chains:

-
The Pyrenees - The Cantabrian Chain - The Iberian Chain - The Betic Chain
Which rivers run through the two large depressions in Spain?
I
1
Worksheet 25.
Date
Apply your knowledg

COASTS AND RIVER
Match. Then write sentences

a
b
c
Cantabrian coast
1. generally
Canary Islands coasts
high and rocky with some long beaches
Andalusian coast
low and sandy
d Galician coast
.
b
c
high and rocky with many estuaries
high rocky and irregular
The Cantabrian mast is high and mr.kv with many estuaries.
d
e
Balearic Islands coasts
high with cliffs
2 Correct the information.

.
b
c
The Ebro and the Tagus are the shortest rivers.

The Ebro river basin is in the south-east of Spain.
The Guadalquivir river basin is in the north of Spain
Investigate.
a
Find the names of four rivers in the Atlantic watershed
Find the names of four rivers in the Mediterranean watershed.
Find the names of two rivers in the Cantabrian watershed.
32
Most rivers in Spain are short with large flows.
Worksheet 26. Date

CLIMATE, FLORA AND FAUNA
Which type of climate - Atlantic, Mediterranean, subtropical or mountain - fits each animal
best? Decide and write your answers.
Match the types of climate.

a
Temperatures are miid all year round.

It mainly rains in winter.
b It is hot in summer and mild in winter.

.
1 mountain climate
.
2 Atlantic climate
.
It rains most in autumn.
c. Winters are very cold but summers are
3 Mediterranean continental climate

.
mild. It rains and snows a lot.

d The summers are hot and the winters are
.
subtropical climate
cold. Rainfall is light.

e
The summers are cool and the winters are
mild. Rainfall is abundant all year round.

3
Investigate.
Find the English names of five types of trees.
Mediterranean typical climate
I?l Worksheet 27. Date
Apply your knowledg

THE POPULATION OF SPA!
Complete the sentences with the correct
The Spanish population was about

18
_
number
million in 1900.
Spain had over_

million inhabitants in 2006.
The Spanish population is growing older;

out of 100 people are over 65.
The population density in Spain is

_

a
b
c
In Spain the death rate is higher than the birth rate.

,
Many immigrants come to Spain to work or retire_

There are more men than women in Spain.
Madrid and the Canary Islands have a high population density.
The population density in Spain is higher than in many other European countries.
inhabitants/km2.
Think and answer.
Why do most inhabitants live in cities or in the main tourist centres?
34
Worksheet 28.
Date
THE ECONOMY
Find nine more words related to sectors of the economy or to industries.

-
(A
E)C
V)
Classify the words from Activity 1 and add some more.

The primary sector
The secondary sector
The service sector
The automobile industry
VOCABULARY
Tick the correct answer (

a
).
The active population refers to:
1. people with jobs

2. people
People who do not have jobs are:
1. employed_
2
of working age_
unemployed_
Investigat
TERRITORIAL ORGANISATIOl
Read the questions. Look at page 38 of the Student Book and answer
a
Which country borders Spain to the west?
Which countries border Spain in the north?
What sea is to the east of Spain?
d Where are Ceuta and Melilla?

.
What separates Spain from Africa?
f. How many Autonomous Communities are there?
What are Spanish Autonomous Communities divided into?
Write three more questions. Ask and answer with a partner

1
Worksheet 30. Date_

1
POLITICAL ORGANISATION

a
The_establishes
the form of government and basic institutions.

b
._
is the name
of the Spanish parliament.

c
There are 350 deputies in the

The
supervise different areas
such as education, health and the economy.

e
b
c
The
are made up of judges.
The
leads the government.
The
are the members of the Senate.
Correct the wrong information.

a
The Spanish president is the Head of State.
The monarch is elected in general elections.

The Constitution establishes economic social and political objectives.
,
The monarch appoints the ministers.
The Courts of Justice are made up of deputies.

