hover, v .

of birds, hang in the air, ðø¬õ õ¬èJ™ õ£ùªõOJ™ õ†ìI´ ; loiter about,
²ŸPˆFK ; be in an uncertain state, G„êòñŸø G¬ôJL¼ ; hesitate, îòƒ° ; waver, áêô£´ ;
n . state of indecision, îò‚è G¬ô .

indecision, n. want of decision, º®¾‚° õó£¬ñ, àÁFJ¡¬ñ; hesitation, îò‚è‹; inability to

decide, º®¾ ªêŒ»‹ ÝŸøL¡¬ñ; indecisive, a. îò‚èG¬ôJ½œ÷, àÁFòŸø, º®¾‚°
õó£î; —indecisively, adv. —indecisiveness, n.

comprehend, v. understand fully, º¿õ¶‹ ¹K‰¶ªè£œ; take in, à†ªè£œ; include,

«ê˜ˆ¶‚ªè£œ; comprise, àœ÷ì‚AJ¼; comprehensible, a. that can be understood,
¹K‰îªè£œ÷‚îò; conceivable, è¼îˆî‚è; capable of being included or comprised,
«ê˜ˆ¶‚ªè£œ÷ˆî‚è; àœ÷ì‚è‚îò; —comprehensibly, adv. —comprehensibility,
comprehensibleness, n. —comprehension, n. power of understanding, ¹K‰¶ªè£œÀ‹ Fø¡;
act of understanding, ¹K‰¶ªè£œÀî™; power of including, àœ÷ì‚°‰Fø¡; comprehensive, a.
able to comprehend much, ðôõŸ¬øŠ ¹K‰¶ªè£œÀ‹ FøÂœ÷; including much, ðôõŸ¬ø
à†ªè£‡´œ÷; extensive, ðó‰î; wide, Mê£ôñ£ù; comprehensively, adv. ¹K‰¶ªè£œÀ‹
Fø¬ñ»ì¡; comprehensiveness, n. fullness, º¿¬ñ.

crucial, a. very important, Iè º‚Aòñ£ù ; severe, è´¬ñò£ù ; decisive, º®¾è†ìñ£ù,

b˜ñ£ùñ£ù ; critical, ªï¼‚è®ò£ù ; testing, è´…«ê£î¬ùò£ù ; — crucially, adv .

pleasant, a. pleasing, ÞQ¬ñò£ù, ñA›×†´Aø ; agreeable, ñùˆ¶‚°è‰î ; friendly,

ï†ð£ù ; gay, èOŠ¹œ÷ ; pleasantly, adv. ÞQ¬ñò£Œ ; pleasantness, n . ÞQ¬ñ ;
pleasantry, n. humour, ï¬è„²¬õ ; jocularity, «õ®‚¬èŠ «ð„² .

significant, a. very important, I辋 º‚Aòñ£ù ; revealing, ¹ôŠð´ˆ¶Aø ; having a

special meaning, M«êìŠ ªð£¼œ ªè£‡ì ; notable, °PŠHìˆî‚è ; noteworhty, îQ„
CøŠ¹‚°Kò ; full of meaning or sense, ªð£¼œ G¬ø‰î ; having an inner meaning,
à†ªð£¼÷£˜‰î ; significance, n. importance, º‚Aòˆ¶õ‹, M«êì‹ ; inner meaning,
à†ªð£¼œ ; import, à†è¼ˆ¶ ; note-worthiness, îQ„ CøŠ¹ ; significantly, adv. in a
significant manner, °PŠHìˆî‚è õ¬èJ™ ; to a great degree, ªð¼ñ÷¾‚° ; signification,
n. inner meaning, à†ªð£¼œ, ªð£¼œ ¸†ð‹ ; exact meaning of a word, å¼ ªê£™L¡
êKò£ù ªð£¼œ ; import, à†è¼ˆ¶ ; significative, a. having significance, îQ„ CøŠ¹œ÷;
M«êì‚ °PŠ¹œ÷ ; significatory, a. having inner meaning, à†ªð£¼œ ªè£‡ì .

inadvertent, a . not properly attentive, èõù‚°¬øõ£ù ; negligent, Ü‚è¬øòŸø,

¹ø‚èE‚°‹ Þò™¹ªè£‡ì ; unintentional, â‡E„ ªêŒòŠðì£î ; careless,
ÜꣂAó¬îò£ù ; thoughtless, â‡EJó£î ; inadvertence, inadvertency, n . carelessness,
èõù‚°¬ø¾ ; inadvertently, adv . carelessly, èõù‚°¬øõ£Œ .

keen 1 , ÃKò ; having sharp edge, غ¬ù»œ÷ ; acute, è´¬ñò£ù ; eager,

a. sharp,
ݘõI‚è, Ýõô£ù ; sensitive, ¸‡μ혾œ÷ ; strong, ÝŸø™õ£Œ‰î ; penetrating,
á´¼Mˆ ¶¬÷‚Aø ; vivid, º¬ùŠð£ù ; keenly, adv. sharply, جñò£Œ ; eagerly,
ݘõˆ¶ì¡ ; keenness, n. جñ, Ýõ™ ; keen on, (colloq.) fond of, («ð.õ.)
Ýõ½œ÷ ; interested in, ï£†ì‹ ªè£‡ì ; eager, ݘõI‚è .

1 

 
beset, v . perplex, °öŠ¹ ; hem in on all sides, ï£ô£ ð‚èƒèOL¼‰¶ ªï¼‚° ; assail,
° ; harass, ªî£‰îó¾ ªêŒ ; ܬô‚èN ; surround, õ¬÷ˆ¶‚ªè£œ, Å›, C‚è¬õ ; (of
difficulties) encompass, (Þì˜èœ) Å›‰¶ªè£œ ; — besetment, n . — besetter, n . —
besetting, a . C‚è ¬õ‚Aø ; besetting sin, sin that most frequently tempts a person,
å¼õ¬ó Ü®‚è® I辋 õêŠð´ˆF ñò‚°‹ ð£ð‹ ; the sin that often assails one, å¼õ¬ó
Ü®‚è® î£‚°‹ ð£ð‹ .

hurdle, n. portable frame of wood of temporary fence, âOF™ â´ˆ¶„ªê™ô‚îò

ñóˆî£ô£ù îŸè£Lèˆ î¬ì«õL ; obstacle, î¬ì ; impediment, Þ¬ìÎÁ ; light frame to be
jumped over in a hurdle-race, è¬÷ˆ ®«ò£´‹ ð‰îòˆF™ ®„ ªê™õKò
ê†ìƒè÷£ô£ù  ; v. provide with hurdles, îŸè£Lèˆ î¬ì«õLèœ Ü¬ñ ; jump over,
´ ; hurdle-race, n. race in which the competitors have to jump over a succession of hurdles,
è¬÷ˆ ®„ ªê™½‹ æ†ìŠ ð‰îò‹ ; —hurdler, n .

defeat, v . overthrow, «î£Ÿè® ; cause to fail, «î£™M»ø„ªêŒ ; make useless,

ðòùŸø° ; vanguish, ºKò® ; frustrate, ªêò™°¬ôò„ªêŒ ; n . overthrow, «î£™M ;
loss of game, ݆ì ÞöŠ¹ ; frustration, ªêò™°¬ô¾ ; defeatism, n . attitude of mind of one
who accepts defeat as inevitable, «î£™M ñùŠð£¡¬ñ ; disposition to accept defeat,
«î£™M¬ò 㟰‹ ð‡Hò™¹ ; defeatist, n . person with such an attitude, «î£™M
ñùŠð£¡¬ñ»œ÷õ˜ ; coward, «è£¬ö ; a . pert. to defeatism, «î£™M ñùŠð£¡¬ñ»œ÷ .

lazy, a. unwilling to work, «õ¬ô ªêŒò ñùI™ô£î ; slothful, «ê£‹ðô£ù ; lazily, adv.
«ê£‹ð½ì¡ ; laziness, n. «ê£‹ð™ ; laze, v. pass (time) away in laziness, «ê£‹H‚
è£ôˆ¬î‚ èN ; indulge in laziness, i‡ ªð£¿¶«ð£‚° ; be lazy, «ê£‹ðô£J¼ ; n. lazy
time, «ê£‹ðŸè£ô‹ ; lazy-bones, n. idler, «ê£‹«ðP .

interpret, v. explain, M÷‚° ; translate from one language to another, ªñ£Nªðò˜ˆ¶¬ó ;

explain meaning of, M÷‚AŠ ªð£¼œ ÃÁ ; interpretable, a. able to be explained,
M÷‚èŠðìˆî‚è ; interpretation, n. translation, ªñ£Nªðò˜Š¹ ; meaning, ªð£¼œ
M÷‚è‹ ; —interpretational, a. —interpretative, a. —interpretatively, adv. —interpreter,
n. one who interprets, ªñ£Nªðò˜Šð£÷˜, ªð£¼œ M÷‚°ðõ˜ .

proponent, n. person who puts forward a proposal, º¡ªñ£Nðõ˜ ; supporter, Ýîóõ£÷˜ ;

favorurer, ꣘ð£÷˜ ; a. º¡ªñ£NAø ; propone, v. propose, º¡ªñ£N .