The Supreme Court decides if laws follow the Constitution.
Investigate.
Find more European countries which have a constitutional monarchy.
Worksheet 31.
Date
PHYSICAL FEATURES OF EUROPE
peninsula
a
islands
plateau
mountain chains
Great European Plain
The Alps, the Balkans and the Urals are
b The Central Massif in France is a

.
d
e
The
extends from the Pyrenees to the Ural Mountains.
Iceland, Sardinia and Sicily are among the largest
in Europe.
The Scandinavian
is the largest in Europe.
Label the following seas and oceans on the map.

Baltic Sea
North Sea
Mediterranean Sea
Atlantic Ocean
Caspian Sea
North Cape
ARCTIC
ICELAND
Norwegian
Sea
Lake-
Utdoga
:andinavian
PENINSULA
a Highest peaks
The British
Isles
IRELAND
Mounl Nevis
A1.343
GREAT
BRITAIN
St. Matthew
Point
CRIMEAN
PENINSULA
nlB\anc$fyer
Cape
Sao Vicente
The Canary
Islands
,
s!
iber7an
PENINSUL
A
The Balearic
Islands
Mount
Sardinl
Tyrrhenian
Sea
Sicily
Sea
Teide
*3,718
Cape Matapan
MALTA
38
PENINSULA
Ionian\< %
Aegean,
Sea .Crete
CYPRUS
Black Sea
Worksheet 32.
Date
Read and learn

CLIMATE AND VEGETATION
Use these words to label the photos.

rocks
lichen
arctic fox
reindeer
Read carefully.
The tundra
The tundra landscape is found near the North and South Poles. In Europe
it is found in northern Iceland and north-east Scandinavia. The tundra is an
area covered with low plants. Below a thin layer of tundra soil there is a
permanently frozen layer of ground, called permafrost. During the short
summers, the top part of the soil thaws just long enough to allow small
,
plants and micro-organisms to grow and reproduce. The tundra landscape ||
D||[ H
is often covered with rocks. Lichens grow on the surface of these rocks.
They are composed of a fungus and an alga which live and grow together.
Life in the tundra is very difficult because of the cold and the snow. Animals
have to adapt in order to survive. Very few mammals live in the tundra. One
of the few truly arctic mammals, the arctic fox does not hibernate and can stand temperatures as
low as -50 degrees Celsius. Another tundra animal found in Europe is the reindeer. Grass and other
low tundra plants are its main food in summer but in winter reindeer feed mainly on lichens.
,
3 Write true or false.

.
b
c
The tundra landscape is found near the Equator.

Only small plants grow because part of the soil is permanently frozen
Few mammals live in the tundra because it is too cold for them to survive.
39
I
1
Worksheet 33.
Apply your knowledge and investigate
Date
POPULATION AND DIVERSITY

a
b
c
The most populated continents are
and
million people
Europe has a population of about
Most Europeans live in
The largest cities are
There are
and
independent nations in Europe
Immigrants come to Europe from
and
for example
2. Match the countries and capital cities. Use an atlas or an encyclopaedia.
b
c
Latvia
Germany
2 Athens
France
3 Lisbon
d Sweden
.
4 Bucharest
.
5 Paris
Greece
6 Warsaw
g Ukraine
7 Berlin
h Romania
9 Stockholm
Poland
Iceland
Portugal
Riga
10. Kiev
Investigate.
Find information and pictures about one of the European capitals. Write a short report.
40
Worksheet 34.
Date

THE EUROPEAN UNION
What is it? Identify and write.

a
A confederation of countries in Europe_
b The initials used to refer to this confederation._

.
d
e
The name given to the countries in this confederation.
The official currency of most countries in this confederation.

The EU judicial institution_
An EU political institution_

a
b
c
How many countries formed part of the Union when it was founded?
What systems is the Union developing today?
and
Where are most of its institutions based?_,_and
d Name two of the main institutions:_and_

.
Investigate.
a
When did Spain become a member of the European Union?
What other country joined in the same year?_
How many member states were there when Spain became a member?
READING A MAP
1
Look at the city map and follow the instructions
Colour the map as follows:

red - fire station
brown - City Hall

grey - post office
purple - university
yellow - schools
b
c
green - Tilden Park
cn.
Project 6
blue - museums
orange - hospital
pink - city library
Draw an X at these two intersections: Oak Ave and Park St.; Bear Valley St. and Spruce Ave
.
In red
draw the shortest street route from the primary school to the city library.
ABCDEFGH
1
Fire
( ity
CO
station
CD
CD
55pruce A\ e
'
Art
Museum
University
co
>\
(D
'
Uni versity
4
-
'e
.
1
Office
<D
CO
Hall
>
City
S
e
Post
CD
Oak Ave.
Hospital
$
i
Primary
School
i \
"
Til den
in
\Pa rk
ii ..
-i
-\
.1
Science
~
Museum
03
-[
Fe
Secondary
chool
Which city buildings are located at A - 3 F - 7 and J - 5?

,
Which buildings are located north of University Ave ?

.
Now make a similar map of your school neighbourhood Work with a partner.
.
Ask and answer questions.
42
..
CD

a
TD
o
_-
a:5
(/)
-4
c
=3
VI/
tf.)
1 ibrary
COUNTRIES AND FLAGS OF EUROPE
Look for information on the countries and flags of Europe

1
Complete the labels.
Draw the corresponding flags.
Project 7
Worksheet 35.
Date
PREHISTORY
Match the period with the pictures.

The Metal Ages
The Palaeolithic period
SLjfc
-
M :v|g
. V
-V
-. *
m
|3WP Sa
About a million years ago, Spain was inhabited by
or early human beings. Modern people appeared in Spain about 35,000 years ago.
They were
and moved from place to place. They lived in caves or huts.
VOCABULARY
Match. (Two of the words are in Activity 2!)

a
b
c
d
e
44
An early human being
nomads
clan
People who move from place to place

A word to describe people who stay in the same place
tribe
A family group
hominid
A group which is larger than a family group
sedentary
Worksheet 36.
Date

PRE-ROMAN TIMES
Add the missing letters and find seven peoples who inhabited pre-Roman Spain.
a
.-
RIANS
d.
TS
e._KS
._
._
SIANS
CIANS
f._NIANS

The
were traders from Asia
They settled on the south coast. In 1100 B.C. they founded Gades (now Cadiz).
They became important trading partners of the Tartessians
The
settled on the Mediterranean coast.
They founded the cities of Denia and Ampurias.

The
came from North Africa.
They also settled on the Mediterranean coast and founded the city of Cartagena.
3

a
Which people produced salt?
Which people traded ceramic objects?
Which people traded cloth?
Which two peoples were expert metalworkers?
Worksheet 37.
Date
Read and learn

ROMAN BATHS
Guess the answers.

a
How often did Romans usually bathe?

1
Every day.
2. Once a week.
What did they wash with?

1
Soap.
2. Olive oil.
Read carefully and check your answers.
Roman baths
Bathing was one of the daily habits of Roman men of all classes and of many women too.
Romans started work at sunrise and finished around midday. In the early afternoon
men went to the baths and stayed for several hours of sport, bathing and entertainment.
,
When they first arrived at the baths Romans changed their clothes in the changing room
called the apodyterium and rubbed their bodies with olive oil. Then they went to exercise
in the large central courtyard, called the palaestra. They ran, played ball games, wrestled
or swam in a large outdoor pool. After exercise, the dirt and olive oil were scraped off their
bodies before the real bathing started. Accompanied by a slave carrying their towels,
a flask of olive oil and an instrument to scrape dirt off them bathers went through rooms
of different temperatures: the warm room or tepidarium, the hot room or caldarium
and the cold room or frigidarium.
,
After their baths there were many things for the Romans to do. They could have a massage,
,
talk with their friends, walk in the garden, visit the library, watch jugglers and acrobats,
listen to literary recitals or play board games.
3

a
How long did the Romans spend at the baths?
What sports did the Romans play in the palaestra?
What could the Romans do after their baths?