poke 1 , v. push, îœÀ ; thrust with horns, ªè£‹¹è÷£™ °ˆF á´¼¾ ; push with point of
stick, èNº¬ùò£™ °ˆ¶ ; stir fire with poker, b‚«è£ô£™ ªï¼Š¬ð‚ A÷Á ; meddle,
°Á‚A´ ; pry, î¬ôJ†´ˆ ªî£™¬ôòO ; go in a slow way, ªñ¶õ£Œ„ ªê™ ; n. act of
poking, î¬ôf´; °Á‚W´; îœÀî™; °ˆ¶î™ ; poker, n. iron rod for stirring a fire,
ªï¼Š¬ð‚ A÷ÁõîŸè£ù Þ¼‹¹‚ è‹H; ¶´Š¹; b‚«è£™ ; poky, pokey, (of place) limited in
space, Þìõ¬èJ™ Iè ªï¼‚èñ£ù ; narrow, °Áèô£ù ; mean, ÞN‰î ; very slow, I辋
ªñ¶õ£ù ; shabby, «èõôñ£ù; W›ˆîóñ£ù ; (of occupation) petty, ªî£N™õ¬èJ™
CÁFøñ£ù ; untidy, ܲˆîñ£ù ; (colloq.) jail, («ð.õ.) C¬ø„꣬ô ; poke about or around,
search for something curiously, 塬ø MòŠ¹ì¡ «î®Šð£˜ ; poke fun at, ridicule,
ã÷ù…ªêŒ ; poke one's nose into, interfere with other's business, ñŸøõ˜ «õ¬ôJ™
î¬ôJ´ ; —pokily , adv. —pokiness, n.

2 

 
stencil, ⿈¶èœ,
n. thin sheet of metal, paper, etc. with letters or figures cut through it,
à¼õƒèœ ºîLòù ¶¬÷ˆ¶ ªõ†ìŠð†ì ªñ™Lò à«ô£èˆîè´ (Ü) è£Aî‹; ð®ªò´Š¹
àœªõ†´ˆ îè´ (Ü)  ; v. produce copies by using a stencil, àœªõ†´ˆ îè´ (Ü)
÷‚ªè£‡´ ð®ªò´ ; cut a stencil, ð®ªò´Š¹ àœªõ†´ˆ î膮™ (Ü) î£O™
à¼õƒèœ (Ü) ⿈¶èœ ªõ†´ ; stenciller, n. àœªõ†´„ ªê¶‚°¼ˆ î膮™ ⿶ðõ˜
; stencil-plate, n. àœªõ†´„ ªê¶‚°¼ˆ îè´ .

phenomenon, n. natural event that appears to or is perceived by the senses, ¹ô¡èÀ‚°ˆ

«î£¡Á‹ (Ü) ¹ô¡è÷£™ è£íˆî‚è ÞòŸè£†C, Þò™G蛄C ; remarkable person, thing or
occurence, Iè„ Cø‰îõ˜, ÜŸ¹îŠ ªð£¼œ, Mòˆî° G蛄C ; phenomenal, a.
recognisable or evidenced by the senses, ¹ô¡è÷£™ àíóˆî‚è, ¹K‰¶ªè£œ÷‚îò ; relating
to phenomena, Þò™G蛄Cèœ ê£˜‰î ; remarkable, ÜŸ¹îñ£ù, ÜFêòñ£ù, Mò‚èˆî‚è ;
phenomenally, adv. Mò‚èˆî‚è õ¬èJ™ .

stringent, a. (of rules) strict, MFèœ õ¬èJ™ 臮Šð£ù ; severe, è´¬ñò£ù ; binding,
膴Šð£ì£Œ ܬñ‰î ; (of money market) tight, õ£Eè‚ è÷õ¬èJ™ ðí ÞÁ‚èñ£ù ;
hampered scarcity, è´º¬ì ªï¼‚è®ò£ù ; difficult to operate in because of scarcity of money,
ðíŠ ðŸø£‚°¬øò£™ õ£Eè‹ ï숶õ‚ è®ùñ£ù ; urgent, Üõêóñ£ù ; leaving no
loopholes, îŠHˆ¶‚ªè£œõ õNMì£î ; stringency, n. state or quality of being stringent,
è´¬ñò£ù G¬ô; 臮Š¹; MFº¬øèO™ ªïA›M¡¬ñ; è´¬ñò£ù ðíŠ ðŸø£‚°¬ø ; —
stringently, adv.

implicit, a . implied not expressed, ªð£¼œ ªî£‚AGŸAø; àœ÷ì‚èñ£ù; àœ÷£˜‰î ;

absolute, Ìóíñ£ù; º¿ñùî£ù ; — implicitness, n . — implicitly, adv . º¿ñùˆ¶ì¡;
Ìóíñ£Œ .

explicit, a. unambiguous, äòˆ¶‚° ÞìñŸø ; clearly expressed, ªîOõ£Œ‚ ÃøŠªðŸø ;

explanatory, M÷‚èñ£ù ; outspoken, ñù‰Fø‰¶ «ð²Aø ; stated in detail, MKõ£Œ‚
ÃøŠªðŸø ; plain, ªõOŠð¬ìò£ù ; definite, F†ìõ†ìñ£ù ; explicitly, definitely,
F†ìõ†ìñ£Œ ; clearly, ªîOõ£Œ ; plainly, ªõOŠð¬ìò£è ; —explicitness, n .

entity, n . essence, àœªð£¼œ ; real substance, à‡¬ñŠ ªð£¼œ ; something that has a
real existence, à÷ ªð£¼œ ; being, à÷î£J¼ˆî™ ; material substance, 𼊪𣼜 ; —
entitative, a .

strange, a. not formerly known, º¡H¡ ÜP‰Fó£î ; not familiar, ðö‚èñŸø ; not one's own,
îù‚°Kòî™ô£î ; foreign, ܉Gòñ£ù ; unexpected, âF˜ð£ó£î ; unaccountable, è£óíƒÃø
Þòô£î; M÷‚èŠðì º®ò£î ¹Fó£ù ; unusal, õö‚èˆFŸ° ñ£ø£ù ; novel, ¹¶¬ñò£ù ;
singular, îQˆî¡¬ñ õ£Œ‰î ; queer, MCˆFóñ£ù, M‰¬îò£ù ; fresh, ¹Fò ; surprising,
F´‹ MòŠÌ†´Aø ; peculiar, îQ Þò™ð£ù ; uncommon, ÜKò ; wonderful, Mòˆî° ;
extraordinary, õö‚èñ£ù õN‚° ñ£ø£ù ; unnatural, ÞòŸ¬è‚° ñ£ø£ù ; strangely, adv.
in an odd way, MCˆFóñ£ù õ¬èJ™ ; —strangeness, n. îQŠð†ì ñ .

precede, v. go before in rank, place, õK¬êJ™ º¡ªê™, º‰¶ ; happen before in time, º¡
G蛾Á ; walk in front of, º¡ù£™ ï쉶ªê™ ; come before thing, º‰Fòî£J¼ ; go before in
importance, º‚Aòˆ¶õˆF™ ºîLì‹ ªðÁ ; precedence, n. priority in time, è£ôˆî£™
ºŸð†ì ñ ; priority in position, õK¬êJ™ º¡Qì‹ ; superiority, «ñ‹ð£´ ; previous
occurrence, º¡Q蛾 ; precedent, n. previous case or occurrence taken as an example,
3 

 
â´ˆ¶‚裆죌 ܬñ‰î º¡«ù£® G蛄C ; a. going before, ºŸ«ð£‰î, º‰Fò ;
precedented, a. having a precedent, º¡«ù£® G蛾œ÷ ; supported by a precedent,
º¡Qè›õ£î£óºœ÷; ºŸê£¡Áœ÷ ; preceding, a. previous, º‰¬îò ; going before in time
or place, º¡ªê¡ø, ºŸ«ð£‰î

significant, a. very important, I辋 º‚Aòñ£ù ; revealing, ¹ôŠð´ˆ¶Aø ; having a

special meaning, M«êìŠ ªð£¼œ ªè£‡ì ; notable, °PŠHìˆî‚è ; noteworhty, îQ„
CøŠ¹‚°Kò ; full of meaning or sense, ªð£¼œ G¬ø‰î ; having an inner meaning,
à†ªð£¼÷£˜‰î ; significance, n. importance, º‚Aòˆ¶õ‹, M«êì‹ ; inner meaning,
à†ªð£¼œ ; import, à†è¼ˆ¶ ; note-worthiness, îQ„ CøŠ¹ ; significantly, adv. in a
significant manner, °PŠHìˆî‚è õ¬èJ™ ; to a great degree, ªð¼ñ÷¾‚° ; signification,
n. inner meaning, à†ªð£¼œ, ªð£¼œ ¸†ð‹ ; exact meaning of a word, å¼ ªê£™L¡
êKò£ù ªð£¼œ ; import, à†è¼ˆ¶ ; significative, a. having significance, îQ„ CøŠ¹œ÷;
M«êì‚ °PŠ¹œ÷ ; significatory, a. having inner meaning, à†ªð£¼œ ªè£‡ì .

mystery, n . secret thing, ÞóèCòñ£ù¶ ; anything inexplicable, M÷ƒè£„ ªêŒF ; religious

rite, êñò„ ê샰 ; hidden matter, ñ¬øªð£¼œ, ñ˜ñ‹ ; biblical play, Þ«ò²ï£î˜ õ£›‚¬è
ï£ìè‹ ; puzzle, ¹F˜ ; secret, ÞóèCò‹ ; obscurity, ªîOM¡¬ñ ; religious truth divinely
revealed, esp. one beyond human reason, ñQî ÜP¾èì‰î êñò à‡¬ñ ; mysterious, a .
strange, MCˆFóñ£ù ; secret, ÞóèCòñ£ù ; incomprehensible, ¹K‰¶ªè£œõ Þòô£î;
M÷ƒè£î; è£óíƒÃø Þòô£î; ñ˜ññ£ù ; mysteriously, adv . MCˆFóñ£ù õ¬èJ™ .

suspect, v. mistrust, ꉫîA ; distrust, Üõï‹H‚¬è ªè£œ ; have an idea (concerning the
possibility or likelihood of something) Þ¼‚èô£ñ£ â¡Á 輶 ; surmise, guess, áA; áèñ£Œ‚
ªè£œ; àˆ«îêñ£Œ‚ 輶 ; have a feeling that somebody may be guilty of, °Ÿøõ£Oªò¡Á
ä»Á ; n. suspected person, ꉫîA‚èŠð†ìõ˜; ꉫîèˆFŸAìñ£ùõ˜ ; person who is
suspected of a crime, °Ÿøõ£Oò£Œ„ ꉫîA‚èŠð´Aøõ˜ ; pred. a. open to suspicion,
ꉫîèˆFŸAìñ£ù ; suspected, a. ꉫî舶‚°†ð†ì ; a suspected criminal,
°Ÿøõ£Oªòù„ ꉫîèŠð†ìõ˜ .

altogether, adv . entirely, ºŸP½‹, º¿õ¶‹ ; on the whole, ªñ£ˆîˆF™ .

plenty, n. abundance, ãó£÷‹; fullness, G¬ø¾; quite enough, «ð£¶ñ£ù¶; plenteous, a.

abundant, ãó£÷ñ£ù; full, G¬ø‰î; rich, õ÷ñ£ù; —plenteously, adv. —plenteousness, n. —
plentiful, a. abundant, ãó£÷ñ£ù; amply sufficient, «ð£¶ñ£ù; plentifully, adv. —
plentifulness, n.

obvious, a. clear, ªîOõ£ù ; evident, äòñŸø ; plain, apparent, ªõOŠð¬ìò£ù ;

outwardly seen, ªõOŠð¬ìò£Œˆ ªîKò‚îò ; easily seen or understood, âOF™
è£í‚îò; âOF™ ¹K‰¶ªè£œ÷‚îò ; —obviously, adv. —obviousness, n .

profuse, a. abundant, ãó£÷ñ£ù; prodigal, áî£Kˆîùñ£ù; ñ†´ePò; lavish, î£ó£÷ñ£ù,

«î¬õ‚°«ñŸð†ì; overflowing, I°‰î; ªð£ƒA õNA¡ø, î¬ìòŸø; profusely, adv.
Ü÷M¡P; î¬ìJ¡P; ãó£÷ñ£Œ; —profuseness, n. —profusion, n. î£ó£÷‹;
áî£Kˆîù‹; î¬ìòŸø õ÷‹; abundance, ãó£÷‹.

4 

 
intend, v. design, F†ìI´; mean, â‡μ; indicate, °PŠH´; have in mind, à÷ƒªè£œ;
intended, a. F†ìI†®¼‚Aø, è¼F»œ÷; (colloq.) betrothed, («ð.õ.) ñí‹ ªêŒ¶ªè£œõ
àÁF ªêŒòŠªðŸø.

flout, v. show contempt for, ªõÁ ; jeer at, ðNˆ¶‚ ÃÁ ; mock at, ã÷ù…ªêŒ ; oppose,
âF˜ˆ¶G™ ; defy, ¹ø‚èE ; disregard, ÜõñF ; insult, ÞNˆ¶¬ó ; scorn, ÞNõ£Œ‚ 輶 ;
openly refuse to obey, ªõOŠð¬ìò£Œ‚ W›Šð®ò ñÁ ; n. jeer, ðNŠ¹¬ó ; insult, Þ蛄C ;
mokery, ã÷ù‹ ; —floutingly, adv .

bear 1 , v . carry, â´ˆ¶„ªê™ ; have, à¬ìòî£J¼ ; endure, ªð£Áˆ¶‚ªè£œ ; support,

ÝîóõO ; give birth to, ß ; produce, M¬÷M ; accept, ãŸÁ‚ªè£œ ; sustain, ° ;
bearer, n . messenger, â´ˆ¶„ ªê™ðõ˜ ; person who helps to carry coffin, ð£¬ì ²ñŠðõ˜ ;
boy-servant, °Ÿ«øõ™ ¹Kðõ˜ ; one who holds or presents a cheque, ðíºP ªè£‡´õ¼ðõ˜
; palanquin-carrier, ð™ô‚°ˆ É‚°ðõ˜ ; bearable, a . tolerable, ªð£Áˆ¶‚ªè£œ÷ˆî‚è ;
able to be borne, è‚îò ; êA‚è‚îò ; bearably, adv . in a bearable manner,
ªð£Áˆ¶‚ªè£œÀ‹ õ¬èJ™ ; bearing, n . manner in which a person acts or behaves,
ï숬î, å¿èô£Á ; connection with, ªî£ì˜¹‚ÃÁ ; meaning, ªð£¼œ ; enduring,
ªð£Áˆ¶‚ªè£œ÷™ ; bear a hand, àî¾ ; bear down, defeat, «î£Ÿè® ; bear one's cross,
endure suffering, ¶¡ðˆ¬îŠ ªð£Áˆ¶‚ªè£œ ; bear with, endure patiently, ܬñFò£èŠ
ªð£Áˆ¶‚ªè£œ ; bear out, corroborate, ꣡Á 裆® àÁFŠð´ˆ¶ ; support, ÝîK ; bear
down, defeat, «î£Ÿè® ; overcome, M…C «ñ‹ð´ ; bear (on) upon, have influence upon,
ªê™õ£‚°ì¡ Þ¼ ; be relevant, ꣘‰îî£J¼ ; have relation to, ªî£ì˜¹ àœ÷î£J¼ ; bear
up, keep up courage, strength, etc. ¶E¾, õL¬ñ ÝAòõŸ¬ø‚ ªè£‡®¼ ; bear with, be
patient with, ªð£Á¬ñò£J¼ .

bear 2 , n. heavy carnivorous quadruped, èó®; rough fellow, ð£ƒèPò£ ºóì¡;speculator for fall
in stocks, M¬ô‚ °¬ø¬õ âF˜ð£˜ˆ¶„ ªêòŸð´‹ õEè¡; bearish, a. rough,
ºó†´ˆîùñ£ù; like a bear, èó® «ð£¡ø; beargarden, n. unruly gathering, ÜñOI‚è ܬõ,
Üñ˜‚è÷‹; bearskin, n. tall fur cap, c‡´ ðó‰î ñJ˜ˆ ªî£ŠH; skin of bear, èó®J¡ «î£™.

v. deduce, ÜÂñ£Q ; guess, áA ; derive, õ¼M, àŒˆ¶í˜ ; conclude,

infer,
º®¾ªêŒ ; inferred, a. àŒˆ¶íóŠªðŸø ; inference, n. áè‹, áAˆî™, õ¼Mˆî™,
ÜÂñ£ù‹ ; inferential, a. deduced or deducible by inference, ÜÂñ£Q‚èˆî‚è, áèˆî£™
ªðø‚îò ; —inferentially, adv .

onset, n. violent attack, è´¬ñò£ù °î™ ; assault, õ½ˆî£‚°î™ ; beginning,

ªî£ì‚è‹ ; first step or stage, ºîŸè†ì‹ .

annoy, v . trouble, ¶¡¹Áˆ¶ ; injure, bƒA¬ö ; ªî£™¬ôŠð´ˆ¶ ; worry, ªî£‰îó¾ ªêŒ

; pester, æò£¶ ªî£™¬ô ªè£´ ; vex, «è£ð͆´ ; torment, õ¬î ; tease, Šð´ˆ¶ ;
annoyance, n . trouble, ªî£™¬ô ; ªî£™¬ô ªè£´ˆî™ ; vexation, ªî£‰îó¾ ; âK„ê™ ;
that which annoys, ªî£™¬ô ªè£´Šð¶ ; feeling of anger, «è£ð‹ ªè£œ÷™ ; annoying, a .
âK„꽇죂°Aø ; ï„êKŠð£ù ; annoyingly, adv . «è£ðñ£è .

n. the decision of a jury on a case in court, cFñ¡øˆF™ ïì‚°‹ õö‚A™ º¬ø裇

verdict,
ÝòˆF¡ º®¾ ; decision or opinion given after testing or examining, ðK«ê£î¬ù (Ü)
ÝŒ¾‚°Š Hø° ÜOˆî º®¾, b˜ñ£ù‹; ÜHŠHó£ò‹, 輈¶ ; judgement, b˜Š¹ .