THE VISIGOTHS
1 Complete the sentences.

.
b
c
d
e
The Vandals Alans and Suevi came from

,
The Visigoths were a

The Visigothic kingdom was ruled by
King Leovigild made
There were two classes in Visigothic society.

The rich nobles owned most of the land.
They also had all the political and military

power.
The largest class consisted of peasants.

A few of them had their own land.
most of them worked for the

nobles who gave them food and a place
However
to live.
the capital of the kingdom.
The last Visigothic king, Roderic, was defeated by the_
Read carefully and answer the questions.
tribe.
How many classes were there in Visigothic society?
Which group of people was the richest and most powerful?
What did the peasants receive in exchange for their work?
Investigate.
Find information about Visigothic jewelry and

design a piece.
Worksheet 39.
Date
AL ANDALUS
Match events and dates.

a
1212
The Muslims invaded Visigothic Spain.
929
b Al Andalus was established as an emirate.

.
d
e
Al Andalus became a caliphate.
756
The caliphate ended.
1492
The Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa took place.
711
The Catholic Monarchs conquered the Kingdom of Granada
1031
Circle the correct answer.

a
The capital of Al Andalus was ...

1 Cadiz.
.
2. a small kingdom
the maximum political

and religious authority.
an important Muslim.
Muslims, Christians
a type of castle.
In Al Andalus, a taifa was

1
3 Cordoba.
In Al Andalus, a caliph was ...

1
2. Toledo.
a small kingdom.
a type of tree.
Al Andalus society was formed by

1 Muslims and Jews.
.
2. Christians and Jews
and Jews.
3
Investigate.
Where is rice cultivated in Spain today?
1 Worksheet 40. Date
THE CHRISTIAN KINGDOMS

AND MEDIEVAL SOCIETY
Investigate and label the map.

The Iberian Peninsula around 1200
Al Andalus
Kingdom of Navarre
Kingdom of Castile
Kingdom of Portugal
Crown of Aragon
Kingdom of Leon

a
b
c
Who were the poorest people in medieval society?

Who were the richest people?
Who were devoted to religious and cultural activities?
Are these buildings Romanesque or Gothic? Write
50
Worksheet 41. Date

THE CATHOLIC MONARCHS
AND THESPANISH EMPIRE
Ferdinand II
Isabella I
Charles I
Philip II
Write the correct monarchs.

wmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmammmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmpssmmammmr
I
a
Charles I
Philip II
He was Isabella,s grandson_
The Catholic Monarchs
They unified Spain.
___
c He won victories against the French and the Turks_

.
During his reign, there were revolts in Spain_
e They financed Christopher Columbus" expedition.

.
VOCABULARY
Match.
a
b
c
d
e
A group of territories of greater extension than a kingdom
revolt
A journey or a voyage for a particular purpose
victory
The period during which a monarch rules
empire
A rebellion against authority
. reign
A triumph
. expedition
Worksheet 42.
Date
Read and learn

THE MONASTERY OF EL ESCORIAL

a
b
c
Who was king of Spain in 1557?
Which country did Spain win a victory over in that year?
Can you name two Golden Age painters?
Read carefully.
The Monastery of El Escorial

The Monastery of El Escorial was built to
commemorate the Spanish victory over the
French at the Battle of Saint Quentin on
August 10 1557. Philip II personally chose

the site of the monastery, which is located
about fifty kilometres north-west of Madrid
,
in the foothills of the Guadarrama Mountain
Chain. Construction took twenty-one years,

and for a long time after its completion the
Monastery of El Escorial was the largest building in the world The dimensions of the building
are huge in every respect. A simple example: there are twenty-four kilometres of corridors!
,
Besides a palace for Philip II the complex included a monastery, seminary, library, basilica,
school and the Royal Pantheon. With the exception of Philip V and Ferdinand VII
all Spanish monarchs who have reigned since the Monastery was built are buried there.
,
Important Italian painters were responsible for decorating the Monastery Consequently
many paintings by Italian artists hang on its walls. Works by Spanish Golden Age painters
such as El Greco and Velazquez, also decorate the building.
.
Complete the phrases in column A with phrases from column B.