5 

 
dissuade, v. advise to refrain, ªêò™õ¬èJ™ îM˜‚è ÜP¾¬ó ÃÁ ; advise against,
âFó£Œ ÜP¾¬ó ÃÁ ; give advice to divert, ÜP¾¬óÍô‹ ñùˆ¬îˆ F¼Š¹ ; —dissuader,
n. —dissuasion, n. act of dissuading, ñùˆ¬î ñ£ŸÁî™ ; dissuasive, a. ñùˆ¬î
ñ£Ÿøˆî‚è; ÜP¾¬óÍô‹ î¬ìªêŒòˆî‚è .

gazel, gazelle, n. kind of small and graceful antelope, õùŠ¹I‚è CÁ ñ£¡õ¬è.

avail, v . make use of, ðò¡ð´ˆ¶ ; ðòù¬ì ; n . advantage, ñ ; profit, Ýî£ò‹ ;
of little (or no) avail, without any result, âˆî¬èò ðòÂI¡P ; available, a . that may be
obtained, procurable, A¬ì‚è‚îò ; availableness, availability, n . âOF™ A¬ì‚è‚îò
ñ .

rescue, v. save from danger, ÝðˆFL¼‰¶ 裊ð£ŸÁ ; set free from trouble,
ªî£™¬ôJL¼‰¶ M´M ; n. act of rescuing, ÝðˆFL¼‰¶ M´Mˆî™ ; deliverance, e†¹ ;
forcible release from imprisonment, C¬øJL¼‰¶ ðôõ‰îñ£Œ e†ì™ ; free from captivity,
ªè£ˆî®¬ñˆîùˆFL¼‰¶ M´M ; —rescuer, n .

v. percolate, ÞÁ, èC‰¶ õ®òŠð‡μ ; trickle through pores, ¸‡ ¶¬÷èœ

infiltrate,
õN«ò èC‰¶ªê™ ; gain access, à†¹°, á´¼M„ªê™ ; infiltration, n. ÞÁˆî™, õ®ˆî™,
á´ðóõ™ ; —infiltrator, n .

comprehend, v. understand fully, º¿õ¶‹ ¹K‰¶ªè£œ; take in, à†ªè£œ; include,

«ê˜ˆ¶‚ªè£œ; comprise, àœ÷ì‚AJ¼; comprehensible, a. that can be understood,
¹K‰îªè£œ÷‚îò; conceivable, è¼îˆî‚è; capable of being included or comprised,
«ê˜ˆ¶‚ªè£œ÷ˆî‚è; àœ÷ì‚è‚îò; —comprehensibly, adv. —comprehensibility,
comprehensibleness, n. —comprehension, n. power of understanding, ¹K‰¶ªè£œÀ‹ Fø¡;
act of understanding, ¹K‰¶ªè£œÀî™; power of including, àœ÷ì‚°‰Fø¡; comprehensive, a.
able to comprehend much, ðôõŸ¬øŠ ¹K‰¶ªè£œÀ‹ FøÂœ÷; including much, ðôõŸ¬ø
à†ªè£‡´œ÷; extensive, ðó‰î; wide, Mê£ôñ£ù; comprehensively, adv. ¹K‰¶ªè£œÀ‹
Fø¬ñ»ì¡; comprehensiveness, n. fullness, º¿¬ñ.

wring, v. squeeze out, HN‰ªî´; twist, ºÁ‚°; torment, CˆFóõ¬î ªêŒ; extort, õL‰¶ ðP;
cause pain, «ï£¾ à‡ì£‚°; wring from, Ü„²ÁˆFŠ H´ƒ°; wringer, n. person who wrings,
õL‰¶ ðPŠðõ˜; machine for wringing water from wet clothes, ßó à¬ìèOL¼‰¶ c¬óŠ
HN‰ªî´ŠðîŸè£ù Þò‰Fó‹; wring one's hands, squeeze them together as a sign of great
sorrow, ªð¼‰¶¡ðˆ¬î‚ °P‚°‹ õ¬èJ™ ¬èè¬÷Š H¬ê‰¶ªè£œ; wringing, a. HNAø; n.
HNî™; wringing-wet, (of clothes) so wet that water can be wrung out of them, ºÁ‚AŠ
HNò«õ‡®ò Ü÷¾‚° ݬìèœ ßóñ£J¼‚Aø.

contend, v. strive for, ºòŸC ªêŒ; fight, ꇬìJ´; struggle with, «ð£ó£´; cope, âF˜ˆ¶„
êñ£O; compete, «ð£†®J´; argue, õ£F´; dispute, õö‚裴; assert, õŸ¹ÁˆF‚ ÃÁ; —
contender, n. —contention, n. strife, ê„êó¾; Ìê™; debate, õ£î‹; subject matter of argument,
õ£îˆ¶‚°Kò ªð£¼œ; contentious, a. õ£îI´‹ Þò™¹œ÷; ê„ê󾂰 Þ캜÷; ê„êó¾
ªêŒAø; quarrelsome, ꇬìJ´Aø.

harness, n . equipment for attaching draught horse to cart, plough etc. õ‡®, 㘠ºîLòõŸP™
°F¬ó¬òŠ ̆´õîŸè£ù «êí‹ ; defensive armour, «ð£˜‚ èõê‹ ; v . put a harness on,
«êí‹ Ì†´ ; make use of, ðò¡ð´ˆF‚ªè£œ ; equip with armour, «ð£˜‚ èõê‹ ÜEM ;
6 

 
gain control, ÝF‚è‹ ªê½ˆ¶ ; — harnesser, n . — in harness, engaged in one's usual
routine of daily work, î¡ õö‚èñ£ù Ü¡ø£ì «õ¬ôJ™ ß´ð†®¼‚Aø .

hinge,
n. movable joint on which a door turns, èW™ ; v. attach by or furnish, with a hinge,
W™¬õˆ¶Š ªð£¼ˆ¶ ; depend on, ꣘‰F¼ .

bleed 1 , v . draw blood from, Þóˆî‹ â´ ; feel great distress, ªð¼‰¶¡ðñ¬ì ; feel with pity,
ªï…²¼°, Þó‚胪補 ; lose blood, Þóˆî‹ Þö‚è„ªêŒ ; die in battle, ꇬìJ™ Þø ;
bleeding, n . discharge of blood, Þóˆî‹ õ®î™, °¼F õ®Š¹ ; a . Þóˆî‹ õ®Aø, °¼F
èCAø ; bleeder, n . person who is liable to excessive discharge of blood, I°Fò£è‚ °¼F
C‰¶ðõ˜ .

enthusiasm, n. ardent eagerness, I°‰î ݘõ‹, àŸê£è‹; passionate zeal, M¼Šð£˜õ‹;

enthusiast, n. person filled with ardent desire, ݘõI‚èõ˜; ðŸø£˜õô˜; enthusiastic,
enthusiastical, a. full of enthusiasm, ݘõ‹ G¬ø‰î; zealous, àŸê£èºœ÷; —enthusiastically,
adv.

conduit, n . pipe or channel for conveying water, c˜ªê™ °ö£Œ (Ü) 裙õ£Œ ; pipe for
protecting electric wires, I¡è‹HèO¡ 裊¹‚ °ö£Œ .

fray 1 , n. fight, ꇬì ; contest, «ð£†® ; conflict, ê„êó¾ ; brawl, ÜñO .

underneath, prep & adv. beneath, below, in a lower place, Wö£Œ; W«ö; WNìˆF™; Ü®J™ ;
to a lower place, WN숶‚° .

kink, n. short twist in rope, wire, etc. èJÁ, è‹H ºîLòõŸP™ ãŸð´‹ Þ¬ì ºÁ‚°; crotchet,
F¯ªóù ñ£Á‹ ñùŠð£ƒ°; sl. eccentricity, mental twist, (ÞN.) ñù‚«è£†ì‹; v. put, make kink
in, ºÁ‚° M¿; twist, ºÁ‚A‚ªè£œ, èJŸP™ ºÁ‚° ãŸð섪êŒ; kinky, a. full of kinks,
ºÁ‚°èœ G¬ø‰î; crotchety, F¯ªóù ñ£Á‹ ñùŠð£ƒ°œ÷.

tidy, a. orderly, Yó£ù; 心è£ù; ªêŠðI‚è ; neat, ¶Š¹óõ£ù; ÉŒ¬ñò£ù ; substantial,

èEêñ£ù ; fairly well in health, ñ†ì£ù àì™ïôºœ÷ ; fine, «ï˜ˆFò£ù ; v. make tidy,
¶Š¹óõ£‚°; Y󣂰; ªêŠð…ªêŒ; 心°ð´ˆ¶ ; n. ornamental cover for chair-back,
è£LJ¡ H¡ ꣌¾Š ð‚舶‚è£ù à¬ø ; receptacle for remnants, ðò¡ð´ˆF
àð«ò£èñŸø â…Cò ªð£¼œè¬÷ Þ†´¬õ‚°‹ ªî£†®, ¶‹¹‚èô‹ ; —tidily, adv. —
tidiness, n .

snug, a. trim, F¼ˆî ïô‹ õ£Œ‰î; Þ¡ð ïôˆ¶‚°è‰î; cosy, ªê£°ê£ù; comfortable,
õêFò£ù; sheltered, ð£¶è£Šð£ù; warm, èîèîŠð£ù; good enough for modest requirements,
ê£î£óíˆ «î¬õèÀ‚° º¿¶‹ «ð£¶ñ£ùî£J¼‚Aø; neat, tidy, ÉŒ¬ñò£ù; «ï˜ˆFò£ù;
—snugly, adv. —snugness, n. —snuggery, n. cosy room, ªê£°ê£ù ܬø; snug room, Þ¡ð
ïôˆ¶‚°è‰î ܬø; person's private room planned for comfort, îQ å¼õó¶ õêF‚è£ù ܬø;
snuggle, v. lie close to for warmth, ªõ¶ªõ¶ŠHŸè£è ªï¼ƒAŠ ð´; cuddle from affection,
ܡ𣌈 îìM‚ ªè£´; Üóõ¬íˆ¶‚ªè£œ; nestle, .

v . tap under chin, ìJ¡W›„ ªê™ôñ£Œˆ  ; expel, 嶂Aˆ îœÀ ; toss,
chuck 1 ,
²‡®ªòP; iCªòP ; stop, GÁˆ¶ ; give up (in disgust), ªõÁˆ¶ M†´M´ ; n . act of tossing,
iCªòPî™ ; chucker-out, n . one who expels undesirable people, M¼‹ðˆîè£îõ¬ó 嶂Aˆ

7 

 
îœÀðõ˜ ; chuckout, expel, ªõO«òŸÁ ; get the chuck, be dismissed, c‚芪ðÁ ; give
one the chuck, dismiss, c‚° .

creep, v . move along with body close to ground like snake, crawl, 𣋹«ð£™ ᘉ¶ªê™ ;
move slowly or stealthily, ªñ¶õ£è ï쉶ªê™; ð¶ƒA„ªê™ ; grow along the ground or on
supports, ðì˜ ; cringe, ªè…² ; shudder, Ü…C ï´ƒ° ; give (some one) the creeps, make
a person feel fear, Ü„ê à혬õ»‡ì£‚° ; make one's flesh creep, cause one to
experience uneasiness, ñù ܬñF¬ò Þö‚è„ªêŒ ; the creeps, ( sl . ) sensation of fear,
(ÞN.) Ü„ê¾í˜¾ ; creeper, n . climbing plant, ð옪裮 ; insect, bird, etc. that creeps,
ᘉ¶ ªê™½‹ Ì„C, ðø¬õ ºîLòù ; creepy, a . having creeping sensation,
¹™ôKŠ¹í˜„C»œ÷ ; causing creeping sensation on the skin, «î£L™ Ἃ à현C¬ò
à‡ì£‚°Aø ; having or causing sensation of fear, Ü„ê à혾œ÷; Ü„ê à혬õ
M¬÷M‚Aø .

hermetic(al), a. of alchemy or magic, Þóêõ£î ÝŸø½œ÷; ñ£òˆFø‹ õ£Œ‰î ; not affected

by outward power, ªõOŠ¹ø„ ê‚Fò£™ ð£F‚èŠðì£î ; air-tight, 裟Á ¸¬öò£¶
ܬì‚芪ðŸø ; —hermetically, adv. —hermetics, n. pl. Þóêõ£î‹ .

legitimate, a . born in wedlock, º¬øŠð® F¼ñí‹ ªêŒ¶ªè£‡ìõ˜‚°Š Hø‰î ; lawful,

ê†ìŠð® ܬñ‰¶œ÷, ê†ìgFò£ù ; regular, 心°º¬øò£ù ; genuine, à‡¬ñò£ù,
ªñŒò£ù ; justifiable, «ï˜¬ñªòù ªñŒŠH‚èŠðìˆî‚è ; legitimacy, n . state of being
legitimate, ê†ìˆ¶‚° àì¡ð£ì£ù ñ ; legitimately, adv . ê†ìˆ¶‚° àì¡ð£ì£ù
º¬øJ™ ; legitimation, n . act of rendering lawful, ê†ì gFò£‚°î™ ; legitimatize, v .
render legitimate, º¬ø¬ñ à¬ìò° ; justify, êKªòù‚裆´, à‡¬ñªòù GÁ¾ ;
legalise, ê†ìŠð® ªê™ôˆî‚è° ; legitimism, n . ñ¡ù˜°®J¡ ñó¹õN àK¬ñ¬ò
ÝîK‚°‹ ªè£œ¬è ; legitimist, n . supporter of hereditary title to monarchy, ñ¡ù˜ °®J¡
ñó¹õN àK¬ñ¬ò ÝîKŠðõ˜ .

accentuate, v. pronounce with accent, ܬêò¿ˆî‹ðì à„êK, Ü¿ˆîñ£Œ„ ªê£™; emphasize,

õL »Áˆ¶; give more importance, º‚Aòˆ¶õ‹ ªè£´; give more force, I°‰î õL¬ñòO;
accentuation, n. õL»Áˆî™; accentual, a. õL»Áˆ¶Aø.

deliberate, v. consider, C‰î¬ù ªêŒ; hesitate, îòƒ°; weigh in mind, Ý›‰¶ Ýó£Œ; talk
about carefully, â„êK‚¬è»ì¡ «ð²; discuss, ꘄ¬ê ªêŒ; debate, õ£F´; a. intentional,
«õ‡´ªñ¡«ø ªêŒòŠªðŸø; well-considered, 輈ɡP„ ªêŒòŠªðŸø; without haste,
ÜõêóŠð†´„ ªêŒòŠðì£î; slow, ªñ¶õ£ù; cautious, â„êK‚¬èò£ù; deliberately, adv.
«õ‡´ªñ¡«ø; deliberation n. careful consideration, Ý›‰î£ó£Œ¾; ºF˜‰î C‰î¬ù; coolness
of speech, «ð„C™ ܬñFò£ù ñ; debate, õ£î‹; discussion, ꘄ¬ê; deliberative, a.
acting by deliberation, ÝŒ‰¶ b˜ñ£Q‚Aø, Ý›‰î£ó£ŒAø, èô‰î£«ô£ê¬ù ªêŒAø.

judicious, a . sensible, ï™ôP¾ ªè£‡ì ; prudent, M«õ躜÷, ñF¸†ðºœ÷ ;

judiciously, adv . ñF¸†ðˆ¶ì¡ ; — judiciousness, n .

intend, v. design, F†ìI´ ; mean, â‡μ ; indicate, °PŠH´ ; have in mind, à÷ƒªè£œ
; intended, a. F†ìI†®¼‚Aø, è¼F»œ÷ ; (colloq.) betrothed, («ð.õ.) ñí‹
ªêŒ¶ªè£œõ àÁF ªêŒòŠªðŸø .

8 

 
breach, n . break, à¬ìŠ¹, ºK¾ ; H÷¾ ; breaking of rules, duty etc. ê†ìˆ¬î eÁî™,
èì¬ñ îõÁî™ ; quarrel, ꇬì ; v . make a gap in, Þ¬ìõN à‡´ð‡μ, H÷¾‡ì£‚°
; make a breach, à¬ìŠ¹ à‡ì£‚° ; breach of faith, act of disloyalty, ï‹H‚¬èˆ ¶«ó£è‹
; breach of peace, disturbance, °öŠð‹ .

n . one who takes up any study or sport for the love of it, not for money, ðíˆFŸè£è
amateur,
Ü¡PŠ ªð£¿¶«ð£‚°‚è£è å¼ è¬ô¬òŠ ðJ™Aøõ˜ ; amateurish, a . unskilled,
¬èˆFø¡ ªðŸPó£î ; ªêò™ ïòñŸø ; imperfect, °¬øð£ì£ù ; — amateurism, n .

Mars, ªêšõ£Œ‚«è£œ

Jupiter, Mò£ö‚«è£œ

Saturn, êQ‚Aóè‹

Sun, ÅKò¡,

Mercury, ¹î¡

Venus, ²‚Aó‚ Aóè‹

Mars, ªêšõ£Œ

fortune, n. good luck, ðÁ, ÜF¼wì‹, ï™õ£ŒŠ¹; chance, êò™ õ£ŒŠ¹; fate,
á›M¬ù; prosperity, ªê™õ õ÷‹; great wealth, ªð¼…ªê™õ‹; large sum of money,
ªð¼‹ð툪è; fortunate, a. lucky, ðÁœ÷, ÜF¼wì‹ õ£Œ‰î, ï™õ£ŒŠ¹œ÷;
prosperous, ªê™õ õ÷ºœ÷; happening by goood chance, ÜF¼wìõêñ£Œ Gè›Aø;
successful, ªõŸPèóñ£ù; favourable, ÜÂÃôñ£ù; fortunately, adv. luckily, ÜF¼wìõêñ£Œ;
successfully, ªõŸPèóñ£Œ; —fortuneless, a. —fortune-hunter, n. man seeking a rich wife,
ªê™õI‚èõ¬÷ ñ¬ùMò£Œ‚ ªè£œõF™ 캜÷õ˜; person who hopes to gain wealth, esp.
through marriage, F¼ñíÍô‹ ªê™õ‹ ªðø M¼‹¹ðõ˜; fortune-teller, n. one who predicts a
person’s future, õ¼õ¶ à¬óŠðõ˜, °Pªê£™ðõ˜; —fortune-telling, a. & n. —make a fortune,
become rich, ªê™õù£°; make one’s fortune, prosper, ªêNˆ«î£ƒ°.