A
a
b
c
d
e
The Battle of San Quentin was fought
The Monastery of El Escorial is located
are buried in the Royal Pantheon.
It took twenty-one years
against the French.
Many Spanish monarchs
about fifty kilometres from Madrid
The monastery was decorated
with many Spanish and Italian paintings.
to build the monastery.
Worksheet 43
Date_.....

THE 18'h AND 191h CENTURIES
Alfonso XII
Isabella I
1 Circle the correct answer.

.
A dispute over the Spanish throne led to this war.

1
Charles II
Napoleon Bonaparte
In 1824
this was the only Spanish colony in America which was not yet independent.
1 Cuba
.
2. Mexico
This person came to the throne in 1833.
1 Isabella II
.
2. Joseph Bonaparte
2. Cuba
2. Philip V
Spain,s first modern constitution was written here.

1 Cadiz
2. The Spanish War of Succession
This Frenchman was king of Spain for a short time at the beginning of the 19th century.
1
The Spanish War of Independence
He was the first Bourbon king of Spain.

1
2. Alfonso XII
This group of people supported the Constitution and wanted limitations

to the monarch,s powers.
1 Conservatives
.
The First Spanish Republic lasted this length of time.

1
52
2. Liberals
More than a year
2. Less than a year
Worksheet 44.
Date
SPAIN 1898-1931
Match each date with the historical event.
1898
The Second Republic was established.
1909
Primo de Rivera,s dictatorship came to an end.
1923
Intellectuals called for changes in Spanish society.
1930
1931
There was a revolt in Barcelona.
Primo de Rivera,s dictatorship started.
The Second Republic. Write true or false.

a
b
c
During the Second Republic, land was distributed among the landowners.
The first Statutes of Autonomy were declared during the Second Republic.
Men were given the right to vote_
New state schools were built_
Everybody was in favour of the reforms_
Investigate.
Find information about these intellectuals.
Antonio Machado
Pio Baroja
Ramon del Valle-lnclan
Miguel de Unamuno
54
j|j Worksheet 45. Date

THE CIVIL WAR AND
THE DICTATORSHIP

a
'
b
c
d
e
the Republic was led by General Francisco Franco
The Nationalists supported the Republic_

The Republicans won the Civil War.
__
During the dictatorship General Franco controlled all the powers of State.
,
The dictatorship ended in 1960._
Answer the questions about the dictatorship.

a
In 1936 a coup d etat against
How many political parties were there?
What types of liberties were restricted?
What did many Spanish workers do?
When did the economy begin to grow?
Investigate.
Interview somebody who lived under Franco's dictatorship Write a short report.
.
Worksheet 46.
Date
Read and learn

SPAIN IN THE 1960s
Read carefully.
Spain in the 1960s

During the early years of Franco,s dictatorship, life was very hard.
Much of the population was poor and hungry, and too demoralized to oppose
the regime. In any case, repression was fierce. Those who had supported
the Republic were jailed or executed. Criticism of the government was
not permitted, and no religion except Catholicism was tolerated.
After twenty years of repression, the decade of the 1960s was a time
of social and economic change in Spain. There was massive migration
from rural areas to the cities and from Spain to other countries.
The Spanish economy became more prosperous, for various reasons.
Emigration led to a reduction in the unemployment rate, and emigrants sent money back to Spain.
The new tourist industry and foreign investment also contributed to economic growth.
By the end of the decade, 25% of Spanish families had a car, more and more homes had electrical
appliances, such as washing machines, and most Spanish homes had televisions. Television
and tourism brought greater access to information. Tourism also brought new ideas, customs
and ways of dressing. Young people especially rejected the traditionalism of the Franco regime.
Opposition to the dictatorship grew. Although the dictatorship only ended with Franco,s death
in 1975, most Spanish people were ready to support the transition to democracy.
2
a. What happened to Republican supporters in the early years of the dictatorship?
How did emigration help the Spanish economy?
How did tourism help to change Spanish attitudes?
3 Think.
.
Emigration had positive effects on the Spanish economy What do you think life was like
for the people who migrated to other European countries?
Project 8
ROMAN LIFESTYLE
Investigate different aspects of Roman life and complete the diagram below.
Include some of the following words. Find out what they mean. Look for other words.
earring
toga
bracelet
stola
bath
garum
chariot race
herbs
Holidays and games:
Clothing:
Jewelry and hairstyles:
Roman
lifestyle
Eating habits:
56
The working day:
CASTLES AND PALACES
Glue two photos here - one of a castle and one of a palace.