exalt, v . praise or extol, ¹è›‰¶ «ð² ; glorify, õ£ù÷£õŠ ð£ó£†´ ; ennoble,

ªð¼¬ñŠð´ˆ¶ ; dignify, «ñ¡¬ñŠð´ˆ¶ ; elevate in rank, ðîMJ™ àò˜ˆ¶ ; elate with the joy
of success, ªõŸP 致 ªð¼ñA›„CJ™ F¬÷, ÞÁ‹Ìî¬ì ; exalted, a . high in rank,
ðîMJ™ àò˜‰î ; dignified, ñFŠ¹õ£Œ‰î ; important, º‚Aòñ£ù ; noble, Iè„ CøŠ¹õ£Œ‰î
; exaltation, n . elevation in rank, ðîM àò˜¾ ; great joy, ªð¼ñA›„C ; state of spiritual
delight, rapture, ÞÁ‹Ì¶; Ýù‰îŠ ðóõê‹ ; — exaltedness, n .

navigate, v. sail, èìŸðòí…ªêŒ; sail over, èìLŸ ªê½ˆ¶; c˜õN„ ªê½ˆ¶; direct the course
of a ship, èŠð¬ô‚ °Pˆî F¬êJ™ ªê½ˆ¶; direct the course of aircraft in flight, Mñ£ùˆ¬î
M¼‹Hò F¬êJ™ Þò‚°; navigation, n. science of directing course of sea-going vessel,
èŠð«ô£†´‹ è¬ô; voyage, èìŸðòí‹, c˜õN„ªêô¾; —navigational, a. —navigator, n.
one skilled in navigation, èŠð«ô£†´‹ è¬ôJ™ õ™½ï˜.

indeed,adv. really, ªñŒò£Œ ; in fact, à‡¬ñJ«ô«ò, à‡¬ñò£è«õ ; certainly,

G„êòñ£Œ .

9 

 
tomb, n. place dug in the ground for a dead body, grave, è™ô¬ø ; monument built over a grave,
êñ£F ; tomb stone, n. stone erected over a grave, ï´è™ ; the tomb, state of death, ꣰‹
G¬ô .

sibling, n. person who has ancestor in common with another, brother or sister, ê«è£îó¡ (Ü)
ê«è£îK .

n. associate, àì¡ Ã†ì£O ; companion in office or employment, å«ó

colleague,
ªî£Nôèˆ «î£ö˜ ; fellow worker, àì¡ ðE¹Kðõ˜ .

obese, a. very fat, I辋 ªè£¿ˆî; corpulent, àì™ ð¼ˆî; bulky, Ièˆî®ˆî; obesity, n.
excessive fatness, ñ†´ePò ªè£¿Š¹. –obesity

dignity, n . loftiness, àò˜G¬ô ; worthiness, î°F ; excellence, «ñ¡¬ñ ; proper stateliness,

ªè÷óõ‹ ; repute, ¹è›; ï¡ñFŠ¹ ; honourable office or title, ñFŠ¹õ£Œ‰î ðîM Ü™ô¶
ð†ì‹ ; high post, ªð¼‹ ðîM ; dignify, v . give dignity to, ñFŠ¹‚ ªè£´ ; exalt,
àò˜¾ð´ˆ¶ ; elevate, «ñ¡¬ñŠð´ˆ¶ ; ennoble, «ñ¡¬ñ»ø„ªêŒ ; dignified, a . stately,
ñFŠ¹õ£Œ‰î ; majestic, iø£˜‰î; ªð¼¬ñ‚°è‰î ; courteous, ñŸøõ˜èOì‹ ñKò£¬î
裆´Aø ; dignitary, n . holder of high office, àò˜ ðîMò£÷˜ ; beneath one's dignity,
unsuitable for one to do, å¼õ˜ ªêŒõŠ ªð£¼ˆîñŸø¶ ; stand on one‘s dignity,
ñŸøõ˜ ñKò£¬î 裆´ñ÷¾‚° ï쉶ªè£œ .

exalt, v . praise or extol, ¹è›‰¶ «ð² ; glorify, õ£ù÷£õŠ ð£ó£†´ ; ennoble,

ªð¼¬ñŠð´ˆ¶ ; dignify, «ñ¡¬ñŠð´ˆ¶ ; elevate in rank, ðîMJ™ àò˜ˆ¶ ; elate with the joy
of success, ªõŸP 致 ªð¼ñA›„CJ™ F¬÷, ÞÁ‹Ìî¬ì ; exalted, a . high in rank,
ðîMJ™ àò˜‰î ; dignified, ñFŠ¹õ£Œ‰î ; important, º‚Aòñ£ù ; noble, Iè„ CøŠ¹õ£Œ‰î
; exaltation, n . elevation in rank, ðîM àò˜¾ ; great joy, ªð¼ñA›„C ; state of spiritual
delight, rapture, ÞÁ‹Ì¶; Ýù‰îŠ ðóõê‹ ; — exaltedness, n .

sympathy, n. feeling of pity for another person in sorrow or trouble, Hø˜ ¶ò˜ (Ü) ªî£™¬ô
臮óƒè™ ; feeling of pity, Þó‚è à혾, ÜÂî£ð‹ ; common feeling with another,
制혾 ; compassion, ðKMó‚è‹ ; sympathetic, sympathetical, a. having sympathy,
Þó‚躜÷ ; compassionate, ðKMó‚躜÷ ; congenial, Þ¬êõ£ù, àè‰î ; having common
feeling with another, 制혾œ÷ ; exhibiting or expressing sympathy, ðKMó‚è‹ è£†´Aø
(Ü) ªîKM‚Aø ; caused by sympathy, Þó‚è àí˜õ£™ ãŸð†ì ; responding suitably,
ãŸøõ£Á Þ탰Aø ; in sympathy with, agreeing with, ê‹ñFˆ¶ ; approval of, ÜÂñFˆ¶ ;
—sympathetically, adv. —sympathize, v. have sympathy, Þó‚胪補 ; express sympathy,
Þó‚è‹ ªîKM ; show sympathy, Þó‚è‹ è£†´ ; have common feeling, 制혾 ªè£œ ;
have compassion, ðKMó‚è‹ ªè£œ ; sympathizer, n. person who sympathizes, ÜÂî£H ;
sympathetic strikes, ÜÂî£ð «õ¬ô GÁˆî‹ .

genuine, a. real, ªñŒò£ù ; not sham, «ð£Lò™ô£î ; authentic, ï‹ðˆî°‰î ; sincere,

à‡¬ñò£ù ; honest, «ï˜¬ñò£ù ; pure, ÉŒ¬ñò£ù ; unadulterated, èôŠðìI™ô£î ; —
genuinely, adv. —genuineness, n. state or quality of being genuine, èôŠðìñŸø G¬ô,
èôŠðìI¡¬ñ, «ð£LJ¡¬ñ .

agnostic, n . one who denies the existence of god, Fè¡ ; one who holds that nothing is
known of the existence of god, è쾜 ï‹H‚¬èJ™ô£îõ¡ ; one who holds that we know nothing

10 

 
 à«ô£è£òîõ£F ; a . of this theory, à«ô£è£òî‹ ê£˜‰î ;
of things outside the material world,
è쾬÷ŠðŸP 㶋 Ãø º®ò£ªî¡ø ªè£œ¬è ê‹ð‰îñ£ù ; agnos-ticism, n .
à«ô£è£òîõ£î‹ ; è쾜 à‡´ â¡ð¬î‚ è‡ìPò Þòô£¶ â¡Â‹ªè£œ¬è .

kin, n. family, relatives, å«ó °´‹ðˆFù˜, ²Ÿøˆî£˜, àøMù˜; ancestral stock, family, Þù
ñ󹂰¿, Þù àø¾, Þù àøMù˜ °ö£‹; a. å«ó °´‹ð‹ ꣘‰î, àøMùó£ù, Þù àø¾
ªè£‡ì; related by blood, °¼F àø¾œ÷; kindred, n. relationship by birth, HøŠð£™ ãŸð†ì
àø¾; relatives, àøMù˜èœ; a. °¼F àø¾œ÷; «ï꺜÷; allied, 効õ¬ñªè£‡ì; similar,
å«óñ£FKò£ù; kinsfolk, n. people related by blood, °¼F àøMù˜èœ, ²Ÿøˆî£˜; kinship, n.
relationship by blood, °¼Fˆ ªî£ì˜¹œ÷ àø¾; similarity in character, ð‡¹ åŸÁ¬ñ; kinsman,
n. male relative, àøMù¡; next of kin, nearest relations, Iè ªï¼ƒAò àøMù˜; of kin, å«ó
Þùˆ¬î„ ꣘‰î, àø¾œ÷.

delicate, a . palatable, Þ¡²¬õªè£‡ì ; dainty, à¼Cò£ù ; soft, tender, ªñ¡¬ñò£ù ;

exquisite, «ï˜ˆFò£ù ; deft, skilful handling, Fø¬ñ»ì¡ ¬èò£ÀAø; Fø¬ñ õ£Œ‰î ; ticklish,
¸†ð‹õ£Œ‰î ; easily injured, âOF™ áÁ𣴠ªè£œ÷ˆî‚è ; sensitive, à현CïòI°‰î ;
frail, âOF™ à¬ìò‚îò ; delicacy, n . softness, ªñ¡ùò‹, ð‡¹ïò‹, Iè„ CÁ
áÁ𣆬컋 èMòô£î G¬ô ; dainty, «ï˜ˆF, «ï˜ˆFò£ù ªð£¼œ ; tact, ê£ñ˜ˆFò‹ ;
delicately, adv . in a delicate manner, ªñ¡¬ñò£Œ, «ï˜ˆFò£Œ .

aspect,n . look, «ï£‚° ; view, 𣘬õ ; appearance, «î£Ÿø‹ ; ð‡¹‚ÃÁ ; phase,

«î£Ÿø «õÁ𣴠; ð‡¹ «õÁ𣴠; side, ð‚è‹ ; portion, ð°F .

restrain, v. prevent (somebody from doing something), î´ˆ¶ GÁˆ¶ ; keep under control,
膴Šð´ˆF ¬õ ; control (feeling), à현C¬ò‚ 膴Šð´ˆ¶ ; imprison, C¬øŠð´ˆ¶ ; —
restrainable, a. —restrained, a. kept under control, 膴Šð´ˆîŠð†ì ; not emotional,
à현CõòŠðì£î ; —restrainedly, adv. —restraint, n. check, î¬ì ; repression,
Üì‚°º¬ø ; limitation, õ¬óò¬ø; 膴Šð£´ ; self-control, î¡ùì‚è‹ ; avoidance of excess
or exaggeration, õó‹¹èì‰î ªêò¬ô (Ü) I¬èò£Œ‚ ÃÁî¬ôˆ îM˜ˆî™ ; —restrainer, n.
—without restraint, without control, ˆ îìƒèL¡P ; freely, î£ó£÷ñ£Œ .

mystic, mystical, a. of hidden meaning, esp. in religious sense, ñ¬øªð£¼÷£ù; Ý›‰î

à†ªð£¼Àœ÷; strange, MCˆFóñ£ù; beyond human understanding, ñQî ÜP¾‚° â†ì£î;
esoteric, ñ¬øªð£¼÷£ù; ÞóèCòñ£ù; n. one who seeks direct communication with God, by
meditation, Fò£ùˆî£™ èì¾Àì¡ «ïó®ˆ ªî£ì˜¹ªè£œ÷ ºŸð´ðõ˜; mysticism, n. belief
that God can be realised through meditation, è쾬÷ˆ Fò£ùˆî£™ è‡ìPò Þò½‹ â¡Â‹
ï‹H‚¬è.

inherit, v. take as a heir, ñó¹K¬ñò£ŒŠ ªðÁ; derive from parent, ªðŸ«ø£˜èOìI¼‰¶ ªðÁ;
get as heir, õ£K꣌Š ªðÁ; inheritable, a. ñó¹K¬ñò£ŒŠ ªðøˆî‚è; inheritance, n. act of
inheriting, ñó¹K¬ñò£Œ ܬìî™; what is inherited, ðó‹ð¬ó à¬ì¬ñ, õNõN„ ªê£ˆ¶;
inheritor, n. one who inherits, õ£K², ðó‹ð¬ó õNò£Œ„ ªê£ˆ¶‚° àKòõ˜.

agony, n . extreme suffering of body or mind, è´¬ñò£ù àì™ õL Ü™ô¶ ñù«õî¬ù,

è´‰¶ò˜ ; violent struggle, è´‹«ð£ó£†ì‹ ; agonise, v . torture, ¶¡¹Áˆ¶ ;
«õî¬ùŠð´ˆ¶ ; CˆFóõ¬î ªêŒ ; make desperate effort, è´ºòŸC ªêŒ ; suffer,
«õî¬ù»Á ; agonised, a . expressing agony, «õî¬ù¬òˆ ªîKM‚Aø ; agonising, a .
causing agony, «õî¬ùòO‚Aø ; — agonisingly, adv .
11 

 
orthodox, a. holding beliefs that are generally accepted, ¹ó£îù ï‹H‚¬èè¬÷‚
è¬ìŠH®‚°‹ ; sound in religion, ¬õFèñ£ù ; conventional, ñóªð£¿ƒ¬è„ ꣘‰î ;
orthodoxy, n. the state of being orthodox or orthodox beliefs, ¬õFèˆî¡¬ñ, ¬õFè‹ .

ample, a . enough, sufficient, «ð£Fò, «ð£¶ñ£ù ; spacious, Mê£ôñ£ù, Üèôñ£ù ; liberal,

î£ó£÷ ñ£ù ; abundant, ãó£÷ñ£ù ; ampleness, n . abundance, ãó£÷‹ ; amply, adv .
liberally, î£ó£÷ñ£è ; sufficiently, «ð£Fò Ü÷M™ .

heaven, n . the abode of God and the blessed, Þ¬øõQ¡ Þ¼ŠHì‹, õ£Âô°, M‡μôè‹
; sky, Ýè£ò‹, õ£ùªõO ; supreme happiness, «ðK¡ð‹ ; state of supreme happiness,
«ðK¡ð G¬ô ; place of bliss, «ðK¡ð i´, ²õ˜‚è‹ ; the Supreme Being, Þ¬øõ¡,
݇ìõ¡ ; region of the atmosphere, in which clouds float, «ñè ñ‡ìô‹ ; — heavenliness, n
. — heavenly, a . of or like heaven, õ£Âô舶‚°Kò, õ£Âôè‹ «ð£¡ø ; pert. to the abode
of God, M‡μô¬è„ ꣘‰î ; divine, ªîŒõˆî¡¬ñ»œ÷ ; beautiful, Üöè£ù ; very
pleasant, ñA›„CI‚è ; pure, ÉŒ¬ñò£ù ; excellent, Iè„Cø‰î ; heavenly-minded, a .
having the mind upon heavenly things, ªîŒõˆî¡¬ñ ªè£‡ìõŸP™ 싪裇ì ;
heavens, n . sky, Ýè£ò‹, õ£ùªõO ; heaven-sent, very lucky, I‚è ÜF˜w캜÷ ;
convenient, õêFò£ù ; coming at good time, àKò«ïóˆF™ õ¼Aø ; heavenward,
heavenwards, adv . towards heaven, M‡¬í «ï£‚A ; in the seventh heaven, in a state of
the most exalted happiness, «ðK¡ð G¬ôJ™ ; move heaven and earth, make every effort,
â™ô£ Mîñ£ù ºòŸCè¬÷»‹ â´ˆ¶‚ªè£œ .

hell, n . the realm in which the damned after death suffer everlasting punishment, ïóè‹ ;
condition of extreme misery, è´‰¶ò˜ G¬ô ; abode of the dead, Þø‰«î£˜ àô° ; gambling-
resort, ÅIì‹ ; lower region, ð£î£÷‹ ; hellish, a . infernal, ªõÁ‚èˆî‚è ; very
unpleasant, ñA›„CòO‚è£î ; pert. to hell or like hell, ïó舶‚°Kò, ïóè‹«ð£¡ø ; causing
great pain, ÜFè «õî¬ùòO‚°‹ ; very bad, I辋 «ñ£êñ£ù ; wicked, Iè‚ ªè£®ò ;
horrible, ðòƒèóñ£ù ; — hellishly, adv . — hellishness, n . — hellward, a . ïó苫Aò
; adv . ïó苫A ; get or catch hell, ( sl . ) receive a harsh reprimand, (ÞN.) bMó‚
è‡ìùˆ¶‚è£÷£° ; hell-bent, stubbornly determined, H®õ£îñ£ù àÁFªè£‡ì ; going full
speed, º¿ «õèˆF™ ªê™Aø ; hell-cat, n . furious woman, ªõPªè£‡ìõœ ; bad
tempered woman, ÞN°íºœ÷õœ ; unmanageable woman, Üì‚Aò£÷ Þòô£îõœ ; hell
of, a . very bad, I辋 «ñ£êñ£ù ; hell of a noise, «ðªó£L ; for the hell of it, just for
fun, ªõÁ‹ «õ®‚¬è‚è£è ; hell's angel, violent lawless youth, ê†ìˆ¬î ñF‚裶
õ¡º¬øJ™ Þøƒ°‹ Þ¬÷ë¡ .

demon, n . devil, «ðŒ ; evil spirit, bò ÝM ; very cruel person, Iè‚ ªè£®òõ¡ ;
demoniac, n . one possessed with devil, «ðŒH®ˆîõ¡ ; a . «ðŒH®ˆî; ªõP H®ˆî,
YŸøI‚è ; demonical, demonic, a . pert. to demons, «ðŒèœ ꣘‰î ; devilish, «ðŒˆîùñ£ù
; —demonically, adv . —demonology, n . study of demons, «ðŒè¬÷ŠðŸP M÷‚°‹
ÜPMò™ ; demonologist, n . writer on demonology, «ðŒè¬÷ŠðŸP ⿶ðõ˜ ; demonize,
v . «ðò£‚°, «ðŒ«ð£™ Ý‚°, «ðò£è ñ£ŸÁ ; demonism, n . worship of demon, «ð¬ò
õíƒ°î™ .

owe, v. be in debt for, èì¡ð†®¼ ; have duty to render, èì¬ñJ¬ù‚ ªè£‡®¼ ; be bound
to repay, F¼ŠH‚ ªè£´‚è«õ‡®J¼ ; be under an obligation to render gratitude, ï¡P