Then complete the cards.
Project 9
harm
extend
host
fixed
marine
flex
algae
mutualism
glide
bacteria
parasitism
hormone
benefit
pollution
involuntary
carbon dioxide
primary
joint
consumer
competition
ligament
producer
decomposer
movable
secondary
desert
consumer
muscle
ecosystem
species
muscular system
endanger
tertiary
nerve
consumer
environment
nervous system
extinct
neuron
fauna
ovary
antagonistic
flora
pancreas
bloodstream
food chain
peripheral
brain stem
freshwater
pituitary gland
cartilage
fungi
reflex
cerebellum
global
warming
relax
cerebrum
skeleton
grassland
contract
spinal cord
greenhouse
effect
58
endocrine
gland
tendon
labour
absorb
lactation
amplitude
menstruation
biomass
teste
thyroid gland
voluntary
ovary
chemical
penis
period
pregnancy
concave
convex
premature
echo
prostate
electrical
puberty
electricity
reproductive system
fan
afterbirth
amnion
belly button
scrotum
fossil fuel
Caesarean section
seminal vesicle
clitoris
sperm
contraction
intensity
light bulb
teste
dilation
mechanical energy
testicle
non-renewable
egg cells
umbilical cord
embryo
urethra
Fallopian tube
uterus
fertilisation
vagina
foetus
vas deferens
refract
genital organ
vulva
renewable
incubator
zygote
replenish
opaque
pitch
reflect
reverberation
circuit
combustion
engine
shadow
component
complex
source
conducting wire
distort
substance
conductor
elastic
sunlight
current_
electronic circuit
thermal
tone
translucent
transparent
uranium_
electromagnet
engine
flow
force
generator
friction
insulator
gravity
magnetic field
increase
wave
magnetic strip
white light
machine
magnetism
magnetic force
neutral
mechanism
pole
non-elastic
repel
permanently
static electricity
pullsubstation
push
switch-
reduce
speed
artificial
attract _
charge
casing
change
structure
temporarily
I
nebula
torrent
rise
typical
set
watershed
Solar System
sphere, spherical
spiral_
star
asteroid
tilt
celestial body
comet
constellation
active population
decrease
climate
ageingeclipse
coast
automobile
ellipse.
continental
Autonomous City
elliptical
depression
Autonomous
galaxy
island
Community
gas giant
lagoon
birth rate
helium
lake
chemical
hemisphere
landscape
Congress of Deputies
hydrogen
mountain chain
constitution
irregular
plateau
construction
luminosity
reservoir
death rate
lunar phase
river basin
fishing
52
hereditary_
evergreen
__
cave
industry_
member state _
Celt _
judge_
mountain_
Ceitiberian
livestock farming_
peninsula_
chieftain _
manufacturing_
physical feature_
circus_
mining_
polar..
clan
minister_
river..
clay pot
municipality_
steppe-
empire -
population density_
taiga_
governor
province
temperate
Greek
Senate_
tundra_
Hispania
Supreme Court
hominid
telecommunications
textile._
vjg
berian -
tourism_
trade_
'aW
j -+*$ /
transport
'VC-v
"
unemployed_
nomad
1
Phoenician
Rl
port-
amphitheatre
sedentary
aqueduct_
settlement
coastline-
bridge
Tartessian
deciduous-
Carthaginian
theatre_
thermal bath
noble
painting
tribe
peasant
royal factory
triumphal arch
Reconquest
village_
Romanesque
Suevi
taifas
architecture
university
cinema
Al Andalus
Vandal
conflict
Alan
Visigoth
coup d etat
'
caliph, caliphate
culture
Catholic Monarchs
dictatorship
clergy
industrial worker
crop
absolute monarchy
landowner
emirate
architecture
Nationalist
Germanic
Bourbon
reform
Gothic
conservative
Republican
instrument
Golden Age
sculpture
irrigation
Habsburg
society
kingdom
liberal
transition
Muslim
literature
ISBN-13: 97
Science!
Activity Book
Essential Science is a six-level course which
teaches basic concepts of Science, Geography