12 

 
ð£ó£†ì‚ èì¬ñŠð†®¼ ; owing, a. yet to be paid, ޡ‹ ªè£´‚èŠðì«õ‡®ò ; owing
to, prep. because of, è£óíñ£Œ ; on account of, M¬÷õ£Œ .

wink, v. close and open eye rapidly, è‡ Þ¬ñ; M¬óõ£Œ‚ è‡ Í®ˆFø, è‡ CI†´ ;
convey hint by flick of eyelid, è‡CI†®‚ °PŠH¬ùˆ ªîKM ; (of light, star etc.) shine
intermittently, twinkle, M‡e¡ õ¬èJ™ M†´M†´ åO i² ; n. act of winking, è‡
Þ¬ñŠ¹; è‡ Þ¬ñˆî™; è‡ ê£¬ì ; hint or signal given by winking, è‡ Þ¬ñˆ¶‚ 裆´‹
°PŠ¹ (Ü) êI‚¬è ; forty winks, short sleep, esp. during day, nap, CÁ¶J™; ðè½ø‚è‹ ;
wink at, shut one's eye to avoid seeing, 塬øŠ 𣘂裶 臬í Í®‚ªè£œ ; purposely
avoid seeing, 𣘊ð¬î «õ‡´ªñ¡«ø îM˜ ; connive at, 致ƒè£í£î¶ «ð£L¼ ;
winker, n. one who winks, è‡ê£¬ì 裆´ðõ˜ ; eyelash, è‡ Þ¬ñJ¡ º® õK¬ê ;
winking, n. act of closing and opening the eye rapidly, M¬óõ£Œ‚ è‡ Þ¬ñˆî™ ; as easy
as winking, è‡ Þ¬ñŠð¶«ð£™ ªõ° âO .

divine, a . having the nature of God, ªîŒõˆ ñõ£Œ‰î ; devoted to worship of God,
è쾜 õN𣆮™ ߴ𣴜÷ ; sacred, ¹Qîñ£ù ; superhuman, ªîŒMèñ£ù ; heavenly,
õ£Âô°‚°Kò ; excellent, Iè„Cø‰î ; n . clergyman, êñòˆ¶¬ø ÜPë˜ ; theologian,
Þ¬ø¬ñJò™ õ™½ï˜ ; priest, °¼ ; v . predict, º¡ùP‰¶ ÃÁ ; tell by intuition,
àœ÷£Ÿøô£™ º¡ùî£è‚ ÃÁ ; tell by magic, ñ‰Fó ÝŸøô£™ º¡ùî£è‚ ÃÁ ; guess,
áA ; divination, n . intuition, º¡Âí˜î™; GèöM¼ŠðîPî™ ; augury, °PÃø™;
áAˆîPî™; ñ¬ø¾í˜î™ ; act of foretelling the future, õ¼õ¶ ÃÁî™ ; divinely, adv .
ªîŒõˆî¡¬ñ»ì¡ ; diviner, n . prophet, b˜‚èîKC ; soothsayer, °P ªê£™ðõ˜ ; dowser,
ÌI‚è®J™ î‡a˜ Þ¼Šð¬î‚ è‡ìPðõ˜ ; divinity, n . study of theology, Þ¬ø¬ñJò™ ;
state of being divine, ªîŒõˆî¡¬ñ ; God, è쾜; ªîŒõˆî¡¬ñ õ£Œ‰îõ˜ ; person to be
worshipped, ÌC‚èˆî‚èõ˜ ; divining-rod, n . rod used by dowsers to locate underground
water, ÌI‚è®J™ î‡a˜ Þ¼Šð¬î‚ 致H®‚°‹ «è£™ .

Jew, Îî˜ ; (sl.) miser, (ÞN.) à«ô£H, «ðó£¬ê ªè£‡ìõ˜ ; usurer,

n. Hebrew,
è´õ†® õ£ƒ°ðõ˜ ; trader who drives hard bargains, ßMó‚èI¡PŠ «ðó‹ «ð²ðõ˜ ; v.
cheat, ãñ£ŸÁ ; —Jewish, a. —Jewishness, n. —Jewry, n. the jews, Îî˜ Þù‹, Îî˜
õ£¿Iì‹ ; Jew's harp, n. small musical instrument held between teeth and played by finger,
ެꂰKò CÁ õ£Œ‚ è¼Mõ¬è, “ «ñ£˜Cƒ ”.

n . short speech or poem recited at the end of a play, ï£ìè ÞÁFJ™ ÃøŠªðÁ‹
epilogue,
à¬ó Ü™ô¶ 𣆴, ²Kîè‹ ; concluding part of a book, ¹ˆîèˆF¡ º®¾¬ó .

savant, n. man of learning, èŸøPë˜; ð‡®î¡; ¹ôõ¡ ; scientist, M…ë£Q .

distinct, a. that can be easily heard, seen, understood, âO‚ «è†è‚îò, 𣘂è‚îò,
¹K‰¶ªè£œ÷‚îò ; clearly perceptible, ªîOõ£Œˆ ªîKAø ; well defined, ï¡°
õ¬óòÁ‚芪ðŸø ; different, îQ «õÁð†ì ; obvious, ªõOŠð¬ìò£ù ; distinctness,
distinction, n. eminence, «ñ‹ð£´, àò˜¾ ; difference, «õŸÁ¬ñ ; individuality,
îQˆî¡¬ñ ; repute, ñFŠ¹ ; quality of being excellent, îQ„CøŠ¹ ; distinctive, a. marking
or expressing difference, «õÁð£†¬ìˆ ªîKM‚Aø ; characteristic, îQ„CøŠð£ù;
°PŠHìˆî‚è ; exhibiting difference, «õŸÁ¬ñJ¬ù ªõOŠð¬ìò£Œ‚ 裆´Aø ,
distinctively, adv. °PŠHìˆî‚è õ¬èJ™ ; distinctly, adv . in a distinct manner, clearly,
ªîOõ£è ; decidedly, º®õ£è ; —distinctiveness, n. —distinctness, n .

13 

 
dodge, v . swerve, MôA„ªê™ ; play fast and loose, M¬÷ò£†´‚裆´ ; evade, ‚èN ;
baffle, ãñ£ø¬õ ; avoid issue by quibbling, ªê£Ÿ¹ó†´„ ªêŒ¶ Hó„C¬ù¬òˆ îM˜ ; n .
trick, î‰Fó‹ ; artifice, Å›„CˆFø‹ ; dodger, n . person who eludes, ãñ£ŸÁðõ˜ ; dodgy,
a . tricky, î‰Fóñ£ù ; unreliable, ï‹ðMòô£î .

marquee, n. large field-tent, ªðKò Ãì£ó‹ .

n. rope with noose for catching cattle, etc. 裙ï¬ìè¬÷Š H®‚èŠ ðò¡ð´‹
lasso,
²¼‚A†ì èJÁ ; v. catch with lasso, ²¼‚A†ì èJŸø£™ H® .

wand, n. stick, usually straight and slender, c‡ì ªñ™Lò «è£™ ; rod of authority, 膮ò‚
«è£™ ; rod used by magician, ñ‰Fó‚ «è£™ ; musical conductor's baton, Þ¬ê Þò‚°ïK¡
ñ£ˆF¬ó‚ «è£™ .

pilgrim, n. person who travels to a sacred place as an act of religious devotion, ò£ˆFKè˜;
pilgrimage, n. pilgrim's journey to a sacred place, ò£ˆF¬ó; any long journey, c‡ì ðòí‹.

peer 1 , Þ¬íò£ùõ˜ ; equal in any respect, êK Þ¬íò£ù¶ ; nobleman,

n. an equal,
Hó¹, Yñ£¡, àò˜°®Š ªð¼ñèù£˜ ; peerless, a. without match or equal, Þ¬íòŸø,
åŠðŸø, GèóŸø ; peerage, n. rank of peer, Hó¹Š ð†ì‹, àò˜°®Š ªð¼ñèù£˜ G¬ô ;
body of peers, Hó¹‚èœ .

shout, n. loud cry or call, Ã„ê™ (Ü) Ê𣴠; loud burst of laughter or cheer, àóˆî CKŠ¹;
ñA›„C Ýóõ£ó‹ ; v. call or cry out loudly, àóˆî °óL™ ÊH´; ÄêL´ ; —shouter, n.
—shout down, reduce to silence by shouting, ÄêL†´Š «ð²õ Þòô£îõ£Á ªêŒ .

n . something joined to another important thing, º‚Aòñ£ù «õªø£¡«ø£´

adjunct,
Þ¬í‚芪ðŸø ªð£¼œ ; attribute, ¶¬íŠð‡¹ ; non-essential attribute, º‚Aòñ™ô£î
ܬìªñ£N ; a . united with or added to, àì¡ Þ¬í‰î ; «ê˜‚芪ðŸø ; adjunction, n .
Þ¬íˆî™ ; ެ특Š ªð£¼œ ; adjunctive, a . joining, Þ¬íŠð£ù ; forming an adjunct,
ެ특Š ªð£¼÷£è à¼õ£°‹ ; having the quality of joining to another, «õªø£¡«ø£´
Þ¬í»‰î¡¬ñ»œ÷ .

14