and History through English.
Content and language are carefully

interwoven in Essential Science.
Curricular objectives for primary school

constitute the scientific basis for each level.
The carefully-graded Essential Science language

syllabus correlates with objectives
Student's Book and CD Facts

Themes
14
Learning to learn pages
Citizenship sections
42
Communicative functions
17
Diagrams and maps
30
Audio tracks
63
Core vocabulary
350
set out in the Cambridge Young Learners suite.
Special Features
Ideal for limited contact hours .
Dual objectives: content and language skills .

Clearly-written information pages .
Full colour illustrations and diagrams .
Project work and tasks:'leaming through doing' .

Audio CD provides valuable support .
Learner autonomy activities .
Activity Book Facts

Themes
14
1 can do it self-evaluation objectives
28
Applying knowledge worksheets
36
Vocabulary activities
10
Projects
Investigation tasks
Extension: Read and learn
Glossary terms
350
Essential for success

Resources
Richmond Picture Dictionary
Richmond Student's Dictionary
Web pages: www.richmondelt.com

www.indexnet.santillana.es
Richmond World Facts
Santi liana
www.indexnet.santillana.es
Richmond
PUBLISHING
www.richmondelt.com
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Science, Geography and History

can describe an ecosystem.

can distinguish different parts of the body.

can describe the human brain.

can classify male and female genital organs.

can classify energy sources.

can describe electricity and electric circuits.

can identify types of forces and motion.

can name the planets in the Solar System.

can describe eclipses.

can identify the different landscapes of Spain.

can talk about population density in Spain.

can identify physical features of Europe.

can talk about Pre-Roman and Roman times.

can sequence events in the Middle Ages.

can talk about the importance of the Golden Age

can talk about the Civil War and the dictatorship.

The 201h century

can describe machines and their mechanisms.

Apply your knowledge

Classify into flora, fauna and the environment.

are terrestrial ecosystems.

Apply your knowledge

Match and label.

Number the elements in these food chains.

trees and shrubs

Read and learn

SOME ENDANGERED SPECIES

Match and label.

Whales and dolphins: endangered species

They play an important role in the environment.

Answer the questions.

Which family do whales and dolphins belong to?

Why is fishing gear dangerous to whales and dolphins?

Find information and pictures about three other endangered species.

Apply your knowledge

Match and label.

Complete the sentences.

Name the joints which we use.

The skeleton supports the

Brushing our teeth:

Bending over to pick up a ball: __._

What do we need to do to keep our bones healthy?

Apply your knowledge

THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM

Complete the sentences.

The muscular system enables the body to

It gives the body its

2 Match and label.

Extending arm movement

Flexing arm movement

The biceps relaxes. The triceps contracts. The arm straightens.

Read the definitions. What is it?

It can be gliding, movable or fixed.

Strong elastic tissues which connect the bones of a joint.. _

d A tissue which connects muscles to bones.

Apply your knowledge

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

1 Write true or false.

The cerebellum coordinates movements and maintains balance.

Next, nerves transmit this information to the brain.

After that, nerves transmit the command to the arm muscles.

The brain stem regulates internal organs.